Patrick Brézillon

• Thèse d'Etat 1983
• Professor Emeritus at Sorbonne University - Sciences (previously UPMC)

The paper presents results on the modeling of contextual reasoning of Anatomy and Cytology Pathologists in chronic inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis. The diagnosis is modeled in the Contextual-Graphs formalism that offers a uniform representation of knowledge, reasoning and context. The diagnosis is considered as a mental model that is extracted...

Data anonymization is one of the solutions allowing companies to comply with the GDPR directive in terms of data protection. In this context, developers must follow several steps in the process of data anonymization in development and testing environments. Indeed, real personal and sensitive data must not leave the production environment which is v...

The approach presented in this paper is ascribed in the realm of AI that is based on separation of representation and use of knowledge in a given implementation with an emphasis on the modeling of context for real-world use. We consider a stricter separation of representation and use than in previous works on the web: On the one hand, knowledge is...

The chapter shows that context is intertwined with operational knowledge and reasoning in real-world applications (and more particularly in domains where knowledge occurs in an operational form that is different of knowledge in formal models).

This chapter regroups the lessons learned and the key points in the previous sections for a general discussion leading to the basis of context-based intelligent assistant systems. The key points identified previously in the text are met in Table 6.1 where we kept the original numbering and ordering of the key points in the different chapters. They...

This chapter presents the main points of an effective pragmatic approach on context for the modeling of context for its use by an actor in real-world applications, from the conceptual aspects (like the concept of contextual element), the operational aspects discussed in the specific domain of task realization (with the differences between the proce...

The research relies on several real-world applications since 25 years in a very large spectrum of domains: power systems, subway exploitation, enology with wine-making, computer security, collaborative understanding, car driver support, web site analysis, self-training of car drivers, medical image access, contextualization of platforms of interope...

Our research was initially led for modeling context when the focus is addressed by a unique actor. This section presents the natural extension that includes the management of group members addressing the focus. From the point of view of modeling, implementation and use of context, the changes were an accommodation of the conceptual and operational...

My PhD addresses two research questions: 1) How do the three organizations studied (RPA in Dublin, RATP in Paris and MVV in Munich) actually practice performance evaluation in the planning activity of light rail route selection? and, 2) how could these organizations use formal representations of context to leverage their lessons learned? To answer...

We claim context-based performance evaluation leads to more effective planning. A maturity model may be used to diagnose and improve the extent to which an organization's performance evaluation is context-based. Contextual graphs may be used to represent both effective planning practices and breakdowns. Breakdowns in planning practice may lead to d...

Today for most of the companies, the volume of data continues to increase and in an incredible way. Many of them do not automatically ask customers for permission to use their data, which is illegal. In an increasingly connected and digitized world, it is necessary to establish a precise and strict legal framework so that each piece of data is us...

We argue for the centrality of a pragmatic approach to modeling and using context as a means of unifying research along all axes of context-related research: formal, cognitive, and pragmatic. After briefly discussing the evolution of the research on context in the past 25+ years, we describe the case for a focus on pragmatic research (e.g., applica...

The evolution of AI systems from expert systems, knowledge-based systems, joint cognitive systems, intelligent systems, intelligent assistant systems (IASs) and the coming generation of Context-based IASs (CIASs). CIASs require a deep focus on context and its relations with the users, the task at hand, the situation and the environment in which the...

Most of intelligent tutoring systems orient the learner towards learning objectives that fit an a priori profile. In AI terms, the teacher establishes a task model that the learner must realize according to a given frame of knowledge, methods and tools. The unique feedback from learners comes from their evaluation. For including the learner in the...

Poor selection of employees can be a first step towards a lack of motivation, poor performance, and high turnover, to name a few. It's no wonder that organizations are trying to find the best ways to avoid these slippages by finding the best possible person for the job. Therefore, it is very important to understand the context of hiring process to...

Mobile technologies have increased the interest of industry and academia in providing users with information and services anytime and anywhere. Some services are customized according to the users’ characteristics, attempting to create ubiquitous environments that enable such users to share and discover resources. However, research that addresses th...

A Contextual Graph is based on the Contextual Graph formalism, which allows experts to realistically model the possible ways a task can be realized (i.e., practices). The power of Contextual-Graphs relies on their capability of considering the situation-dependent data (i.e., contextual information) that characterizes a task realization. Through suc...

Recent years have witnessed the growing research interest in the Context-Aware Recommender System (CARS). Specifically, CARS for Web service provides opportunities for exploring the important role of temporal and spatial contexts, separately. Although many CARS approaches have been investigated in recent years, they do not fully address the potenti...

Various traffic big data has been emerging in cities, such as road networks, GPS trajectories of buses and taxicabs, traffic flows, accidents, etc. Based on the massive traffic accident data from January to December 2015 in Xiamen, China, we propose a novel accident 0analytics and visualization method in both spatial and temporal dimensions to pred...

Test engineers log bugs in a defect tracking system to different actors. For instance, in the case of database defects, after the first cycle of bug tracking is completed, the system will notify the Database Administrator (DBA). The DBA can log in to the system and get the bug list with priority. He can then solve the bug and change its status in t...

In a vast range of domains, decision makers have taken advantages of the benefits of the Contextual-Graph (CxG) formalism for representing the way(s) an actor(s) executes a real-world task. For this purpose, the CxG software formalism provides actors with edition tools that help them create and explore contextual graphs in an intuitive manner. Howe...

Through successfully applying the Contextual-Graph formalism in many fields (e.g. medicine, transport, and military), the need for an alternative visualization was recurrently encountered. Decision makers require: (1) a visual representation that clusters all the contextual information needed to develop a practice, and (2) a representation that all...

We extend the Contextual-Graphs formalism for modeling interaction in a group activity. Group activity is modeled as the cyclic traversing of a con-textual meta-graph representing the group activity in terms of member activities, and of the shared context as a hub for interaction management. We propose a model of group-member interaction at the lev...

The paper presents the current status of research on context modeling and management that emerges from several real-world applications since 25 years. We now have a robust conceptual framework and its implementation as a piece of software called Contextual-Graphs (CxG) platform. The context modeling and management were limited to few relevant aspec...

The management of defect tracking is mostly useful for any software of an organization. In data integration project, as development of ETL (Extraction, Transformation and Loading) processes is completed, the testing phase will be started. If bugs are found, test engineers can log such bugs in a bug tracking system to the different actors: Developer...

The self is increasingly digitised, manifesting as a number of identities, accounts or profiles related to engagement with social, public and commercial services. These identities are multiplied across the civic, social, commercial, professional and personal contexts of their use, and the vulnerabilities of this atomised citizen are not well unders...

The Contextual-Graphs formalism has been conceived to represent task realizations in the way they are actually performed. The objective is to provide decision makers with a clear panorama of the different ways a task can be realized (i.e. practices), and the implications of choosing one way or another. The Contextual-Graphs formalism has been succe...

We present the results of a study on the role of context in the mental representation that operators have of their task realization. We shows how expert maps and a context-based model of their reasoning during task realization guides a task realization oriented approach of interface design for simulation. This work is part of the ANR TACTIC project...

Based on the results of studies on cancer diagnosis and battle simulation, we discuss the role of context in mental representation and reasoning that operators hold during task realization. Mental representations are considered under the form of expert maps, which are semi-structured expressions of the mental representations, and reasoning is repre...

Context-Aware Recommender System (CARS) aims to not only recommend services similar to those already rated with the highest score, but also provide opportunities for exploring the important role of temporal, spatial and social contexts for personalized web services recommendation. A key step for temporal-based CARS methods is to explore the time de...

This article describes a knowledge preservation and re-use tool designed to capture the knowledge of a specific individual at the US National Science Foundation, for later retrieval by successors after his retirement. The system is designed in a Q&A format, where it is sufficiently intelligent to ask for clarifying questions. The primary objective...

Modeling experts’experience requires an explicit consideration of the context and a uniform representation of elements of knowledge, reasoning and contexts. In a companion paper in this book (see Chap. 31) the author proposes the Contextual- Graphs formalism for representing expertise with practices. The exploitation of such experience bases is a n...

Experts’ experience concerns the progressive elaboration of a contextspecific model during the decision-making process. However, context modeling generally stays implicit because experts focus on the result of the decision-making. Modeling context within a decision-making process supposes a uniform representation of knowledge, reasoning and context...

We propose a conceptual framework for implementing intelligent assistant systems (IASs) that (1) work on experience base instead of knowledge base, and (2) deal with the decision-making process and not the result only. Considering experts' experience instead of domain knowledge supposes to have a uniform representation of elements of knowledge, rea...

This work focuses on the formalization of medical practices in chronic inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis as a contextual graph to identify a consensual methodology. Expert knowledge is more than domain knowledge because expert knowledge emerges from a contextualization process and expertise appears as “chunks of contextual knowledge”. The knowle...

This volume explores how context has been and can be used in computing to model human behaviors, actions and communications as well as to manage data and knowledge. It addresses context management and exploitation of context for sharing experience across domains. The book serves as a user-centric guide for readers wishing to develop context-based a...

Contextually based reasoning is an essential aspect of human cognition, permeating language, memory, and reasoning capabilities. This integral process is developed over the lifetime through experiential learning. Given the goal of artificial intelligence to mimic human intelligence, it is essential to include such contextual considerations in syste...

Using Contextual-Graphs (CxG) to represent organizational activity supports selecting key performance indicators (KPIs) that are free from causality assumptions and measuring practice-based organizational learning as distinct from organizational change. This paper presents four tools developed as part of a research program to extend CxG to practice...

The experience of experts relies on the process of decision-making jointly with the progressive elaboration of a context-specific model. However, context modeling generally stays implicit because only the result of the decision-making process matters. Modeling context within a decision-making process supposes a uniform representation of knowledge,...

The paper presents the contextualization of the Anatomical pathology (AP) workflow focusing on nonconformity during the reception and registration steps. Context is described by contextual elements related to heterogeneous sources such as the actor, the task, the situation and the local environment. The objective of this work is the application of...

The complexity of tasks and problems in the management of databases requires the development of tools for supporting database experts. For instance, in the database administration area, when problems occur, the database administrator (DBA) is frequently the first person blamed. Most DBAs work in a fire-fighting mode and have little opportunity to p...

Cloud workflow allows automating the workflow process through a compilation of known sequences of actions in cloud environment. Current Cloud workflows lack the ability, in the one hand, to capture the contexts during the design phase of Cloud workflows; and in the other hand, to deliver a real-time assistance to help a specific user interact with...

Database administrators (DBAs) and experts face a large spectrum of procedures in order to ensure the ongoing operational functionality and efficiency of their organization's databases and the applications that access those databases. Unfortunately, these procedures cannot be used directly in a multitude of specific situations and contexts. To deal...

An important aspect of mobile decision is its temporal nature. Experts develop a decision-making process jointly with the progressive elaboration of a context-specific model of the decision-making. However, context modeling is generally not considered explicitly, because only the result of the decision-making process is supposed to be of interest....

The performance of data migration processes is an important issue when transferring data from existing source information systems to new target systems. Such a process is called ETL (Extraction, Transformation and Loading). Addressing this issue is one of the main tasks and challenges of database administrator (DBA). This activity is important beca...

Performing, assessing and learning may be represented as embedded activities in contextual graphs, representing simultaneously the structure of a situation and the reasoning involved in both the actual and prescribed performance of the activity. We propose a model of practice-based organizational learning to support discussion of the role of contex...

Context modeling and management are intrinsic parts of the decision-making process, especially in domains dealing with knowledge and reasoning. Actors make a decision jointly with the modeling of the context at hand. However, such a co-building of the decision-making and of the specific model of context is generally left implicit, and one generally...

Many experts in data integration often use standard procedures to accomplish the process of extracting data from the existing source systems in order to be transformed and loaded into new target systems such as a data warehouse or ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) applications. The process is called ETL (Extraction, Transformation and Loading) pro...

This chapter considers the problems in providing real-time decision ­support to managers using our observations of the distribution process in a case study of a multinational manufacturing firm. This firm is characterised by its ­reliance on an ERP (enterprise resource planning) package for transaction ­processing, but is also known for its use of...

Human behaviour must be described on the four levels known as policy, strategy, tactic, and operation. From the upper level (policy) to the lower (operation), the corresponding decision-making process goes through two successive contextualisations. At the first level, decision making has a fixed part (policy and strategy) and a dynamic part (tactic...

Scientific-Workflow (SWF) management is similar to practice management. However, SWFs are stored in a repository as independent items that are reused by other actors after a complex process of contextualization, decontextualization and recontextualization. Conversely, practices are contextualized procedures applicable in different contexts. SWFs ar...

Actors in data migration often use standard procedures to accomplish the process of extracting data from the existing source information systems in order to be transformed and loaded into new target systems. The process is called an ETL (Extraction, Transformation and Loading). To perform such a process actors use different ways because they do not...

Our objective is to support decision makers for improving their behavior by combining bottom-up and top-down approaches. The context-based methodology establishes a conceptual description of behaviors that addresses the initial objective of behavior management. Decision makers’ behaviors are represented in two spaces, namely a behavior space and a...

Scientific workflows (SWFs) aim to automate cooperative design through compilation of known sequences of actions for routine procedures. However, current SWF systems lack the ability, in the one hand, to capture the context in which a SWF is designed and developed, and, in the other hand, to deliver a real-time assistance to help designers to make...

Database administration tasks often involve several actors within the organization. The main actor is the database administrator (DBA) who interacts with other DBAs and with other actors. Thus, sharing knowledge among them is crucial. This knowledge relies on each member's skills, experiences and background, and also on the common activities, condi...

A community emerges from a social network because a group of persons have a joint focus on a common problem to solve. The common problem solving supposes that, beyond the joint focus, the group develop a shared context for a better coordination and collaboration. The shared context is the expression of the compromise reach by participants in order...

This paper presents a personal interpretation of the evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) systems during these last 25 years. This evolution is presented along five generations of AI systems, namely expert systems, joint cognitive systems, intelligent systems, intelligent assistant systems, and the coming generation of context-based intelligen...

Scientific workflow (SWF) is considered as a way to automate the decision making with a compilation of known sequences of actions for routine procedure. Current scientific workflow systems lack abilities, in the one hand, in capturing the "context" of the case of the scientific workflow, and, in the other hand, in delivering the real-time assistanc...

Database Administrators (DBAs) relieve on a large set of procedures for incident solving in database. However, in the one hand, they have to work under temporal and financial pressures, and, in the other hand, DBAs are continually readjusting these procedures to manage a multitude of specific situations that differ from the generic situation by som...

Scientific workflow (SWF) system is a specific workflow management system applied to science arena. For years, SWF systems are widely applied to many applications, namely in physics, climate modeling, drug discovery process, etc. However, current SWF systems face the challenge to adapt the flexibility and lack of decision support for scientist. We...

This volume of Annals of Information Systems will acknowledge the twentieth anniversary of the founding of the International Society for Decision Support Systems (ISDSS) by documenting some of the current best practices in teaching and research and envisioning the next twenty years in the decision support systems field. The volume is intended to co...

Scientific workflow (SWF) system is gradually liberating the computational scientists from burden of data-centric operations to concentration on their decision making. However, contemporary SWF systems fail to address the variables when scientists urge to deliver new outcomes through reproduction of workflow, including not only workflow representat...

In a face-to-face collaboration, participants use a large part of contextual information to translate, interpret and understand others' utterances by using contextual cues like mimics, voice modulation, movement of a hand, etc. Such a shared context constitutes the collaboration space of the virtual community. Explanation generation, one the one ha...

In a face-to-face collaboration, participants use a large part of contextual information to translate, interpret and understand others’ utterances by using contextual cues like mimics, voice modulation, movement of a hand, etc. Such a shared context constitutes the collaboration space of the virtual community. Explanation generation, one the one ha...

In recent years, the security research community has been very active in proposing different techniques and algorithms to face the proliferating security vulnerabilities. However, social engineering remains an alarming threat to the most secured networks. Security administrators are certainly aware of the gravity of the human factor, whatever is th...

This paper presents a work on a comparison between a user model and user's behavior based on three premises. First, any system includes a representation of its users. Second, the external representation of users in a system is related to how the system is used by users. Third, knowing how to use the system depends on the task context. For making co...

The aim of this paper is to sum up our first observations on the use of the context concept in software development applications – specially the collaboration supporting tools – in order to improve software organization's knowledge management and, furthermore, its organizational learning. This work proposes a framework for identifying and organizin...

This paper proposes a view on the relationships between explanation and context. First, we install the background of our proposal. This background comprises two parts: the consideration of explanations in knowledge-based systems, and a preliminary observation of relationships between explanations and context. We comment briefly previous works on ex...

Over ten years a community on context has emerged. There is a now series of conference on context, a web site and a mailing list. The number of web pages with the word "context" has been multiplied by four in the last five years. Being among the instigators of the use of context in artificial intelligence and in decision support system, we present...

This paper investigates ways in which context can be enriched, permitting identification of new resources and pathways for innovative decision making in situations where the restricted languages of conventional decision analysis offer only social exclusion to the decision makers. It describes how young decision makers in "socially excluded" communi...

Our objective is to support decision makers for improving their behavior by combining bottom-up and top-down approaches. The context-based methodology establishes a conceptual description of behaviors that addresses the initial objective of behavior management. Decision makers’ behaviors are represented in two spaces, namely a behavior space and...

Collaborative design often meets together experts of different domains. Such groups need to share a context but often limited this one is often limited to few elements as common language, common tools and a same goal (the design process). Our goal is to developing a shared context to make compatible different experts' viewpoints. Making context exp...

Counterfactual reasoning is a form of modal reasoning about the way things could be (have been, would be) in contrast to reasoning about the way things actually are (were). This form of reasoning is elusive and provides reasoning bias. However, in the framework of a cognitive science theory that advocate that people reason using factual categories,...