Patrick Llerena

• PhD
• Professor (Full) at University of Strasbourg

We propose a disaggregated representation of production using an agent-based fund-flow model that emphasizes inefficiencies, such as factor idleness and production instability, and allows us to explore their emergence through simulations. The model incorporates productivity dynamics (learning and depreciation) and is extended with time-saving proce...

We provide a contribution to the understanding of the emergence of biotechnology as the result of a co-evolutionary process that required simultaneous innovations in four core domains: law, government policy, molecular biology, and finance. The result of these institutional changes had profound implications in terms of division of labour and divisi...

We propose a disaggregated representation of production using an agent-based fund-flow model that emphasizes inefficiencies, such as factor idleness and production instability, and allows us to explore their emergence through simulations. The model incorporates productivity dynamics (learning and depreciation) and is extended with time-saving proce...

Contributing to the fast-growing Economics of Artificial Intelligence (AI), this paper examines the close relationship between university and industry for what concerns to the research and development of AI technologies in the USA. Recalling the history of the university-industry relationships in the several phases of the US national system of inno...

We propose a disaggregated representation of production using an agent-based fund-flow model that emphasizes inefficiencies, such as factor idleness and production instability, and allows us to explore their emergence through simulations. The model incorporates productivity dynamics (learning and depreciation) and is extended with time-saving proce...

Recent research has shown that Green Innovation (GI) may be a profitable strategy, provided that the innovating firm enjoys synergies raised by specific combinations of innovation domains. Therefore, GI decisions may depend on the firm's overall innovation portfolio. Along this line of research, this paper aims at identifying combinations of innova...

As the environmental agenda gains momentum all over the world, enterprises face the challenge of combining economic and environmental goals. An obvious, recurrent, and yet not fully answered question is whether, and under which circumstances, an improvement in a firm's environmental performance leads to higher profits. Looking at innovation data, t...

This study seeks to draw connections between the grant proposal peer-review and the gender representation in research consortia. We examined the implementation of a multi-disciplinary, pan-European funding scheme—EUROpean COllaborative RESearch Scheme (2003–2015)—and the reviewers’ materials that this generated. EUROCORES promoted investigator-driv...

This paper explores the relationship between the industry collaborations of grant applicant teams and the outcomes of a multistage grant evaluation process. We studied this relationship by focusing on two possible channels of impact of industry engagement—team diversity (or the diversity effect) and prior collaboration experience (or the experience...

The interplay between individual creative ability and the way to enhance it is an issue with tremendous potential for economic analysis. In this survey, we dwell into the issue by focusing on the methodological advantages of economic experiments. We provide a review of the literature in experimental economics on creativity, identifying seven main o...

Creativity is one of firms’ major preoccupations, as evidenced by the diversity of creative devices designed to foster it. While the literature explains these empirical findings by highlighting their benefits or the antecedents that promote it, it pays little attention to the tensions associated with its adoption. In line with recent work, it appea...

Intellectual property (IP) rights are a major component of firms’ strategies to appropriate the benefits of their innovations. This paper aims at assessing the interactions between two types of IP rights, namely patents and trademarks. We first model the effect of these two types of IP rights on the returns of innovations for firms. Based on a supe...

This paper assesses the impact of public R&D subsidies on business R&D investment in heterogeneous institutional frameworks. Public support for research and innovation activities may leverage private resources when firms are constrained by lower quality public institutions, reducing uncertainty and favouring private risky investments. We develop an...

The paths via which university-generated knowledge reaches final users and creates value are traditionally considered to be the supply-side channels of the commercialisation of inventions, consultancy, and R&D contracts. Yet, this focus limits universities to being “providers” of knowledge and technology for industrial applications and fails to acc...

This article presents a mixed-methods research in the field of creativity. By making use of experiments and a questionnaire, it analyses how creativity is affected by three factors: i) motivation, ii) individuals' attitudes towards risk and ambiguity and iii) social context. Each one of these factors has been extensively investigated in the theoret...

Research and innovation strategies are the pillars of Europe’s 2030 strategy: achieving growth that is smart, inclusive and sustainable. Key to this process is providing a direction for change, while also enabling bottom up experimentation and exploration. Directions for innovation can be guided towards the grand challenges facing societies, whethe...

In this paper, we question the characteristics of the European scientific base, highlighting some structural weaknesses in the system of scientific research and in the system for transfer of technology and knowledge from research universities to corporate actors. By focusing on the Italian and the French scenario we draw some conclusions on what sh...

This article assesses the productivity change of the French technology transfer offices (TTOs) after the introduction of the July 1999 innovation law and the new public management oriented reform. By using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)-based Malmquist productivity index, we find an average increase in the short-term productivity of the French TTO...

This paper attempts to propose a formal representation of production as an evolutionary process in which multiple level learning processes occur facing technical and organisational boundaries. This formal attempt draw on, and bridges, the evolutionary literature (Marengo et al. 2000, Marengo and Dosi 2005, Winter 2002) with the Flow-Fund approach d...

The aim of this contribution is to proceed to an in-depth exploration of the micro-context of the origin of routines and of their intimate link with organizational creativity. Our view is that organizational creativity orchestrates continuous interactions between different types of routines, operating at different levels of the organization. More p...

La France est un pays de tradition scientifique et technique ancienne et elle occupe aujourd'hui encore une place importante dans le monde dans ce domaine. Cependant, pour stimuler la compétitivité et accélérer la croissance économique, elle doit développer et mieux exploiter son potentiel d'innovation. Cet examen souligne la nécessité d'encourager...

The evolutionary theory of the firm operates on the traditional distinction between entrepreneurs (agents in charge of creating resources) and managers (agents in charge of allocating resources). The evolutionary perspective would be consistent, and stronger, if it recognized the entrepreneur's involvement in both the creation and the allocation of...

The aim of this contribution is to analyze the period of collective research extending from the emergence of the first innovative idea to the moment when a patent can be written and claimed. The authors argue that the period of collective research is characterized by the building of public or semipublic good in order to equip the innovative idea wi...

This paper assesses the performance in technology transfer operated by the French university system adopting a Malmquist approach within an inferential setting. It investigates an original and unique database of French TTOs over their first development time. We find an overall weak increase in productivity, driven by technology and organisational i...

A considerable body of work highlights the relevance of collaborative research, contract research, consulting and informal relationships for university-industry knowledge transfer. We present a systematic review of research on academic scientists’ involvement in these activities to which we refer as ‘academic engagement’. Apart from extracting find...

In this paper we map the networks of inventors in France using data on patent applications at European Patent Office. We focus on two related issues: structural properties of social networks of inventors and the positions of academic inventors therein. First, we revisit earlier findings that social networks of inventors are "small worlds", i.e. hav...

Using data on patent applications at the European Patent Office, we examine the structural properties of networks of inventors in France in different technologies. We find that the higher the presence of inventors from universities and public research organizations (PROs), the more likely the networks are to exhibit small world properties. Universi...

This paper presents the first assessment of the efficiency of the technology transfer operated by the French university system and its main determinants. The analysis is based on a detailed and original database of 51 technology transfer offices (TTOs) categorised by the type of university to which they belong, for the period 2003–07. Overall, we f...

‘If there is anything that can invariably be experienced in modern economies, then it is their incessant innovative transformation. In this fine volume Buenstorf brings together a selection of cutting edge research papers which jointly give the reader a grasp of how these innovative changes come about. The volume highlights how evolutionary economi...

The aim of this contribution is to proceed to an in-depth exploration of the micro-context of the origin of routines and of their intimate link with organizational creativity. Our view is that organizational creativity orchestrates continuous interactions between different types of routines, operating at different levels of the organization. More p...

‘If there is anything that can invariably be experienced in modern economies, then it is their incessant innovative transformation. In this fine volume Buenstorf brings together a selection of cutting edge research papers which jointly give the reader a grasp of how these innovative changes come about. The volume highlights how evolutionary economi...

This paper analyses the role of integration of environmental aspects with corporate strategy in private firms as well as institutional factors relating to market demand, cooperation and regulation as antecedents for eco-innovations. Using a framework based on evolutionary economic concepts, the paper derives results from analysing nine case studies...

On behalf of the Federal Government of Germany, the Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation presents its fourth report.

The aim of this chapter is to study the role of Public Technology Procurement (PTP) in the telecommunication industry in Italy. The analysis focuses on the evolution of the digital switching system. The case study outlined is the development of the Proteo/Linea UT family. The period covered is from the 60s to the end of the 80s. In section 1, the I...

This paper provides a new and systematic characterization of 488 universities, from 11 European countries: Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and UK. Using micro indicators built on the integrated Aquameth database, we characterize the European university landscape according to the following...

· Using data on patent applications at European Patent Office, we examine the structural properties of networks of inventors in France in different technologies, and how they depend from the inventive activity of scientists from universities and public research organizations (PROs). We revisit earlier findings on small world properties of social ne...

The following contribution aims to analyze the sources of creativity in a modern, highly innovative and “stylised” company that does not rely on traditional sources of innovation (large R&D units, research cooperative agreements, R&D contracts with university centres, etc.). We show that the theories of the innovative firm have to be coupled with t...

Long term increases of petrol prices and the threat of a global climate change have created in the automotive industry a new competitive environment based on the development of more sustainable technologies. Using the real option reasoning lens we provide a theoretical framework to better account for the technological and market uncertainties and i...

On behalf of the Federal Government of Germany, the Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation presents its third report. The format of the report has been revised this year. Part A of the EFI report 2010 discusses current developments and future challenges. Part B of the report then addresses five core topics. The indicators for the status...

The aim of this paper is to highlight the effect of irreversibility in partner choice in strategic alliances. In an environment where firms are binded by contractual constraints regarding the duration of partnerships, how does the complexity of products influence the overall knowledge in the industry? Through an agent based simulation model, we com...

On behalf of the German Federal Government, the Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation presents its second report. This was originally intended to be a “short” report, in which the key indicators of research and development were up-dated and commented on. However, the Expert Commission has decided to do much more than this, and recommend...

In this work, we present an illustrative case study of the changing nature of governance structure in a small innovative firm. We show that the governance structure co-evolves with the division of knowledge and the division of labor. The presentation is organized as follows: first we define the distinction between division of knowledge and division...

According to technical and economic criteria, a right maintenance policy must be applied to enhance the hydraulic performance and the reliability of water networks. Water networks ensure delivery of water to consumers with the help of pressured networks consisting in several hydraulic components: tanks, reservoirs, pipes, valves, and pumps. The cur...

According to technical and economic criteria, a right maintenance policy must be applied to enhance the hydraulic performance and the reliability of water networks. Water networks ensure delivery of water to consumers with the help of pipes, valves, and pumps. The current paper deals with the combination of a multiobjective software in order to dev...

Dietmar Harhoff, LMU und Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation, sieht Handlungsbedarf bei der Innovationsfinanzierung und im Wissens- und Technologietransfer. Da Deutschland zu sehr auf inkrementelle und zu wenig auf radikale Innovationen setze, sollte das Steuersystem „eigenkapital- und innovationsfreundlicher“ und die Rahmenbedingungen für...

This work is an empirical illustration of the changing nature of governance structure in a small creative firm. The governance structure co-evolves with the division of knowledge and the division of labour. The paper is organised as follows: first we present the distinction between division of knowledge and division of labour in a knowledge-based f...

The article presents new evidence explaining contractual private funding of academic laboratories. We find that public funding crowds out private funding. While private funding increases with publications it decreases with publications corrected for impact.

Recent empirical work in the field of university-industry technology transfer has stressed the importance of IPR-related reforms and university patenting has major forces behind the success of US high-tech industry. European policy-makers have been tempted to explain the poorer technological performance of their countries with the lower propensity...

Over the twentieth century universities in the industrialized world have evolved from being "universities of culture" to "universities of innovation." Policy makers and universities themselves see that one of their major roles is supporting industrial innovation and thus economic growth. We argue that this rests on a mis-cconception of the nature o...

The paper provides summary statistics from the KEINS database on academic patenting in France, Italy, and Sweden. It shows that academic scientists in those countries have signed many more patents than previously estimated. This re-evaluation of academic patenting comes by considering all patents signed by academic scientists active in 2004, both t...

sustainability as well as the prominent role of the latter in the new 7th Framework Programme of the EU. Also the Lisbon agenda with its focus on the quality of life of European citizens requires that firms reconcile sustainability aspects with profitability and innovation has been identified as key to defuse sustainability demands, which immediate...

Water utilities ensure the delivery of water to consumers through a pressured network composed of several hydraulic components: reservoirs, pipes, valves, and pumps. A right maintenance policy that takes into consideration both technical and economic factors must be applied to enhance the hydraulic performance and reliability of the water network....

The issue of technology transfer (TT) activities from science to the economy is attracting more and more attention, becoming one of the main foci of the fast growing field of economics of science. As often when a new field of research is emerging, the issue of the relevance of the related indicators is of key importance. This paper uses the study o...

The aim of this contribution is to trace the process by which such an improbable research unit, the BETA at the University Louis Pasteur, has emerged and grown and to stress the interesting outcomes. The paper can be read as a case study on the emergence and development of a ‘knowledge creating community’. Such an analysis requires the understandin...

This article considers the role and interrelation of the division of labor and the division of knowledge, and its relevance for knowledge-based and evolutionary theories of the firm. As is well known, Adam Smith focused on the effect of the division of labor, while Charles Babbage focused on the effect of the division of knowledge. We are not the f...

When seeking to bench mark the performance of European economies, commentators often look to compare them to the economies of Japan and the United States. How Europe’s Economies Learn shows how this is seriously misleading, and how any such comparison needs to be complemented with an understanding of the fundamental differences between Europe’s eco...

This paper discusses, first, the properties of scientific and technological knowledge and the institutions supporting its generation and its economic applications. The evidence supports the broad interpretation that we call the ‘Stanford–Yale–Sussex’ synthesis. Second, such patterns yield important implications with respect to the so-called ‘Europe...

„E jelentés célja az Egyesült Államok és az Európai Unió innovációs teljesítményének értékelése és összehasonlítása. Az összehasonlításban – szem előtt tartva az innováció mérésekor figyelembe veendő finomságokat is – az európai teljesítményt tekintve elsősorban a tudományos eredmények, a technológiai újítást szolgáló proxik, a tényleges termelés é...

Most studies of academic patenting focus on the university as the unit of analysis. In contrast, we examine this phenomenon at the laboratory level. Based on a sample of 83 research laboratories of Louis Pasteur University (ULP, Strasbourg, France) from 1993 to 2000, we constructed a panel data set that allows us to discriminate between patents tha...

This paper discusses, first, the properties of scientific and technological knowledge and the institutions supporting its generation and its economic applications. The evidence continues to support the broad interpretation which we call the ”Stanford-Yale-Sussex” synthesis. Second, such patterns bear important implications with respect to the so-ca...

Public support for research and development (R and D) can be oriented towards various objectives: at early stages of the innovation process, exploration of technological opportunities is sought. Indeed, short run, profit oriented research strategies might lead to too early a focus and to lock-in to an inferior solution (Cowan 1991). At later stages...

Competitive advantages of European companies are not only generated by R&D based product innovations but also by technical and non-technical process innovations aiming to modernise manufacturing processes. The European Manufacturing Survey (EMS) provides diffusion rates of technical and non-technical innovations across nine European countries. Resu...

The importance of the development of a Digital Switching System (DSS) lies in its positive effect on the entire telecommunication network. DSS has provided greater reliability and speed, and enabled the introduction of new value added services, all of which have benefited the entire economic system. This chapter focuses on the development of DSS in...

The main underlining conviction, throughout the book, is the importance of dynamical and systemic approaches to innovation policies. The first part of the book provides the theoretical background for the subsequent more empirical contributions. In the second part, a series of three papers analyse each the development or diffusion of a specific tech...

L'objectif de cette contribution est de prolonger la réflexion de Keith Pavitt sur la stratégie des firmes qui privilégie l'idée selon laquelle une bonne interprétation du mouvement stratégique de la technologie vers le marché suppose une compréhension claire de la distinction entre « compétence » et « pratique ». Keith Pavitt (1998), ainsi que Nel...