Paul Gatenholm

• PhD
• Professor at Chalmers University of Technology

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are invasive solid tumors accounting for high mortality. To improve the clinical outcome, a better understanding of the tumor and its microenvironment (TME) is crucial. Three ‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting is emerging as a powerful tool for recreating the TME in vitro. To establish long‐term HNSCC biopri...

Intra‐portal islet transplantation is currently the only clinically approved beta cell replacement therapy, but its outcome is hindered by limited cell survival due to a multifactorial reaction against the allogeneic tissue in liver. Adipose‐derived stromal cells (ASCs) can potentially improve the islet micro‐environment by their immunomodulatory a...

Autologous fat grafting is hampered by unpredictable outcomes due to high tissue resorption. Hydrogels based on enzymatically pretreated tunicate nanocellulose (ETC) and alginate (ALG) are biocompatible, safe, and present physiochemical properties capable of promoting cell survival. Here, we compared in situ and ex situ crosslinking of ETC/ALG hydr...

Autologous fat grafting is hampered by unpredictable outcomes due to high tissue re-sorption. Hydrogels based on enzymatically pretreated tunicate nanocellulose (ETC) and alginate (ALG) are biocompatible, safe, and present physiochemical properties capable of promoting cell survival. Here, we compared in situ and ex situ crosslinking of ETC/ALG hyd...

Establishing a vascular network in biofabricated tissue grafts is essential for ensuring graft survival. Such networks are dependent on the ability of the scaffold material to facilitate endothelial cell adhesion; however, the clinical translation potential of tissue-engineered scaffolds is hindered by the lack of available autologous sources of va...

Intra-portal islet transplantation is the method of choice for treatment of insulin dependent type 1 diabetes, but its outcome is hindered by limited islet survival due to the immunological and metabolic stress post transplantation. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) promise to improve significantly the islet micro-environment but an efficient lo...

Extracellular matrix fibril components, such as collagen, are crucial for the structural properties of several tissues and organs. Tunicate-derived cellulose nanofibrils (TNC) combined with living cells could become the next gold standard for cartilage and soft tissue repair, as TNC fibrils present similar dimensions to collagen, feasible industria...

We designed and biofabricated a channeled construct as a possible cell-delivery device that can be endothelialized to overcome size limitations due to oxygen diffusion. The channeled device mimicking a leaf was designed using computer-aided design software, with fluid flow through the channels visualized using simulation studies. The device was fab...

Alginate has been used for decades for cell encapsulation. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) from tunicates are desirable in biomedicine due to high molecular weight, purity, crystallinity, and sustainable production. We prepared microbeads of 400–600 μm of alginate and tunicate CNF. Greater size, dispersity and aspect ratio were observed in microbeads w...

Three-dimensional (3D)-bioprinted lipoaspirate-derived adipose tissue (LAT) is a potential alternative to lipo-injection for correcting soft-tissue defects. This study investigated the long-term in vivo survival of 3D-bioprinted LAT and its proteomic signature and cellular composition. We performed proteomic and multicolour flow cytometric analyses...

The field of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has advanced rapidly in recent years. Significant reduction in the costs associated with obtaining functional 3D bioprinting hardware platforms is both a cause and a result of these advances. As such, there are more laboratories than ever integrating bioprinting methodologies into their research. Howe...

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers the ability to design and biofabricate 3D structures based on autologous fat; however, the lack of vascularization in larger 3D-bioprinted constructs represents a limiting factor that hampers translation of this technology from bench to bedside. 3D bioprinting using microfractured fat mixed with nanocellulo...

Establishing functional circulation in bioengineered tissue after implantation is vital for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells. Native cartilage is avascular and thrives on diffusion, which in turn depends on proximity to circulation. Here, we investigate whether a gridded three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted construct would allow ingro...

The coordinated action of carbohydrate-active enzymes has mainly been evaluated for the purpose of complete saccharification of plant biomass (lignocellulose) to sugars. By contrast, the coordinated action of accessory hemicellulases on xylan debranching and recovery is less well characterized. Here, the activity of two family GH115 α-glucuronidase...

Introduction Therapies for substrate‐related arrhythmias include ablation or drugs targeted at altering conductive properties or disruption of slow zones in heterogeneous myocardium. Conductive compounds such as carbon nanotubes may provide a novel personalizable therapy for arrhythmia treatment by allowing tissue homogenization. Methods A nanocel...

Long-term stability and biological safety are crucial for translation of 3D-bioprinting technology into clinical applications. Here, we addressed the long-term safety and stability issues associated with 3D-bioprinted constructs comprising a cellulose scaffold and human cells (chondrocytes and stem cells) over a period of 10 months in nude mice. Ou...

Introduction: Vascularized autologous tissue grafts are considered "gold standard" for the management of larger bony defects in the craniomaxillofacial area. This modality does however carry limitations, such as the absolute requirement for healthy donor tissues and recipient vessels. In addition, the significant morbidity of large bone graft is d...

We prepared cellulose nanofibrils-based (CNF), alginate-based and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT)-based inks for freeform reversible embedding hydrogel (FRESH) 3D bioprinting of conductive scaffolds. The 3D printability of conductive inks was evaluated in terms of their rheological properties. The differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells...

This study presents a novel, green, and efficient way of preparing crosslinked aerogels from cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and alginate using non‐covalent chemistry. This new process can ultimately facilitate the fast, continuous, and large‐scale production of porous, light‐weight materials as it does not require freeze‐drying, supercritical CO2 dryi...

Cartilage restoration and repair in plastic reconstructive surgery has undergone major advances through the introduction of three-dimensional (3D)-bioprinting technology. Different methods have been established to replace lost native structures with autologous cells that can be arranged in a 3D fashion and then transplanted into the target location...

Autologous fat grafting is commonly used for correction of soft-tissue deformities, despite a high rate of graft resorption and nutrition-supply challenges. Three-dimensional (3D)-bioprinting techniques enable tailor-made architecture of grafts and promote vascularization. In recent years, the importance of adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells...

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has proven to be an effective hydrogel-like material for different tissue engineering applications due to its biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. However, as for all biomaterials, in vitro biosynthesis of large tissue constructs remains challenging due to insufficient oxygen and nutrient transport in engin...

Materials from trees have the potential to replace fossil based and other non-sustainable materials in everyday products, thus transforming the society back to a bioeconomy. This paper presents a 3D printing platform which mimics wood biogenesis for the assembly of wood biopolymers into wood-like hierarchical composites. The genome was substituted...

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a 3D network of nanofibrils exhibiting excellent biocompatibility. Here, we present the aqueous counter collision (ACC) method of BNC disassembly to create bioink with suitable properties for cartilage-specific 3D bioprinting. BNC was disentangled by ACC, fibril characteristics analyzed, and bioink printing fidelity...

Background: Reentrant ventricular arrhythmias are a major cause of sudden death in patients with structural heart disease. Current treatments focus on electrically homogenizing regions of scar contributing to ventricular arrhythmia with ablation or altering conductive properties using antiarrhythmic drugs. The high conductivity of carbon nanotubes...

The molecular solubility of softwood arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) has been thoroughly investigated, and it has been shown that the chemical and physical structures of the extracted hemicellulose are not significantly influenced by different purification steps, but a transient molecular solubility of AGX was observed in aqueous media at low concentra...

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of cartilage is a promising new technique. To produce, for example, an auricle with good shape, the printed cartilage needs to be covered with skin that can grow on the surface of the construct. Our primary question was to analyze if an integrated 3D bioprinted cartilage structure is a tissue that can...

3D bioprinting of cartilage is a promising new technique. In order to produce e.g. an auricle with good shape the printed cartilage needs to be covered with skin that can grow on the surface of the construct. Our primary question was to analyse if an integrated 3D bioprinted cartilage structure is a tissue that can serve as a bed for a full thickne...

Nano cellulose has been proven suitable for 3D bioprinting of cartilage. The ink has good printability, prints with high fidelity and creates a suitable environment for proliferation of chondrocytes. Bacterial nano cellulose (BNC) is FDA-approved for use in humans and therefore development of a BNC-based ink for 3D bioprinting would be a step towar...

Autologous fat grafting has become a common technique for treating volume and contour abnormalities in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. Autologous fat grafts have several beneficial characteristics, including lack of immunogenicity, simple surgical procedure, low cost, and easy accessibility. The initial isolated adipose tissue is composed of...

Polysaccharides from plant biomass are explored extensively as renewable resources for the production of materials and fuels. However, the heterogeneous nature of non‐cellulosic polysaccharides such as arabinoxylan makes it difficult to correlate molecular structure with macroscopic properties. To study the impact of specific structural features of...

Polysaccharides from plant biomass are explored extensively as renewable resources for the production of materials and fuels. However, the heterogeneous nature of non‐cellulosic polysaccharides such as arabinoxylan makes it difficult to correlate molecular structure with macroscopic properties. To study the impact of specific structural features of...

3D bioprinting with bioinks that contain cells show great promise in the biofabrication of patient specific tissue constructs. To fulfill the multiple requirements of a bioink, a wide range of materials and bioink composition are being developed and evaluated with regard to cell viability, mechanical performance and printability. It is essential th...

Neural tissue engineering (TE), an innovative biomedical method of brain study, is very dependent on scaffolds that support cell development into a functional tissue. Recently, 3D patterned scaffolds for neural TE have shown significant positive effects on cells by a more realistic mimicking of actual neural tissue. In this work, we present a condu...

Bacterial cellulose (BC) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogels are both considered as biocompatible materials with potential use in various biomedical applications including cartilage, cardiovascular stent, and soft tissue engineering. In this work, the “ever-wet” process based on in situ UV radical polymerization of HEMA monomer...

Cartilage repair and replacement is a major challenge in plastic reconstructive surgery. The development of a process capable of creating a patient-specific cartilage framework would be a major breakthrough. Here, we described methods for creating human cartilage in vivo and quantitatively assessing the proliferative capacity and cartilage-formatio...

Definition of chondrocytes and clusters. The histological sections were analyzed regarding the number of chondrocytes (defined as a visible nucleus surrounded by extra cellular matrix (ECM) of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) stained by Alcian blue and van Gieson (AvG)) and cluster area (defined as two or more nuclei surrounded by ECM of GAGs stained by A...

FISH analysis. One section from the hNC group (60 days) and one section from the mixed group (60 days) were analyzed with FISH. One hundred cells (out of 1740 and 930 in total, respectively) in each section were evaluated regarding human chromosomes X (green) and Y (orange). The first section (hNC; S3A) contained 100% male cells (i.e. XY) and the o...

Section of the blocks. The dimensions of the bioprinted constructs were 5 x 5 x 1.2 mm. The outermost millimeter on both sides was discarded in order to get representative sections. The remaining block (“core section”; 3 x 5 x 1.2 mm), were sliced in 5 μm sections. The three consecutive sections on each glass was evaluated and one of them chosen, b...

The original FISH protocol with quantification data. (PDF)

Safranin-O staining. An additional example of two consecutive sections from the hNC group after 60 days. Bar = 500 μm. (TIF)

Ki-67 analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 in the mixed group at day 60, reveal proliferative activity at the moment of fixation. A similar appearance is observed in the hNC group (not shown). The green cloudy grains surrounding the DAPI stained chondrocyte nuclei (blue), represent Ki-67 positive cells (A). B show a section from another...

Intra and inter observer variation. To test for the inter individual variability in the cell counting procedure, five randomly selected sections were counted manually by two evaluators. The composition of the sections was blinded and the intra individual variability were assessed by repeated counting of each section 3–6 times. The analysis of varia...

Ki-67 analysis. Deparaffinised sections were treated with 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6) at 90°C and permeabilized in 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) in 0.1 M PBS for 15 min at RT. The sections were blocked with 0.1% Triton X-100, 2% bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.7% glycin (Thermo Fischer Scientific) in 0.1M PBS for 30 min at RT. Therea...

Cartilage lesions can progress into secondary osteoarthritis and cause severe clinical problems in numerous patients. As a prospective treatment of such lesions, human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were shown to be 3D bioprinted into cartilage mimics using a nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) composite bioink when co-printed with irra...

Xylan is tightly associated with cellulose and lignin in secondary plant cell walls, contributing to its rigidity and structural integrity in vascular plants. However, the molecular features and the nanoscale forces that control the interactions amongst cellulose microfibrils, hemicelluloses, and lignin are still not well understood. Here we combin...

This paper presents a sustainable all wood based ink which can be used for 3D printing of constructs for a large variety of applications such as clothes, furniture, electronics, and health care products with customized design and versatile gel properties. 3D printing technologies where material is dispensed in the form of liquids, so called inks, h...

Herein, we demonstrate a unique supercapacitor composite electrode material that is originated from a sustainable cellulosic precursor via simultaneous one-step carbonization/reduction of cellulose/graphene oxide mats at 800 °C. The resulting freestanding material consists of mechanically stable carbon nanofibrous (CNF, fiber diameter 50–500 nm) sc...

Compared to standard 2D culture systems, new methods for 3D cell culture of adipocytes could provide more physiologically accurate data and a deeper understanding of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. By resuspending living cells in a bioink of nanocellulose and hyaluronic acid, we were able to print 3D scaffolds with uniform cell distribution. A...

Background The three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology allows creation of 3D constructs in a layer-by-layer fashion utilizing biologically relevant materials such as biopolymers and cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of 3D bioprinting in a clinically relevant setting to evaluate the potential of this technique for in vivo...

3D bioprinting technology is expected to revolutionize the field of medicine and health care particularly within soft tissue repair and reconstruction. Surgical needs for soft tissue repair include nose, ear, meniscus, and cartilage in joints, as well as repair of damaged nerve tissue, and repair or replacement of damaged skin. 3D bioprinting techn...

Hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties based on O-acetyl-galactoglucomannans (GGMs) from spruce functionalized with tyramine, a molecule containing crosslinkable phenolic groups, were prepared. Gel formation was induced by enzymatic crosslinking at the addition of horse radish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide to the modified GGMs. The degree...

The problem of recovery from neurodegeneration needs new effective solutions. Tissue engineering is viewed as a prospective approach for solving this problem since it can help to develop healthy neural tissue using supportive scaffolds. This study presents effective and sustainable tissue engineering methods for creating biomaterials from cellulose...

Cellulose nanofibrils isolated from trees have the potential to be used as raw material for future sustainable products within the areas of packaging, textiles, biomedical devices, and furniture. However, one unsolved problem has been to convert the nanofibril-hydrogel into a dry 3D structure. In this study, 3D printing is used to convert a cellulo...

Auricular cartilage tissue engineering (TE) aims to provide an effective treatment for patients with acquired or congenital auricular defects. Bioprinting has gained attention in several TE strategies for its ability to spatially control the placement of cells, biomaterials and biological molecules. Although considerable advances have been made to...

From the assignment of the solid-state 13C NMR signals in the C4 region, distinct types of crystalline cellulose, cellulose at crystalline surfaces, and disordered cellulose can be identified and quantified. For regenerated cellulose, complete 13C assignments of the other carbon regions has not previously been attainable, due to signal overlap. In...

Glucuronic and/or methylglucuronic acid (GlcAp/MeGlcAp) decorate the major forms of xylan in hardwood and coniferous softwoods, as well as many cereal grains. Accordingly, the complete utilization of glucuronoxylans or conversion to sugar precursors requires the action of main chain xylanases as well as alpha-glucuronidases that release the alpha-...

Background: Lignocellulosic biomass from softwood represents a valuable resource for the production of biofuels and bio-based materials as alternatives to traditional pulp and paper products. Hemicelluloses constitute an extremely heterogeneous fraction of the plant cell wall, as their molecular structures involve multiple monosaccharide component...

Cellulose is difficult to solubilize and undergoes thermal decomposition prior to melting. In recent years ionic liquids have been evaluated as solvents of cellulose. In the regeneration process the non-solvent governs the resulting material's crystallinity. Water adsorbs to amorphous cellulose, acts as plasticizer and lowers the Tg, hence the degr...

Proliferation, integration, and neurite extension of PC12 cells, a widely used culture model for cholinergic neurons, were studied in nanocellulose scaffolds biosynthesized by Gluconacetobacter xylinus to allow a three-dimensional (3D) extension of neurites better mimicking neuronal networks in tissue. The interaction with control scaffolds was com...

We report of cellulose and arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) blend films made from wood polymers extracted from one and the same tree. Blends were prepared by dissolution of wood polymers in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc). Films were produced by casting EmimAc solution followed by coagulation in ethanol. The films were optically transparent...

This study reports the synthesis of conductive polypyrrole (PPy) on electrospun cellulose nanofibers. The cellulose nanofibers were electrospun via cellulose acetate and surface modified using in situ pyrrole polymerization. PPy adhered to the cellulose nanofiber surface as small particles and caused a 105 fold increase in conductivity compared to...

Carbons with valuable electrochemical characteristics are among the most convenient electrode materials used for energy storage. At the moment, their production is mostly reliant on unsustainable fossil fuels. A preferential sustainable production of enhanced carbonaceous electrodes can be achieved with more extensive utilization of abundant renewa...

The introduction of 3D bioprinting is expected to revolutionize the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The 3D bioprinter is able to dispense materials while moving in X, Y and Z directions; enabling the engineering of complex structures from the bottom up. In this study a bioink that combines the outstanding shear thinning prope...

Tissue engineering provides a promising alternative therapy to the complex surgical reconstruction of auricular cartilage by using ear-shaped autologous costal cartilage. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is proposed as a promising scaffold material for auricular cartilage reconstruction, as it exhibits excellent biocompatibility and secures tissue int...

This work investigates the feasibility of the use of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in the biofabrication of 3D cellulose nanofibril networks via the bacterial strain Gluconacetobacter xylinus. IRE uses electrical pulses to increase membrane permeability by altering the transmembrane potential; past a threshold, damage to the cell becomes too g...

Macroporous bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) scaffolds with calcium phosphate coated surfaces is a candidate for future bone tissue engineering applications. The mineralization of the macroporous BNC scaffolds was achieved by a biomimetic process, resulting in an environment resembling native bone tissues' mineralized extra cellular matrix both topogr...

The menisci are crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structures in the knee that may become damaged due to traumatic injury or degeneration resulting in pain and a loss of joint function. The goal of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus as a meniscus implants and compare...

This article reports on 3D bioprinting of dissolved cellulose to produce small feature structures with a tailored design of regenerated cellulose. The process consists of dissolving cellulose with different origins and molecular weight in an ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate), controlled multilayered dispensing, and coagulation. The...

In this study, acetylated rye arabinoxylan (AcAX) films were reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose from spruce (NFC) ranging from 1-10 weight% of the total composition. Free-standing composite films were casted without the use of any plasticizers. The homogeneous dispersion of NFC in the films was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. Th...

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), synthesized by the bacterium Gluconacetobacter xylinus, is composed of highly hydrated fibrils (99 % water) with high mechanical strength. These exceptional material properties make BNC a novel biomaterial for many potential medical and tissue engineering applications. Recently, BNC with cellulose content of 15 % has...

There is an increased interest in developing adipose tissue for in vitro and in vivo applications. Current two-dimensional (2D) cell-culture systems of adipocytes are limited, and new methods to culture adipocytes in three-dimensional (3D) are warranted as a more life-like model to study metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. In this stud...

A novel BC fermentation technique for controlling 3D shape, thickness and architecture of the entangled cellulose nano-fibril network is presented. The resultant nano-cellulose based structures are useful as biomedical implants and devices, are useful for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and for health care products. More particularly,...

(1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucan (mixed-linkage glucan or MLG), a characteristic hemicellulose in primary cell walls of grasses, was investigated to determine both its role in cell walls and its interaction with cellulose and other cell wall polysaccharides in vitro. Binding isotherms showed that MLG adsorption onto microcrystalline cellulose is slow, irrever...

An in situ forming spruce xylan-based hydrogel was synthesized in two steps with the intended use of cell encapsulation and in vivo delivery. First, bioconjugate was obtained through the reaction of glucuronic acid groups from xylan backbone with tyramine (TA). After that, the gelation process was enabled by enzymatic crosslinking of the phenol-con...

This study focused on the assembly characteristics of debranched xylan onto cellulose surfaces. A rye arabinoxylan polymer with an initial arabinose/xylose ratio of 0.53 was debranched with an oxalic acid treatment as a function of time. The resulting samples contained reduced arabinose/xylose ratios significantly affecting the molecular architectu...

Corncob agricultural waste was used as a source of arabinoxylan for preparation of films. Three arabinoxylan samples were prepared: crude extract (CCAX), purified by a washing step, and purified by bleaching CCAX. Films prepared with untreated CCAX were water soluble, yellowish in color and had poor mechanical properties. After the purification pro...

Cellulose-based carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with high mechanical strength and electrochemical stability were nitrogen-doped and functionalized with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via two different methods. The diameter of incorporated CNTs was in the range of 1-20 nm. The doping with nitrogen atoms and incorporation of CNTs into the CNFs improved conductivit...

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is an emerging biomaterial since it is biocompatible, integrates well with host tissue and can be biosynthesized in desired architecture. However, being a hydrogel, it exhibits low affinity for cell attachment, which is crucial for the cellular fate process. To increase cell attachment, the surface of BNC scaffolds was...

In this study high molecular weight pure rye arabinoxylan and spruce arabinoglucuronoxylan were acetylated in ionic liquid (IL) systems. Two different ILs were used in our study. In both IL, using optimized procedures, it was possible to achieve acetylation within 5 min. The first system involved direct dissolution into 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium...

Dissolving pulp was depolymerized with 2.5M HCl into cellulose fractions with decreasing molecular weight relative to acid treatment time. The cellulose fractions were dissolved at various concentrations in the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc) with co‐solvent DMSO at ratio 1 : 1 (w/w) and electrospun. Size exclusion chromat...

Amorphous cellulose films were created by regeneration from 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc) solutions. Their mechanical properties were analyzed as a function of water content. Cellulose with different molecular weights, i.e. microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel), Spruce cellulose and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), were used for film pre...

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibrous mats with the fiber diameters between 70 and 400 nm were synthesized from regenerated cellulose impregnated with ammonium chloride. Acting as a flame retardant, ammonium chloride provided the thermal stabilization of incompletely regenerated cellulose fibers, thus allowing their successful carbonization. Besides th...

In the present work, we report for the first time one-pot synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by pyrolysis of cellulose acetate (CA) cross-linked with polyisocyanate in the fumed silica template. NiCl2 was chosen as precatalyst for CNT growth. The diameter of CNTs is 24–38 nm and their wall thickness is 9–11 nm. The main role in the formation of C...

A new in vitro model, mimicking the complexity of nerve tissue, was developed based on a bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) scaffold that supports 3D culturing of neuronal cells. BNC is extracellularly excreted by Gluconacetobacter xylinus (G. xylinus) in the shape of long non-aggregated nanofibrils. The cellulose network created by G. xylinus has good...

This is the first report on successful enzyme catalyzed surface esterification of hemicellulose films. Enzyme catalyzed surface acetylation with vinyl acetate and stearation with vinyl stearate were studied on rye arabinoxylan (AX) films. Different surface analytical techniques (FT-IR, TOF-SIMS, ESCA, CA) show that lipases from Mucor javanicus, Rhi...