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Introduction
Pat is state-wide forestry extension specialist and Associate Professor of Silviculture at the North Florida Research and Education Center in Quincy, FL. He is tenured with the School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Science and is also affiliate faculty with the School of Natural Resources and Environment and Water Institute, University, Gainesville.
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April 1981 - June 1990
Publications
Publications (71)
Tahitian bridal veil (Gibasis pellucida) and small-leaf spiderwort (Tradescantia fluminensis) are both invasive species in natural areas throughout Florida. However, very little is known regarding herbicide control. To provide land managers with herbicidal control options for both species, postemergence herbicides were evaluated for efficacy in a g...
Swamp titi ( Cyrilla racemiflora L.) is a vigorous native shrub or small tree found in poorly drained areas of the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain. In the absence of fire, it creates dense thickets that prevent herbaceous groundcover in ephemeral wetlands, degrading habitat for uncommon and endangered amphibians and other genera. In our study, aqua...
Tahitian bridal veil [ Gibasis pellucida (M. Martens & Haleotti) D.R. Hunt], a Central and South America native plant that is often confused with another more well-known invasive plant, small leaf spiderwort ( Tradescantia fluminensis Vell.), has become invasive in natural areas throughout Florida. However, very little is known regarding herbicide...
Commercial pine plantations in the southern United States are commonly fertilized to enhance growth and to replenish nutrients following timber harvests or repetitive raking of pinestraw, an important secondary product. We examined the effects of pinestraw removal and fertilization on pine growth and N leaching potential in an 8‐yr‐old slash pine (...
Eucalyptus amplifolia and Corymbia torelliana genetic improvement has been conducted in the lower southeastern USA by UF and collaborators since 1980. The collective accomplishments in genetic resources and potential commercial uses are summarized. For example, fast-growing, freeze-resilient E. amplifolia seeds are provided by 1st and 2nd generatio...
Controlled-release fertilizers may improve productivity and mitigate environmental hazards in Southern pine plantations intensively managed for pinestraw harvesting. We examined the effects of pinestraw removal and fertilization with conventional and polymer-coated urea (PCU) on foliar, needlefall, and pinestraw nutrients and yields in a North Flor...
Changes in land use over the past century have contributed to substantial losses of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) woodlands in the southeastern USA and replacement with higher density, mixed pine and hardwood stands that suppress understory development and limit application of prescribed fire. To increase understanding of limiting factors and ide...
Eucalyptus species are grown for fiber, fuel, and other uses on more than 17.8 million ha world-wide, yet some species are considered invasive and may have adverse environmental or social impacts outside their native range. Aminocyclopyrachlor (AMCP) and standard applications of imazapyr and triclopyr herbicides were compared for eucalyptus control...
Pinestraw harvesting is an important industry in the southeastern United States. There is a need to understand how fertilization can be used efficiently to sustain or increase long-term pinestraw yields and avoid adverse environmental consequences. The effects of fertilization on needlefall nutrient concentrations, pinestraw yields, and nutrient re...
Hen’s eyes ( Ardisia crenata Sims) is a shade-tolerant invasive shrub displacing native understory in forests of the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Few studies have explored herbicide effectiveness on A. crenata , with foliar applications of triclopyr amine or triclopyr ester typically referenced as the standard treatments. This s...
Tung tree seed produce an oil that is valuable in wood finishing and for various other uses. Development of a later-flowering tung tree cultivar has sparked renewed interest in tung seed as a potential alternative crop for northern and central Florida on sites having relatively well-drained, fertile soils and adequate moisture. This 3-page fact she...
Competition control is essential for successful eucalyptus plantation establishment, yet few selective herbicides have been identified. Five herbicides, flumioxazin, imazamox, imazapic, oxyfluorfen, and sulfometuron methyl, were evaluated at either pre- or post-weed emergence timing for selective weed control in the establishment of Eucalyptus bent...
Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) is a Southeast Asian warm-season perennial grass species that has spread to all continents except Antarctica. It is considered among the worst problematic weeds on a global scale. Control of cogongrass is difficult, especially in forests. This 6-page fact sheet written by Patrick J. Minogue, Brent V. Bro...
Effects of P fertilisation rates (0, 0.56, 5.6 and 56 mg L⁻¹) on the growth and physiology of balsa seedlings in soilless medium were examined. Phosphorus application rate significantly affected most biometric and physiologic variables, and the greatest response occurred with the increase from 5.6 to 56 mg L⁻¹. All growth response parameters were g...
The effects of four rates of phosphorus (P) fertilization (0, 0.56, 5.6 and 56.0 mg l⁻¹) in soilless medium on the growth and physiology of mahogany seedlings were examined. The greatest response occurred at the 56 mg l⁻¹ rate, with relatively small differences between other treatments. Biometric parameters increased at the 56 mg l⁻¹ compared to 0...
Sewage sludge has long been successfully used in the production of nursery plants; however, some restriction may apply due to its high pathogenic characteristics. The process of charring the organic waste significantly reduces that undesired component and may be as effective as the non-charred residue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effe...
Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) SW.) is a non-native, invasive vine which from its introduction around 1900 has become established throughout the southeastern Coastal Plain from the Carolinas to Texas and Arkansas. It is native to eastern Asia from Japan and west to the Himalayas. It has primarily naturalized in Florida,
El helecho trepador japonés es una enredadera invasiva no nativa de los Estados Unidos (EEUU) que fue introducida aproximadamente en 1900. Este helecho se ha establecido a lo largo de la llanura costera del sudeste de los EEUU desde los estados de Norte y Sur Carolinas hasta Texas y Arkansas. El helecho trepador japonés es nativo de Asia, en partic...
Of the more than 4,000 known plant species growing in Florida, approximately 30% are not native to Florida or the Southeast, and in the U.S., invasive exotic species cost an estimated $120 billion each year in damages. Early detection and removal of invasive plants is the key to successful management. This revised 13-page publication describes many...
Pine straw raking and fertilization effects on phosphorus (P) removals, total and mobile P in foliage and straw, and soil extractable P pools, were examined in 15 and 17-year-old slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) stands on soils (an Ultisol and an Entisol) with contrasting nutrient sorption potentials and internal drainage. A factorial study of...
Pine straw has gained popularity as a mulch for residential and commercial landscaping in urban and suburban areas. It is attractive, relatively low-cost, and easy to work with. Best of all, it performs well in all kinds of locations–including those difficult-to-mulch slopes! Pine straw is perfect for water-efficient landscaping (xeriscaping), an i...
Aminocyclopyrachlor (AMCP) is a pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicide that is being evaluated for weed control on highway right-of-ways. The goal of this study was to evaluate weed control capabilities and tolerance of desirable turf to AMCP. The objective of the weed efficacy trial was to determine if AMCP (66, 132, and 263 g ai ha-1) was as effect...
As eucalyptus cultivation increases in the southeastern United States to provide feedstock for pulpwood, landscape mulch and an emerging bioenergy market, there is concern regarding potential invasiveness. Recently, models to predict the likelihood of invasiveness have produced conflicting results. Our uncertainty about invasion risk and the relati...
Competition control is essential for successful eucalyptus plantation establishment, yet few selective herbicides have been identified. Five herbicides, flumioxazin, imazamox, imazapic, oxyfluorfen, and sulfometuron methyl, were evaluated for selective weed control in the establishment of genetically modified frost tolerant Eucalyptus urograndis cl...
A study was conducted to refine herbicide rates for sequential applications of sulfometuron methyl over newly planted Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Container-grown, 6-wk-old seedlings were planted in July 2011 on a nonbedded agricultural site in Quincy, FL and on a bedded forestry site in Win...
To assess the potential invasiveness of common eucalyptus species planted for pulpwood, mulch wood or bioenergy crops, field surveys of eucalyptus seedling recruitment were conducted in north and central Florida locations within seed bearing eucalyptus stands and in the proximate plant communities where seed dispersal may occur. Plant communities i...
Eucalyptus is a diverse genus with over 700 species, most of which are native to Australia. Numerous Eucalyptus species and hybrid clones have been introduced in temperate climates throughout the world and grown as ornamental trees as well as for fuel and fiber. There is renewed interest in planting this fast-growing tree in the southeastern United...
This book begins with a review of the history of biofuel. It contains chapters that are devoted to emerging technologies for biofuel production, cell wall structure and destructing approaches, cellulosic biofuel crops role in phytoremediation, and feedstock pretreatment methods. Detailed discussion on the physiological and genetic research challeng...
Various progenies of Eucalyptus grandis and E. amplifolia, and clones of Populus deltoides, were evaluated for plant removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for 26 months at a municipal waste spray field in north Florida. Tertiary treated wastewater containing 2.73 mg L(-1) nitrate N and 0.30 mg L(-1) total P was applied using sprinkler irrigati...
Nutrient use and leaching potential using diammonium phosphate (DAP) or poultry litter fertilizers in 2-year-old plantations of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) were examined for 3 years at a study location
having sandy, excessively drained soils and high leaching potent...
Background/Question/Methods
Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) is an exotic, invasive vine that has become a problem in forests of the southeastern United States. Typically starting as a few scattered individuals, invasions of Japanese climbing fern can escalate into dense, tangled masses that overtop trees, smother understory vegetation,...
Studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate herbicides having both PRE and POST activity for selective weed control in bald cypress plantings. Five herbicides were applied at two or three rates at two different timings. The first timing was to dormant seedlings without foliage and prior to weed emergence (i.e., PRE). The second timing was t...
Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica [L.] P. Beauv. var. major [Nees] C.E. Hubb) is one of the most invasive perennial grasses worldwide and has progressively infested managed and natural habitats in the mid-South over the past 100 years. To extend past research toward the goal of
eradication on forested sites, we tested the most effective herbicides (g...
Kudzu is an invasive perennial climbing vine characterized by fast growth rates and tolerance to control measures. Repeated applications with high rates of 2,4-D plus picloram provide effective kudzu control, but picloram use is not permitted in certain states due to groundwater pollution concerns. Studies were conducted in Alabama and Florida to c...
Florida Forest Service county foresters were requested to complete a survey regarding general trends in pine straw production in their county and to update a list of pine straw producers. The response rate was 77%. Most pine straw producers identified were in North Florida. Using the updated list, a second survey was mailed to pine straw producers...
Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) is an invasive species prevalent through the southeastern United States that grows on, around, and intermingles with native groundcover in a variety of forest ecosystems. Management of this species can be problematic because herbicide control must also ensure minimal impact to native plants, particularly...
The effectiveness and safe use of herbicides registered for forest vegetation management in Florida requires developing site-specific herbicide prescriptions made with careful consideration of site factors and knowledge of the chemical and physical properties of herbicides and their effects on biological systems. This 9-page fact sheet was written...
Developing a herbicide treatment prescription is a complex process that involves matching a suitable herbicide program with a specific silvicultural operation and an overall management objective. This revised 8-page fact sheet reviews important considerations in developing effective and environmentally sound herbicide recommendations for managing v...
Absorption and translocation patterns of radio-labelled glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) were examined in four species of woody plants to determine mechanisms of herbicide tolerance in species common to the southeastern United States. Loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) and yaupon (Ilexvomitoria (L.) Ait.), both tolerant to the herbicide, absorbed...
Revised! SS-FOR-13, a 8-page fact sheet by Chris Demers, Alan Long, and Patrick Minogue, provides landowners with long-term, multiple-use resource management objectives with strategies for artificial and natural regeneration of this insect-, disease-, and fire-resistant species. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of School of Fores...
El uso de nombres comerciales citados en esta publicación es sólo con el propósito de brindar información específica. El Instituto (UF/IFAS) no garantiza los productos nombrados, y las referencias a ellos en esta publicación no significa nuestra aprobación a la exclusión de otros productos de composición comparable. Todos productos químicos deben s...
Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) is an invasive vine that has been identified as an economic and ecological threat in forest ecosystems of the Southeast. In two separate studies, we examined the use of directed sprays of glyphosate, imazapyr, and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides, alone and in combination, for control of Japanese climbing fe...
Background/Question/Methods Herbicide treatments can be an effective management tool for controlling invasive species, but could be problematic where the invasive species intermingles with native vegetation. This is typical of Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum), a non-native vine that invades a variety of forest ecosystems of the southeast...
Background/Question/Methods
Percent cover is commonly used to assess the effectiveness of potential control strategies for invasive plant species. Other measurements may also be used but tend to be more time- and labor-intensive. In the present study, percent cover and biomass were measured to assess the effects of herbicide and prescribed burnin...
Background/Question/Methods
Invasive exotic species can have severe impacts on natural areas and are a major concern for land managers. Frequently, control efforts do not take place until the species is well established; however, treatment of satellite populations may be as important as treating dense infestations in preventing further spread of t...
FOR-218, a 7-page illustrated fact sheet by Patrick J. Minogue, Stella Jones, Kimberly K. Bohn, and Rick L. Williams, describes this non-native, invasive vine which is widespread in damp areas in north and West Florida — its biology and control measures. Includes references. Published by the UF School of Forest Resources and Conservation, May 2009....
Revised! Circular 1475, a 14-page fact sheet by Anna Osiecka, Patrick Minogue, Alan Long, Jarek Nowak, and Mark Mossler, provides comprehensive information about the herbicides currently registered for use in Florida pine plantations. Published by the UF School of Forest Resources and Conservation, February 2009.
WEC-249, a 5-page illustrated fact sheet by Holly K. Ober and Patrick J. Minogue, describes the reasons homeowners should consider planting oaks, how to select the right oak species for a given site, and how to improve wildlife habitat in established stands. Includes sources of additional information. Published by the UF Department of Wildlife Ecol...
Tallowtree (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small) or the synonym, Chinese tallowtree (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.) is a deciduous tree that displays rapid growth. Sapium sebiferum was introduced to the USA in Charleston, South Carolina in the late 1700s. It was introduced initially for oil production and used in making candles. It has spread to every coast...
FOR-191, a 3-page illustrated fact sheet by Rick Williams and Patrick J. Minogue, describes the biology and management strategies for this noxious weed native to warm regions of southeast Asia that can cause loss of productive forest areas, hinder forest activities and severely degrade wildlife habitat by replacing native plants. Includes reference...
FOR-189, a 3-page illustrated fact sheet by Rick Williams and Patrick Minogue, describes this semi-evergreen to evergreen thick-forming shrub which was introduced as an ornamental shrub in the South in 1852 and is widely naturalized in the Panhandle and northern counties — its biology and management strategies. Includes references. Published by the...
Background/Question/Methods
Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) is a non-native, invasive vine which was introduced as an ornamental plant around 1900 and has become naturalized through the Southeastern Coastal Plain from the Carolinas to Texas. It is native to East Asia, the East Indies, and Australia. The plant occurs as scattered indiv...
Animals require specific habitat elements to satisfy their basic needs of food, water, and cover. Although landowners interested in enhancing forest habitat for wildlife often consider the species and age of live vegetation, they often overlook the importance of dead wood. Dead wood provides resources for many different species of animals. In fact,...
FOR-125, a 5-page illustrated fact sheet by Patrick J. Minogue, Kimberly Bohn, and Rick Williams, details tools available to manage hardwoods in longleaf stands. Includes references. Published by the UF School of Forest Resources and Conservation, August 2007.
Eight herbicide combinations containing imazapyr alone or in mixture with glyphosate, triclopyr, or picloram+2,4-D were applied July–August 1991 at each of three upland sites in the southeastern U.S., with or without a subsequent broadcast burn in September. Seedlings of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) or slash (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) pine...
Growth response and mortality of loblolly pine were examined 5 or 6 years after broadcast applications of four rates of pellet and liquid (applied as a foliar spray) hexazinone formulations for pine release at seven locations across the South varying in soil characteristics. Adjusted hardwood rootstock density 2 years following treatment was signif...
Vegetation-management practices allocate available resources and provide favorable conditions to promote the growth of desirable species. Animals, chemicals, fire, hand tools, and machinery are used to control interfering vegetation in established pine stands, improving survival, growth, and stand value. Following site preparation, herbaceous plant...
Broadcast applications of hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1 H ,3 H )-dione] pellets and foliar sprays were tested at four rates for hardwood control and safety to loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) at each of eight study locations differing in soil characteristics. Reduction in the number of hardwoods in the stan...
Four growing seasons after aerial applications of glyphosate at 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 lb ai/ac in a three-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in late summer, diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height of pines were greater on treated compared to untreated areas. Pines on treated plots averaged 2.5 in. dbh and 15.2 ft in height while...
The effects of weed control using herbicides, cultivation, and a combination of herbicides and cultivation on the growth of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica L.) plantations were examined. Two years of weed control using herbicides, either broadcast or in a five-foot band centered on the planted row, result...
The effects of competition on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) development during the initial 4 years of a plantation were investigated on an Upper Coastal Plain site in east-central Alabama. Height and diameter response to competition control in relation to time following treatment and amount of herbaceous competition were examined. Trees on plots r...
Little is known about the environmental effects of fertilizing southern pines on sandy soils. Large areas of deep sands, with very little soil profile development, exist in the north Florida sand hills, including Suwannee County. They are classified as group G in the CRIFF (Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization) forest soil classification sy...
Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense Lour., is a semi-evergreen to evergreen, thicket-forming shrub which occurs most densely in open disturbed areas, especially low wet places. Privet also invades less disturbed upland hammocks and pinelands, river and stream floodplains, lake shores and edges of swamps and marshes (Langeland and Burks, eds 1998). Ch...
Cogongrass is considered to be one of the 10 worst weeds in the world. It is native to warm regions of southeast Asia, but occurs in similar climates around the world. Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) was accidentally introduced into Alabama in about 1911 as seed in packing materials from Japan (Dickens 1974). Purposeful introductions p...
