Patrick M CarterUniversity of Michigan | U-M · Department of Emergency Medicine
Patrick M Carter
M.D.
About
141
Publications
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Introduction
Additional affiliations
July 2009 - September 2020
Publications
Publications (141)
OBJECTIVES
Contextual factors that contribute to firearm injuries among children aged 0 to 10 are not well understood.
METHODS
A retrospective review of the National Fatality Review-Case Reporting System was conducted for firearm deaths of children aged 0 to 10 from 2004 to 2020. Descriptive analyses characterized child and parent demographics, in...
The Community Firearm Violence Prevention Network (CFVP Network), funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), supports a network of research projects that develop and test interventions through collaborations with community partners to prevent firearm violence, injury, and mortality. The CFVP Network presents a unique opportunity to accelera...
This cross-sectional study uses national mortality data to evaluate state variations in rates and causes of child and adolescent deaths.
Firearm suicides among adolescents have increased in the US and rates vary across racial and ethnic groups. In this study, we examined contextual information around adolescent firearm suicides and analyzed how incident characteristics vary across racial and ethnic groups. We analyzed firearm suicides among adolescents (ages 10–18 years) from 2004 t...
Background
Firearm injuries are the leading cause of death for U.S. adolescents. Given the prevalence of firearm ownership in the U.S., particularly among parental figures in homes with children and teens, and the relationship between firearm access and injury outcomes, it is vital to shed light on potential parental motivations for keeping firearm...
Objective
This study aims to characterise the motivations of firearm owners and examine whether firearm ownership motivations and carriage varied by state stand your ground law status.
Methods
Using a nationally representative survey of US adults in 2023, we asked firearm owners (n=2477) about their firearm motivations and behaviours, including r...
Youth interpersonal firearm violence disproportionately affects Black youth, with residential racial segregation as a key determinant. Racially segregated neighborhoods, which are economically isolated (e.g., neighborhood disadvantage), are linked to increased exposure to violence. This exposure, in turn, is a determinant of youth firearm aggressio...
Background: Although experiencing violence is a risk factor for substance use among youth, its association with same-day use of multiple substances (a form of polysubstance use) and mitigating factors is less well understood.Objectives: To identify whether prosocial factors modified the effect of experiencing violence on the frequency of same-day u...
Background
Adolescents and young adults with risk factors for opioid misuse and opioid use disorder are at elevated risk for overdose. We examined prior non-fatal overdose experiences among at-risk adolescents/young adults to inform prevention efforts.
Methods
Adolescents/young adults (ages 16–30) in two US emergency departments self-reporting pas...
Firearm-related injuries are a major public health concern in the USA. Given the increased racism endured by Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic, the current study aims to investigate the direct and indirect effects of racism, mental distress, and substance use on firearm purchase among Asian Americans. To fulfill this purpose, we collecte...
Objective
To study the interaction between violence exposure and motivations for firearm ownership in their associations with firearm storage among caregivers of teens in the United States.
Methods
In June–July 2020, we conducted a national survey of 2924 caregivers of US teens. We estimated multivariable logistic regressions among caregivers who...
Introduction:
Interventions addressing cannabis use among emerging adults (ages 18-25) are currently needed to prevent negative outcomes. Emergency Department (ED) visits provide an opportunity to initiate interventions. In this pilot study, we created a brief intervention (BI), extended with private social media messaging for emerging adult ED pa...
Firearm injuries are a leading cause of injury-related deaths in the U.S., but there is a dearth of federal funding for research on firearm injury prevention, compared to funding for research on other injuries and diseases. University research centers/institutes (C/Is) are in a position to help generate such research: they are multidisciplinary, ha...
Youth living in areas with high concentrations of vacant properties may be at particular risk for poor health outcomes given the associations between deteriorated vacant properties, poor mental health, and community violence. Vacant lot greening has emerged as a key strategy to mitigate the harms of deteriorated properties. Youth engagement in gree...
Background and objectives:
Limiting firearm access is essential to decreasing teen suicide. Previous efforts have focused on household firearms; however, less is known about firearm access and possession among teens at increased suicide risk. Our objective was to estimate prevalence of firearm possession and access among high school-aged teens wit...
In response to fears regarding high-profiled school shootings and firearm violence, schools transformed dramatically, implementing school safety measures such as school police, armed security, metal detectors, and active shooter drills. This study used nationally representative data to assess the relationship between school safety policies and stud...
Alcohol use and violent behaviors among youth are associated with morbidity and mortality. An emergency department (ED) visit provides an opportunity to initiate prevention efforts. Despite promising findings from our single session SafERteens brief intervention (BI), impact is limited by modest effect sizes, with data lacking on optimal boosters t...
The association between witnessing firearm-involved violence and firearm carriage among teens, independent of non-firearm involved violence, has yet to be identified. The present analyses estimate associations of witnessing firearm-involved violence and non-firearm involved violence with firearm carriage in a nationally representative sample of tee...
Policy Points
Firearm injury is a leading cause of death in the United States, with fatality rates increasing 34.9% over the past decade (2010‐2020).
Firearm injury is preventable through multifaceted evidence‐based approaches.
Reviewing past challenges and successes in the field of firearm injury prevention can highlight the future directions need...
Introduction:
Despite promising reductions in mortality from infectious diseases, premature death is a still major public health problem in Brazil. However, little is known about which diseases and injury mechanisms are the main causes of premature death. This paper aimed to detail trends in leading causes of death among children and adolescents i...
Given increasing opioid overdose mortality rates in the USA over the past 20 years, accelerating the implementation of prevention interventions found to be effective is critical. The Helping End Addiction Long-Term (HEAL) Prevention Cooperative (HPC) is a consortium of research projects funded to implement and test interventions designed to prevent...
Researchers have documented that vacant lot greening can reduce community-level crime and violence. Busy Streets Theory (BST) suggests that residents who are involved in the greening process can help to improve physical environments and build social connections that deter crime and violence. Yet few researchers have explored how community engagemen...
Firearm possession increases the likelihood of hospital visits among adolescents and emerging adults. To better inform prevention practices, we examine data among adolescents and emerging adults (A/EAs; ages 16 to 29) presenting to an urban emergency department for any reason to understand the differences in firearm possession between males and fem...
This Viewpoint argues that academic medical centers should address firearm violence through clinical care, education of health care professionals, research, and public policy discussions.
Firearms are the leading cause of death for high-school age teens. To inform prevention efforts, we characterize the prevalence of healthcare provider (HCP) counseling of caregivers of teens around firearm safety, safety conversation elements, and caregiver receptivity towards counseling. A cross-sectional web survey (6/24/2020–7/22/2020) was condu...
Background
Motor vehicle collisions remain a leading cause of unintentional injury deaths among children in the United States. despite the proven effectiveness of child restraint systems (CRS). Laws and public education campaigns have fallen short of ensuring child passenger safety guideline adherence (i.e., correct use of a size-appropriate CRS in...
Firearm injury is a significant public health concern among youth living in the United States. Youth with exposure to violence (ETV) are more susceptible to carrying and using a firearm. Few researchers, however, have examined psychological mechanisms undergirding the association between ETV and firearm aggression. Retaliatory attitudes have been d...
Statement of Purpose
The purpose of this study is to determine the association between prior exposure to violence and violent victimization has on firearm carriage among parents. In order to examine this association, the research question examined in this study is, what is the role of exposure to violence and prior victimization on firearm ownershi...
Statement of Purpose
Firearms are the leading cause of death for high-school aged youth, with firearm access the most significant risk factor for adolescent firearm injury. Parental rules regarding teen firearm access have not been previously characterized. We estimate prevalence of firearm safety/access rules among parents of high-school age teens...
Researchers have reported that improving the condition of vacant lots through greening (e.g. remediation, mowing, landscaping) can help to reduce fear of crime and violence. Busy Streets Theory (BST) suggests that residents who are involved in neighborhood improvement can help to establish orderly physical environments and social connections that c...
Violence affects people across the lifespan with significant short- and long-term consequences for individuals, communities and society at large. Neighborhood environments play an important role in health and safety outcomes with a demonstrated relationship between some of the poorest socioeconomic conditions and greatest disparities. The purpose o...
Statement of Purpose
The emergency department (ED) visit provides an opportunity for initiating opioid prevention interventions. This presentation describes baseline injury-related characteristics among a sample of adolescents and young adults in the ED enrolled in an opioid prevention trial.
Methods/Approach
Patients (ages 16–30) in the ED comple...
Firearms are a leading cause of injury mortality across the lifespan, with elevated risks for older adult populations. To inform prevention efforts, we conducted a probability-based web survey (12/1/2019–12/23/2019) of 2048 older adults (age 50–80) to characterize national estimates of firearm ownership, safety practices, and attitudes about health...
Loneliness is a public health problem causing morbidity and mortality. Individuals with substance use problems are often lonelier than the general population. We evaluate the longitudinal associations between social influences, substance use, and loneliness among adolescents and young adults recruited from an urban Emergency Department (ED). We use...
The objective of this study was to assess parents’ firearm storage behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic and characterize reasons why some parents made their firearms more accessible during this time. In June-July 2020, the study team conducted the FACTS National Survey—a cross-sectional, web-based, survey of 2,924 parents and their teens (ages14–...
Firearms are the leading cause of death among young adults. Given community violence is an important correlate of youth firearm carriage, we evaluated: 1) If the association between perceived community violence and firearm carriage is stronger when perceived police bias is greater; and 2) If this moderated association differs by race. Cross-section...
The classical two-arm randomized clinical trial (RCT) is designed to test the efficacy or effectiveness of an intervention, which may consist of one or more components. However, this approach does not enable the investigator to obtain information that is important in intervention development, such as which individual components of the intervention...
Background and objectives
Youth violence is an alarming public health problem, yet, violence screening and interventions are not systematically offered in primary care (PC). This paper describes data from a pilot effectiveness-implementation trial of an efficacious youth violence prevention programme (SafERteens).
Methods
The study was conducted i...
Background:
Youth violence is a leading cause of adolescent mortality, underscoring the need to integrate evidence-based violence prevention programs into routine emergency department (ED) care.
Objectives:
To examine the translation of the SafERteens program into clinical care.
Methods:
Hospital staff provided input on implementation facilita...
Firearm injury is a significant public health problem in the United States. Almost 40,000 people died and 134,000 were injured in the United States in 2017. Two-thirds of U.S. firearm deaths in 2017 were suicides, just as in every year in the last decade. Although the majority of firearm deaths are White men, the epidemic disproportionately affects...
Unmaintained vacant land in urban areas is associated with a number of negative outcomes for residents of urban areas, including mental and physical health, safety, and quality of life. Community programs which promote land parcel maintenance in urban neighborhoods have been found to reverse some of the effects that unmaintained land has on nearby...
Preventing opioid misuse and opioid use disorder is critical among at-risk adolescents and young adults (AYAs). An Emergency Department (ED) visit provides an opportunity for delivering interventions during a rapidly changing opioid landscape. This paper describes pilot data and the protocol for a 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial testing...
To describe and identify the correlates of firearm purchasing at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among US families with teenagers. In June–July 2020, we conducted a national survey of 2924 parents and their teenagers in the US. We report results from this survey to describe firearm purchasing behaviors following the start of the COVID-19 pan...
The main purpose of this article and this special section is to encourage greater attention to the key gaps that exist in our understanding of the epidemiology of adolescent firearm violence and to provide a pathway forward for future longitudinal research that will inform prevention efforts. This increased attention is especially salient given: (a...
Cannabis-using youth are a large epidemiologic subgroup whose age and smoking-related risks underscore the importance of examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in this population. Within a clinical trial (n = 36 received an intervention prior to data collection reported herein), we surveyed cannabis-using emerging adults (ages 18-25) about p...
Research Summary
We examined petition and respondent characteristics from extreme risk protection order (ERPO) cases in Oregon for the 15 months after implementation (n = 93). Most petitions were filed by law enforcement (65%) a were more likely to be granted than petitions filed by family/household members (p < 0.001). Most ERPO respondents were r...
Statement of purpose
Preventing opioid misuse and opioid use disorder (OUD) is necessary given the opioid epidemic. Prevention programs for adolescents/young adults are needed to alter risk trajectories. We developed interventions using telemedicine (synchronous video conference) and a patient portal-like messaging system to address risk factors fo...
Statement of purpose
To use data from a state-wide opioid overdose surveillance system in Michigan to evaluate changes in opioid overdose frequency during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods/Approach
The System for Opioid Overdose Surveillance (SOS) is a near real-time overdose surveillance system in the state of Michigan run out of the University of M...
Statement of purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore how land parcel maintenance is associated with positive mental health outcomes using data collected during community greening efforts conducted in Flint, MI in 2017–2018. Unmaintained vacant land in urban areas is associated with a number of negative outcomes for residents of urban areas...
Youth firearm injury is a worsening public health crisis, and the risks are not distributed evenly. Bottiani et al. skillfully explicated those health disparities, described sociological factors underlying them, and explored avenues for prevention. We supplement their analysis by detailing problems and solutions related to a critical barrier to fir...
Firearm injuries are the second leading cause of child and adolescent death in the United States, with homicides currently responsible for 1915, or nearly 60%, of all firearm deaths occurring in the pediatric population. Rates of pediatric firearm homicide have increased over 20% in the past 4 years, and significant disparities persist with regard...
Background
A pediatric injury prevention course has not been available as a massive open online course (MOOC). Creating a comprehensive topic course is particularly challenging because the traditional, week-by-week linear curriculum design is often a barrier to learners interested in only specific topics. We created a novel, flexible course as both...
More than 652 000 people in the US died from firearm injuries between 1999 and 2018.¹ Given that firearms are embedded within US culture (in 2018, 21.9% of individuals owned a firearm and 35.2% lived in households with firearms²) evidence-based public health measures and policies that enhance firearm safety are needed. Firearm injuries are multifac...
Objectives:
To evaluate motivations for firearm possession among urban young adults and determine if differences emerge between parents and non-parents, and to identify if storage practices differed according to motivation for firearm possession and parenting status.
Methods:
We used cross-sectional data among young adults seeking urban emergenc...
Introduction:
Prescription opioid use and driving is a public health concern given the risks associated with drugged driving, but the issue remains under-studied. We examined the prevalence and correlates of driving after taking prescription opioids (DAPO) among adults seeking emergency department (ED) treatment.
Methods:
Participants (aged 25-6...
Introduction
Exposure to violence is a risk factor for firearm carriage. Youth exposed to violence also have difficulty envisioning positive future outcomes (e.g., educational outcomes), which can increase the likelihood of firearm carriage over time. Researchers, however, have not yet examined whether changes in exposure to violence over time can...
Objective
This study examined the association between baseline substance use and mental health, and non-partner violence trajectories among youth presenting to an urban emergency department who screened positive for drug use. Non-partner violence is physically violent victimization or aggression involving someone other than a dating partner.
Metho...
Introduction
Youth who carry firearms—and peers that surround them—are at increased risk for violent injuries. Because firearm carriage behaviors can change over time within an individual, it is important to identify individual and social-contextual determinants that explain this within-person variability in carriage.
Methods
The authors identifie...
Statement-of-Purpose
Firearm violence is a leading cause of U.S. mortality. Intensive longitudinal daily data studies [ILDDS] have not examined firearm carriage or same-day/next-day predictors of carriage or violent conflict. Such data are necessary to inform violence interventions.
Methods/Approach
ED youth/young adults (age=16–29) screening posi...
Statement-of-Purpose
Despite a 30% reduction nationwide in new opioid prescriptions since 2012, prescription opioid overprescribing, as well as opioid misuse and overdose remain significant U.S. public health issues. To address a deficit in educational resources/tools for clinical providers and their patients, the Injury Prevention Center (UM-IPC),...
Statement of Purpose
Youth violence is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Adolescent primary care visits provide an opportunity for violence screening and delivery of interventions, which are not typically offered in this setting. Thus, we examined implementation of an evidenced-based behavioral intervention (SafeERteens) in primary care....
Firearm violence is a leading cause of death for urban adolescents and young adults (A/YAs). Little is known about patterns of risky firearm behaviors (RFBs) that may increase firearm-related fatality and non-fatal injury risk. To inform prevention efforts, we examined the rates and correlates of RFBs, including firearm carriage in risky situations...
What's New
Pediatric residents report lack of confidence in providing firearm safety anticipatory guidance. A self-paced online curriculum, including video demonstration of firearms, safe storage options, and counseling methods for families improved resident self-efficacy, confidence, and knowledge surrounding firearm injury prevention counseling.
Firearm injuries are the second-leading cause of death for US children and adolescents (ages 1-18). This analysis quantified the federal dollars granted to research for the leading US causes of death for this age group in 2008-17. Several federal data sources were queried. On average, in the study period, $88 million per year was granted to researc...
Background: The psychosocial correlates and longitudinal trajectories of driving after drinking (DAD) among youth remain understudied in at-risk populations. Objectives: We investigated the relationships of DAD trajectories and negative peer and parental influences, substance use, and mental health among predominantly marijuana-using youth seeking...
Objective:
Interpersonal violence is a significant public health problem, with substance use a key risk factor. Intensive longitudinal methods (ILMs) provide data on daily patterns/relationships between substance use and violence, informing prevention. Prior daily research has not focused on these relationships among urban minority samples.
Metho...
The original version of the article unfortunately contained a typo in the last author name. The author name was incorrectly listed as Mark Zimmerman. The correct name should be Marc A. Zimmerman.
The original article has been corrected.
Firearm carriage is a key risk factor for interpersonal firearm violence, a leading cause of adolescent (age < 18) mortality. However, the epidemiology of adolescent firearm carriage has not been well characterized. This scoping review examined four databases (PubMed; Scopus; EMBASE; Criminal Justice Abstracts) to summarize research on patterns, mo...
Risk and protective factors for firearm assault (FA) have been established, but little is known about factor preceding transitions in FA behavior. We modeled covariate effects on individuals’ transitions in FA behavior (Yes/No) using inhomogeneous, continuous-time, Markov Chains. 3287 assessments were made across five initial biannual follow-ups, a...
Five teams of FACTS researchers conducted a series of rigorous scoping reviews of the existing published scientific literature from the fields of medicine, public health, psychology, behavioral health, and criminology from January of 1985 through April of 2018 utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews (Tricco et al., Ann Intern Me...
Importance
Firearm injuries are the second leading cause of death among US children and adolescents. Because of the lack of resources allocated to firearm injury prevention during the past 25 years, research has lagged behind other areas of injury prevention. Identifying timely and important research questions regarding firearm injury prevention is...
Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury, and teen drivers contribute disproportionately to that burden. Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) programs are effective at reducing teen crash risk, but teen crash rates remain high. Between-state variation in the teen crash rate reduction following GDL implementation has been documented, but this...
This report details the 10 leading causes for the 20,360 deaths of children and adolescents in the United States in 2016. The analysis also includes trends over time and comparisons among countries.
Introduction:
Violence is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for youth, with more than 600,000 emergency department visits annually for assault-related injuries. Risk for criminal justice involvement among this population is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize arrests among high-risk, assault-injured, drug-us...
Objectives
Violence is one of the leading causes of death among youth ages 14 to 24. Hospital‐ and emergency department (ED)‐based violence prevention programs are increasingly becoming a critical part of public health efforts; however, evaluation of prevention efforts is needed to create evidence‐based best practices. Retention of study participan...
Aim:
To examine dual trajectories of anxiety/depression symptoms and alcohol use among drug-using youth seeking care from an urban emergency department (ED), their baseline correlates and co-occurring trajectories of severe violence.
Short summary:
There were five characteristic dual trajectories of alcohol use and depression/anxiety symptoms. C...
Video gaming, a remarkably popular hobby in the United States, has been consistently identified as a correlate of aggressive behavior, and this association is not limited to violent video gaming. Prior studies of sex differences in the association between video gaming and aggression have not controlled for other well-known violence correlates (e.g....
Purpose:
Perpetration of violent behavior begins to increase in adolescence and peaks in young adulthood (e.g., age 18-29) before decreasing by the early 30s. Considerable variability in reported perpetration, targets, and severity of violence suggests youth may change their violent behavior patterns over time.
Methods:
We use latent transition...
The number of children and adolescents affected by firearm violence are staggering. To help you better understand the public health impact, order this print compendium of AAP editor-curated articles with quick access to the latest most salient studies.
https://shop.aap.org/pediatric-collections-firearm-related-injuries-and-preventions-paperback/
The number of children and adolescents affected by firearm violence are staggering. To help you better understand the public health impact, order this print compendium of AAP editor-curated articles with quick access to the latest most salient studies.
https://shop.aap.org/pediatric-collections-firearm-related-injuries-and-preventions-paperback/
Statement of Purpose
The purpose of this study was to develop and pilot test a remote therapy intervention (RTI) for youth with aggression and alcohol use.
Methods/Approach
First, we conducted secondary data analysis of the SafERteens study. Participants (ages 14–18) receiving a therapist brief intervention (n=215) were classified as responders (2...
Statement of Purpose
There is a tremendous need within public health to translate efficacious interventions into sustainable programs. Violent behaviours have enormous impacts on morbidity and mortality among adolescents residing in urban communities. This study aims to implement an evidence-based violence prevention intervention (SafERteens) into...
Statement of purpose
Empirical studies of the relationship between aggression and playing violent video games have produced mixed results; one possible reason is the inattention to effect modifiers, such as sex. Our purpose is to analyse the relationship between serious violence perpetration and video gaming frequency among a sample of urban youth,...