Patel Jayvadan

• M.Pharm., PhD., LLB., FICS
• Vice President at Pharmaceuticals Industry USA

The immune system and cancer cells interact intricately during the growth of tumors, and the dynamic interplay between immune activation and suppression greatly influences the cancer outcome. Natural killer cells (NK), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and Dendritic cells (DC), employ diverse mechanisms, to combat cancer. However, the challenges posed...

The present study aimed to develop lipid-coated gabapentin-loaded graphene oxide-mesoporous silica nanocomposites (LC-GAB-GO-MSN) as a novel drug delivery system. The objective was to address the poor permeability and low bioavailability issues associated with Gabapentin (GAB), a BCS Class III drug, by utilizing the distinctive properties of GO-MSN...

Drug delivery via lymphatic approach has proved to be an effective approach for targeting various drugs and bioactive molecules. Since the lymphatic route can avoid first-pass metabolism, it can act as a bypass route for compounds with lower bioavailability, or those undergoing more hepatic metabolism, and is crucial for the movement of extracellul...

Almost simultaneously with the description of the blood circulation in the seventeenth century, the lymphatic system was first characterized. However, lymphatics have endured centuries of ignorance in comparison to blood vessels, which have been the subject of extensive prior research. Lymphatics are not as obvious as blood arteries. The lymphatic...

The lymphatic vascular system is pivotal for maintaining fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking, and fat absorption. Lymphatic endothelial cells originate from venous progenitors, driven by PROX1, VEGF-C, and VEGFR-3 signaling, forming a network to perform these functions. The mature lymphatic system comprises capillary and connecting vessels t...

Lymphatic drug delivery systems play a crucial role in enhancing mucosal immunity and chemotherapy efficacy and facilitating oral absorption. Despite the intricate nature of the lymphatic system, targeting drug delivery is vital for combating cancer metastasis and overcoming limitations associated with traditional chemotherapy. The development of m...

The lymphatic system has undergone a tremendous revolution over time, from descriptions of its macroscopic components to molecular lymphology and lymphangiogenesis, until now. Huge contributions have been made by scholars and scientists in this field. The reason being it regulates fluid balance, supports immunological function, and facilitates nutr...

This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the lymphatic system within the lungs, focusing on its intricate structure, functions, and markers. It delves into the casting techniques used to visualize the complex lymphatic structures, such as corrosion casting, and the markers used to identify lymphatic vessels, including Prox-1, CCL21, and...

Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a promising approach in drug discovery, enabling the targeted degradation of specific proteins implicated in various diseases. The development history of PROTACs dates to the early 2000s, marked by significant milestones leading to their current state of advancement. Proteolysis targeting chi...

In recent years, the focus of proteomics in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors has changed from technology-focused and centrally managed discovery programs to enabling facilities integrated into research and production divisions. Application areas for proteomics include upstream and downstream process optimization, antigen discovery, rese...

Pharmacoproteomic is a valuable approach for studying protein expression and its response to drug treatments. However, the analysis and interpretation of pharmacoproteomic data present challenges due to its complexity and scale. This chapter gives a comprehensive examination of the strategies and methodologies utilized in the analysis and interpret...

Proteomics has been found to be a helpful tool in understanding COVID-19 disease. It has provided important insights into the complex interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its host. Proteomics, a branch of molecular biology focused on studying proteins and their functions, has played a pivotal role in deciphering the molecular mechanisms un...

In the relentless pursuit of groundbreaking therapies, high-throughput screening (HTS), preclinical modeling, and pharmacoproteomics have risen as essential pillars within drug discovery and development. The synergy between these domains is pivotal in swiftly assessing potential drug candidates and facilitating the efficient screening of compounds...

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a natural compound known for its potential antimicrobial properties. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation into the isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of AITC which is obtained from mustard seeds. The isolation of AITC was achieved through an efficient extraction process, employi...

Over the past 20 years, the development of biosensors has significantly benefited from nanotechnology. The creation of nanomaterials (NMs), their use in novel biosensing and diagnostic applications, and their thorough characterization for in vitro and in vivo applications are a few of these. The introduction of numerous new signal transduction tech...

ABSTRACT This book appraises the role of lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs) with respect to the bioavailability and controlled delivery of complex drug molecules for improving their clinical viability. It covers the latest developments and advancements in the field of drug delivery, and explores and compiles information on the current situa...

Background: Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is an excellent active phytoconstituent recently revealed for cancer treatment. The strategic prominence of this study was to synthesize and characterize AITC-embedded tripolyphosphate-modified chitosan nanoparticles (AITC@CS-TPP-NPs) by ionic gelation. Method: Chitosan is recycled as a polymer to fabricat...

Nanomedicine applies nanotechnology to highly specific medical interventions for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases like cancer. The use of nanotechnology in medicine has the potential to produce a significant impact on human health through the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases. For pharmaceutical purposes, tumor micr...

The authors aim to shed light on the practicality of using machine learning in finding complex chemoinformatics and bioinformatics applications as well as identifiying AI in biological and chemical data points. The chapters are designed in such a way that they highlight the important role of AI in chemistry and bioinformatics particularly for the c...

Malaria has been accountable for the utmost mortality in the majority of malaria-endemic countries. Even after decades of malaria control campaigns, it still continues as a disease of high mortality owing to inappropriate diagnosis and fast-evolving drug-resistant malarial parasites. For well-organized and economical malaria management, WHO suggest...

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is still a significant worldwide health issue, and it is the second largest cause of mortality among all infectious diseases (Mtb). TB is most usually associated with the lungs, although it can also damage the kidneys, brain, and spine. The detection of latent tuberculosis...

Malaria afflicted an estimated 219 million people in 2017, killing 435,000 people worldwide. This morbidity and mortality burden is the consequence of more than a century of worldwide effort and research aimed at improving malarial prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Malaria is the most frequent illness in Africa and certain Asian nations, accoun...

Allyl isothiocyanates (AITC) have gained recognition in recent years as effective chemotherapeutic and epigenetic modulators. The chemopreventive properties and toxicological perspectives of AITCs from the last few decades were taken into account by a number of investigations. Their active therapeutic relevance was hindered by a number of factors,...

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a microorganism (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) which invades the lungs and initiates the disease. Currently, treatment with anti-tubercular (anti-TB) drugs becomes the only option available because Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and chemoprophylaxis appear to be unsatisfactory. Currently available...

Tuberculosis (TB) is a deadly disease spread by single infection agents. It creates a huge burden on the healthcare system for the development of effective therapeutics therapy. For the effective treatment of TB, the recent focus is on the avoid multidrug resistance and reducing toxicity. In this context, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are rising...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the single pathogen responsible for the spread of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. TB is present from ancient times, but is still one of the deadliest diseases due to the nature of bacteria, chronic treatment and also its spread into different organs such as lymph nodes, lungs, brain, eye, spleen and liver. The drawback of...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the single pathogen responsible for the spread of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. TB is present from ancient times, but is still one of the deadliest diseases due to the nature of bacteria, chronic treatment and also its spread into different organs such as lymph nodes, lungs, brain, eye, spleen and liver. The drawback of...

Malaria is a widespread well-known disease, causing many mortalitiesMalaria still today. Many drug therapies are available for the treatment of the disease, but still the scope for improvement is available. Nanocarriers indicate vast scope for research in antimalarial therapy. Dendrimers are one of the novel approaches in the everlasting research f...

This chapter provides a brief overview on the life cycle of malarial parasites. It describes various challenges associated in malaria treatment using conventional chemotherapy. The chapter provides insight into employing nanocarriers as drug delivery methods to increase drug protection against extracellular degradation, improve target selectivity,...

The major reason behind malaria becoming one of the most serious infectious diseases is the limitations of available antimalarial therapy. Drug resistance, poor water solubility, low bioavailability, toxicity due to drugs, etc. are some of those crucial issues. Further, the lack of innovations in terms of the discovery of antiparasitic agents in th...

Malaria is a serious infectious disease that is caused due to Plasmodium parasites and is one of the major reasons for mortality due to infectious diseases worldwide. The life-threatening outcomes of the disease can be prevented in early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. The major reason leading to the rise in the mortality rate is the increa...

The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate ibuprofen nanocrystals using isopropyl alcohol and stabilizer sodium lauryl sulphate by way of the precipitation method. The nanocrystals were prepared by the bottom-up approach of the precipitation technique. This technique involves the use of an organic phase, which is completely miscible in...

The objective of this study was to prepare agglomerated isomalt by using the melt granulation process. This method involved the use of 99.5% of isomalt with the meltable binder glyceryl monostearate in a concentration of 0.5%. Glyceryl monostearate has a melting point of 50°C to 55°C, therefore, glyceryl monostearate was melted at its melting point...

The microencapsulation process in which the removal of the hydrophobic polymer solvent is achieved by evaporation has been widely reported in recent years for the preparation of microspheres based on biodegradable polymers. The purpose of our present study was to investigate the feasibility of prolonged delivery of a synthetic peptide, Pramlintide,...

The purpose of our present study was to investigate the feasibility of prolonged delivery of a synthetic peptide, Pramlintide, with a biodegradable polymer microsphere depot formulation. Pramlintide loaded microspheres were prepared by the W/O/W double emulsion method and the in vitro drug release profiles from microspheres were investigated. Praml...

Traditional drug formulations are facing issues of toxicity to normal cells, stability, and bioavailability, calling for suitable nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles for targeting prostate cancer. This chapter reviews the basics of polymeric nanoparticles and targeted treatment of prostate cancer. We detail targeting strategies and types o...

Recent technology advancements have sparked renewed interest in individualized medicine. Some approaches in attaining individualized therapy such as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) have, on the other hand, remained underappreciated. TDM has the potential to enhance patient outcomes while also lowering healthcare expenditures due to its unambiguou...

In search of new anticancer agents with improved efficacy, we designed and synthesized novel hybrid series of isonicotinamide and diaryl urea motifs (R1-R9). Design of series compounds carried out using docking study by Autodock vina tool. Binding energy (more than -9.7 kcal/mol) calculated using Autodock vina against Raf kinase (PDB: 4DBN). All th...

A new simple stability indicating reverse phase liquid chromatography method was developed by employing Quality by Design (QbD) approach for the simultaneous determination of Linagliptin and Metformin HCl. Within QbD paradigm, the present study aimed to establish the optimization of the RP-HPLC (Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography)...

A new series of diaryl urea derivatives bearing pyridine moiety were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their biological activity. In this study, we applied the structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) on the high similar sorafenib approved drug, selected from the DrugBank database as well as on a series of derivatives, selected from the liter...

A novel series of pyridine ring containing diaryl urea derivatives (R1-R9) were synthesized in four chemical steps using pyridine-2-carboxylic acid as starting material. The synthesized compounds were design by using Autodock vina in the crystal structure of the Kinase domain of Human B-raf (PDB ID: 4DBN) to get insights into structural requirement...

A new compound of dihydropyrimidine derivatives was designed and predicted to have antibacterial effect. Synthesis of dihydropyrimidine derivatives could be carried out by reaction between Chalcone and thiourea to form dihydropyrimidine. It is incorporated with benzimidazole heterocycle. This study evaluated the mechanism of dihydropyrimidine deriv...

The effect of green and environmentally friendly chemistry on the nanotechnology‐driven drug delivery sector in a new field called “green nanomedicine” is addressed in this study. Studies have shown that nanometal particles, polymers, and biological materials are among many examples of green‐nanotechnology‐driven drug delivery systems which receive...

Nanoscale material (nanomaterials)‐based productions and products have proven tremendous potential benefits. These materials have created new possibilities and platform that could possibly resolve global sustainability issues faced by society. However, these advantages need to be assessed alongside the possible loss to the environment, public healt...

Biopolymeric‐based nanocomposites are developed as unique category of materials, which are also known as “nanobiocomposites (NBCs).” Sustainable properties of NBCs have increased the interest of scientists in the past few years. NBCs are grouped based on different parameters, such as source, shape of fortifications, size, and kinds of matrix utiliz...

Nanotechnology, a multidisciplinary scientific undertaking, involves the creation and use of nanometer‐sized materials, devices, or systems. In recent years, the field has allowed the development of an incredible variety of methods for manufacturing nanoparticles. The demand for the use of biomaterials is on the rise to reduce the usage of nonrenew...

Pesticides such as rodenticides, insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, nematicides, and molluscicides are found naturally and are widely used in agriculture to increase the crop yield and productivity and generally protect plants from harmful effects such as plant diseases, insects, and weeds. The most commonly used nanopesticides (nano...

Nanoparticles are promising drug delivery for various therapeutic applications. Pharmacokinetics is important to study the in vivo fate of nanoparticles. Biodistribution and clearance are the important parameters of pharmacokinetics to be considered. Impact of various characteristics of polymeric nanoparticles affects biodistribution and clearance...

Among all metal nanoparticles, gold nanoparticle has emerged as a better drug delivery system, with higher efficiency and less side effects due to its unique physical, chemical, optical, and electrical properties, higher dug loading, and target transportation of drug. Due to its unique fluorescent quenching, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, sur...

The nanocarriers approach is currently focused on the delivery of drugs or active agents to the site of action in an appropriate concentration. Entrapment of drug within nanocarriers may radically transform their bioavailability and tissue distribution profiles. These changes can augment the site-specific delivery with reduced side effects. Therefo...

Nanotechnology is the innovatory technology of the twenty-first century, and nanoparticulates as drug delivery systems have created a considerable amount of attention from researchers. It is a promising interdisciplinary area of research wherever groups of atoms as well as molecules are handled at the nanometer levels. It can be defined as the syst...

A comprehensive investigation of disposition and pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviours is a dire step in the translation of nanomaterial studies from preclinical animal studies to humans. Disposition and PK data are exploited to evaluate the systemic exposure and effects of nanomaterials which are principal contributing factor of the potential toxicity a...

The rapid progression in the field of nanotechnology has given rise to production of nanoparticles for in vivo imaging and targeted delivery. A number of novel nanoparticles may suffer from inadequate activity due to unwanted tissue localization or inappropriate low half-lives. Pharmacokinetic profiling can assist in deriving ideas about the size o...

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases have become distressing to humankind due to multiple reasons, lifestyle changes, and unrelenting decline in the environment being the major contributing factors. Since the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) are the chief physiological barriers that hold a large logjam for th...

The application of nanotechnology in drug delivery is gaining much attention from researchers due to their plethora of benefits especially in the improvement of pharmacokinetics as compared to conventionally available dosage forms. In this line, numerous advanced approaches have been adopted that demonstrated excellent applicability in the drug del...

The introduction of nanotechnology in the pharmaceutical field has incited the attention of researchers to develop nanoparticle-based formulations to treat pulmonary diseases. The main reason behind this popularity is because of the vast surface area of the lungs and limited barriers obstructing the penetration. The nanoparticle drug delivery syste...

In the past few years, some major advancements in liposome technology have induced the rapid development of new pharmaceutical liposomal applications. For the purpose of optimizing the delivery of factors for maximum efficacy, novel methods have been proposed to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily and deliver the desired target compou...