Paul J. BrantinghamSimon Fraser University · School of Criminology
Paul J. Brantingham
JD, Dip Crim (Cantab)
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111
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Publications
Publications (111)
Analysis of crime hot spots (spatial concentrations) and burning times (temporal concentrations) has become a major component of the work of criminologists, crime analysts and crime prevention practitioners. This paper lays out several specific elements of a expanded model of crime hot spot formation grounded in crime pattern theory.
Recent research in the economics of policing has been concerned with what the police do and how much time they spend on those activities. Some of this research has highlighted that, based on the number of incidents, “crime” comprises only ∼ 20% of the police workload with much of the remaining 80% addressing public safety concerns. In this article,...
Modern Canadian criminological theory has evolved as a product of the demanding character of Canada's vast size and its historical evolution from disparate colonies of European empires to a nation state. That history created conditions for the development of criminological theory that seems similar to, but is different from, developed criminologica...
Seasonal changes in crime have been documented since the mid-1800s, but no definitive consensus has been reached regarding universal annual patterns. Researchers also tend to focus on a single city over a particular time period, and, due to methodological differences, studies can often be difficult to compare. As such, this study investigates the s...
This study investigates whether crime patterns fluctuate periodically throughout the year using data containing different property crime types in two Canadian cities with differing climates. Using police report data, a series of ordinary least squares (OLS; Vancouver, British Columbia) and negative binomial (Ottawa, Ontario) regressions were employ...
Three different measures of crime intensity are available in British Columbia: the Standard Crime Rate (SCR) which measures the number of crimes per 100,000 population; the Crime Severity Index (CSI) which measures the weighted risk to residents of a police jurisdiction; and the Crime Gravity Score (CGS) which measures the seriousness of the set of...
Environmental criminology began as a novel addition to criminology in the 1970s by calling for a shift in focus from offenders exclusively to the multidisciplinary exploration of criminal events. This involved the study and analysis of crimes, crime sequences, clusters of crimes, and the patterns yielded by them. This analysis always considered peo...
The article presents an argument for supplementing traditional crime rates with crime location quotients (LQC) for purposes of explaining crime patterns within rural environments. Although largely ignored in the past, the overrepresentation of rural violence requires assessment for crime reduction purposes. Focusing on property and violent offences...
Objectives To test the generalizability of previous crime and place trajectory analysis research on a different geographic location, Vancouver BC, and using alternative methods. Methods A longitudinal analysis of a 16-year data set using the street segment as the unit of analysis. We use both the group-based trajectory model and a non-parametric cl...
Performance measures depend on the clarity and consistency of their metrics. The standard unit of analysis of court proceedings is the "case." Yet the definition of a case varies widely. It may include multiple accused persons and charges, a count of accused persons, the number of informations (a set of charges), or the number of charges. Likewise,...
Performance measures depend on the clarity and consistency of their metrics. The standard unit of analysis of court proceedings is the “case.” Yet the definition of a case varies widely. It may include multiple accused persons and charges, a count of accused persons, the number of informations (a set of charges), or the number of charges. Likewise,...
La plupart des indicateurs, dont les Programmes de déclaration uniforme de la criminalité et l’Enquête internationale sur les victimes de la criminalité, suggèrent que l’on peut observer une spectaculaire « baisse de la criminalité » au Canada, semblable à celle qui s’est produite dans les pays avancés. Pourtant, l’Enquête sociale générale (ESG), q...
This book deals with criminological theory, criminology, and criminal justice. It addresses a wide range of topics relevant to criminology, including socioeconomic factors that contribute to crime such as biology, community and inequality, emotions, immigration, social institutions, social learning, social support, parenting, peer networks, street...
This paper reports an exploratory research on the distribution of event complexity in the British Columbia court system. Analysis of event distribution shows that the frequency of events sharply decreases with the increase in the number of persons and counts. The most frequently observed type of event is the event that has one person involved with...
This paper reports an exploratory research on the distribution of event complexity in the British Columbia court system. Analysis of event distribution shows that the frequency of events sharply decreases with the increase in the number of persons and counts. The most frequently observed type of event is the event that has one person involved with...
This paper reports an exploratory research on the distribution of event complexity in the British Columbia court system. Analysis of event distribution shows that the frequency of events sharply decreases with the increase in the number of persons and counts. The most frequently observed type of event is the event that has one person involved with...
This paper describes the structure of an executive decision support system based on a data warehouse about offences and clearance rates in British Columbia. The system was developed at the Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies at Simon Fraser University. The paper explains how the data mining and automated statistical analysis in this syste...
Patterns in crime vary quite substantially at different scales of aggregation, in part because data tend to be organized around
standardized, artificially defined units of measurement such as the census tract, the city boundary, or larger administrative
or political boundaries. The boundaries that separate units of data often obscure the detailed s...
Visualizing spatial information has a long history in the field of cartography. Though there are generally accepted forms of spatial data visualization to represent different types of spatial data, the interpretation of the resulting maps tends to be subjective at best and incorrect, at worst. Cartograms are an increasingly popular form of spatial...
The built environment impacts on the patterns of crime in many different ways. The distribution and clustering of different land uses is thought, on theoretical grounds, to play an important role in where and when crimes occur. This study analysed the patterns of assault and motor vehicle theft in relation to the distribution of land uses across mo...
ABSTRACT Virtual/mixed reality 3D models of real -world environments,can be used,to run behavioural and other experiments with real human subjects, replacing the traditional approach where studies,are,conduct ed,in,physical environments.,Use,of the,virtual/mixed,reality environments can minimize problems related to feasibility, experimental control...
Criminal justice systems are complex. They are composed of several major subsystems, including the police, courts, and corrections, which are in turn composed of many minor subsystems. Predicting the response of a criminal justice system to change is often difficult. Mathematical modeling and computer simulation can serve as powerful tools for unde...
Criminal justice systems are complex. They are composed of several major subsystems, including the police, courts, and corrections, which are in turn composed of many minor subsystems. Predicting the response of a criminal justice system to change is often difficult. Mathematical modeling and computer simulation can serve as powerful tools for unde...
Criminal justice systems are complex. They are composed of several major subsystems, including the police, courts, and corrections, which are in turn composed of many minor subsystems. Predicting the response of a criminal justice system to change is often difficult. Mathematical modeling and computer simulation can serve as powerful tools for unde...
Understanding current costs of police services requires an understanding of past costs and past demands for police services. This research explores how demands for police services vary over time and whether or not the amount of work necessary to respond to calls for police services increased or decreased. This research uses an activity based timing...
This article outlines several principles of Environmental Criminology and demonstrates their application in a case study of a multi-family design proposal in Vancouver British Columbia. Principles of environmental criminology can be used by architects, urban designers, landscape architects, and planners to reduce the likelihood of crime in specific...
Synopsis Understanding current costs of police services requires an understanding of past costs and past demands for police services. This research explored how demands for police services from the RCMP in British Columbia varied over the past 30 years and whether the amount of work necessary to respond to calls for police services increased or dec...
This article provides information about the evolving field of situational crime prevention and proposes that the situational perspective be used to understand recent crime prevention approaches in Canada. The article also explores how the articulated description of situational crime prevention can be used to develop ways of measuring the impact of...
Computer simulation has had only limited application to the field of criminology, although it is widely utilised in other fields as a powerful experimental tool. Environmental criminologists could utilise this technique to test and refine theory, to anticipate consequences accruing from different intervention choices, and to provide informed policy...
Analysis of crime hot spots (spatial concentrations) and burning times (temporal concentrations) has become a major component of the work of criminologists, crime analysts and crime prevention practitioners over the past decade. This paper lays out several specific elements of a model of crime hot spot formation grounded in the fields of human ecol...
Crime can be analyzed and mapped in a number of different ways. This article compares maps of violent crime across the cities of Brit- ish Columbia utilizing three crime measures: counts, rates and crime loca- tion quotients (LQCs). The LQC, adapted from regional planning, provides views of crime patterns not obtained with the two more traditional...
During April 1995, a bicycle-mounted security patrol was intro- duced into a vehicle-theft "hot spot," the largest park-and-ride commuter vehicle park in British Columbia. Vehicle thefts dropped substantially in the vehicle park during the bicycle patrol, and remained low for an extended period of time after the bike patrol was withdrawn. Vehicle t...
Crimes are created by the interactions of potential offenders witb potential targets in settings that make doing tbe crime easy, safe and profitable (see, e.g., Clarke, 1992; Brantingbam and Brantingbam, 1993a and 1993b; Felson, 1994). Eear of crime is created by situations and settings tbat make people feel vulnerable to victimization (see, e.g.....
This paper reports the results of a study that explored the relationships among property crime, the accessibility of street networks and the concentration of potential targets. It is hypothesized that the design of street networks Influences how people move about within a city and, conse- quently, their familiarity with specific areas. It was furth...
This particular article describes and applies one type of analysis borrowed from regional economics and regional planning to look at macro to micro patterns in criminal activity. The technique is called Location Quotients and is used to analyse the relative mix of crimes across areas. Location Quotients are shown to have their strongest potential i...
Crime has long been thought to be intimately associated with the physical environment in which it occurs. Theoretical and empirical developments over the past 20 years demonstrate that this relationship is complex and varies substantially at different levels of spatial and temporal resolution. Research on the distribution of property crimes in time...
Burglary is a relatively frequent crime in North America with serious finan cial and personal/psychological consequences. The rate of reported burglar ies in the United States was 1,632.1 per 100,000 population in 1981. In Canada the rate was 1,518.2 per 100,000 population in the same year. About two-thirds of reported burglaries were residential b...
An evaluation of legal aid in all of the locations for theProvinceof British Columbia
Detailed analysis of the factors influencing sentence types and lengths for similar cases in provincial courts in British Columbia
Crime occurrence is not the direct result of motivation, but is mediated by perceived opportunity. This, in turn, is influenced by the actual distribution of opportunities, urban form and mobility. It is argued that criminals are not random in their behaviour, so it should be possible to predict the spatial distribution of crime and explain some of...
Analytic studies of criminal behavior have tended to concentrate on motivation or opportunity. This study, analyzing crime at the SMSA level, explores crime patterns, using motivation and opportunity concepts concurrently. Economic specialization data are used to index potential opportunity structure; socioeconomic status data are used to index pot...
This paper presents a mathematical technique for building perceptual models of urban areas. Concepts from point-set topology are used to develop a method of joining contiguous spatial units into relatively homogeneous clusters and to model how one homogeneous cluster blends or merges into the surrounding clusters. Both sharp and fuzzy borders betwe...
The environmental context for this research is Alumni Village, a married student housmg complex on the campus of Florida State University. Alumni Village was analyzed as an example of a "dreadful enclosure" which can be defined as a large- scale housing estate or development which possesses a reputation as the home of thieves and cutthroats. Percep...
Crime prevention is the professed mission o f every agency found within the American criminal justice system. In prac tice, the term "prevention" seems to be applied confusingly to a wide array of contradictory activities. This confusion can be avoided through the use of a conceptual model that defines three levels of prevention: (1) primary preven...
Projects
Projects (2)
Theory of the patterns of crimes by individual offenders, co-offenders and repeat offenders through exploring their awareness space; crime nodes, paths and edges; Crime attractors and crime generators; and the influence of the environmental backcloth. The theory has an emphasis on cognitive levels of awareness and interpretation and the complexity of human decision-making.