Pat Kehoe

• PhD
• Professor at University of Bristol

Importance: Vascular dementia (VaD) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease with no disease-modifying treatments available. Repurposing existing drugs for VaD risk factors could have an important clinical impact. Objective: To determine whether lipid-lowering, anti-hypertensive, or anti-inflammatory drug targets affect the risk of vascular dementi...

Arterial spin labelling (ASL) enables non-invasive quantification of regional brain perfusion using MRI. ASL was used in the Reducing Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease through Angiotensin TaRgeting (RADAR) multi-centre trial to pilot the assessment of the effects of the anti-hypertension drug losartan on cerebral blood flow (CBF). In the multi-centr...

Background Lewy body diseases, including dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), are characterized by α‐synuclein accumulation, leading to dementia. Previous studies suggest distinct epigenetic and metabolomic profiles in DLB. Objective This study aims to identify diagnostic biomarkers by analyzing the methylome and metabolome in the Brodmann area 7 of p...

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is becoming increasingly recognised as a biochemical pathway relevant to the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). RAS involvement in AD was initially linked to AD via numerous genetic association studies and more recent Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), and in some cases in relation to cl...

Rare coding single nucleotide variants (SNV) and short insertions or deletions (indels) contribute to Alzheimer disease (AD) genetic risk, from pathogenic variants in autosomal dominant genes to risk factors with diverse effects. In contrast, copy number variants (CNV) have been scarcely studied, with the exception of a few autosomal dominant examp...

Epidemiological data associate hypertension with a predisposition to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and a number of postmortem and in vivo studies also demonstrate that hypertension increases amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology. In contrast, anti-hypertensive medications reportedly improve cognition and decrease the risk of AD, while certain classes of anti-hypert...

Observations in autopsied brain tissue indicate that overactivation of the classical renin-angiotensin system (cRAS) and underactivity within regulatory RAS pathways (rRAS) are associated with pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of RAS are altered in AD in...

INTRODUCTION Recent growth in the functionality and use of technology has prompted an increased interest in the potential for remote or decentralized clinical trials in dementia. There are many potential benefits associated with decentralized medication trials, but we currently lack specific recommendations for their delivery in the dementia field....

INTRODUCTION: Recent growth in the functionality and use of technology has

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is dysregulated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we have explored the hypothesis that an age-related imbalance in brain RAS is a trigger for RAS dysregulation in AD. We characterised RAS gene expression in the frontal cortex from (i) a cohort of normal ageing (n = 99, age range = 19-96 y) and (ii) a cas...

Across multiancestry groups, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus controls. We demonstrate that the two diseases share the same protective association at the HLA locus. HLA-specific fine-mapping showed that hierarchical protective effects...

Lecanemab, an anti-amyloid antibody with effects on biomarker and clinical endpoints in early Alzheimer's Disease (AD), was granted accelerated approval by the FDA in 2023 and regulatory review in Europe is ongoing. We estimate the population potentially eligible for treatment with lecanemab in the 27 EU countries to 5.4 million individuals. Treatm...

Importance: An estimated 40% of dementia is potentially preventable by modifying 12 risk factors throughout the life course. However, robust evidence for most of these risk factors is lacking. Effective interventions should target risk factors in the causal pathway to dementia. Objective: To comprehensively disentangle potentially causal aspects...

Background: The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) is a longitudinal observational study that collects data on cognition, blood pressure (BP), and other variables from autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease mutation carriers (MCs) and non-carrier (NC) family members in early to mid-adulthood, providing a unique opportunity to evaluate B...

An imbalance in the circulatory and organ-specific renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathways is associated with age-related dysfunction and disease including cardiovascular burden and more recently Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is currently unclear whether an age-associated imbalance in components of the RAS within the brain precedes the onset of AD o...

Despite decades of research, the mechanisms linking APOE to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remain poorly understood. Finding additional risk variants at the APOE locus, beyond the common APOE‐ε2 and APOE‐ε4 alleles, may help elucidate how APOE is involved in the disease. Association with case‐control status was tested in a sequenced discovery sample (Sta...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) incidence among Black/African Americans (B/AA) is 64% higher than non‐Hispanic Whites (NHW). Studies show CSF total and phosphorylated tau are lower in cognitively unimpaired middle‐aged B/AAs compared to NHWs. Cognitive changes in B/AA adults are associated with smaller increases in CSF tau. We examined rate of cognitive a...

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 40 genetic loci associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after AD, the genetic contribution to VaD is understudied. We hypothesize that common forms of dementia will share genetic risk factors. We conducted t...

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a common form of dementia with known genetic and environmental interactions. However, the underlying epigenetic mechanisms which reflect these gene-environment interactions are poorly studied. Herein, we measure genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of post-mortem brain tissue (Broadmann area 7) from 15 pathologica...

Dementia is multifactorial with Alzheimer (AD) and vascular (VaD) pathologies making the largest contributions. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 70 genetic risk loci for AD but the genomic determinants of other dementias, including VaD remain understudied. We hypothesize that common forms of dementia will share genetic ri...

Importance: The APOE ε2 and APOE ε4 alleles are the strongest protective and risk-increasing, respectively, genetic variants for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the mechanisms linking APOE to AD-particularly the apoE protein's role in AD pathogenesis and how this is affected by APOE variants-remain poorly understood. Identifying missen...

An imbalance in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is associated with cognitive decline and disease pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we have investigated changes in the brain angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 (ACE-1) and angiotensin-II (Ang-II), and the counter-regulatory angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), in the frontal an...

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/'proxy' AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 ris...

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/‘proxy’ AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 ris...

Background Genetic variants within the APOE locus may modulate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk independently or in conjunction with APOE *2/3/4 genotypes. Identifying such variants and mechanisms would importantly advance our understanding of APOE pathophysiology and provide critical guidance for AD therapies aimed at APOE . The APOE locus however re...

Using genome-wide association data, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson’s (PD) or Alzheimer’s (AD) disease versus controls across ancestry groups. A shared genetic association was observed across diseases at rs601945 (PD: odds ratio (OR)=0.84; 95% confidence interval, [0.80; 0.88]; p=2.2...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern and leading cause of death and disability in young adults in the UK and worldwide, however, there is a paucity of disease modifying therapies for the treatment of TBI. This review investigates the potential of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) as a treatment pathway for traumatic brain injury...

Using genome-wide association data, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson's (PD) or Alzheimer's (AD) disease versus controls across ancestry groups. A shared genetic association was observed across diseases at rs601945 (PD: odds ratio (OR)=0.84; 95% confidence interval, [0.80; 0.88]; p=2.2...

Identifying the leading health and lifestyle factors for the risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease has yet to translate to risk reduction. To understand why, we examined the discrepancies between observational and clinical trial evidence for seven modifiable risk factors: type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, estrogens, inflammat...

Genetic discoveries of Alzheimer’s disease are the drivers of our understanding, and together with polygenetic risk stratification can contribute towards planning of feasible and efficient preventive and curative clinical trials. We first perform a large genetic association study by merging all available case-control datasets and by-proxy study res...

Background Dementia is at present incurable. It is seen in a range of neurodegenerative diseases, the most common being Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The debilitating neurocognitive deficits develop over time and available treatments have limited effectiveness. It is of paramount and economic concern to identify new and safe possibilities for treatment...

Background With the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), there is an increased need for systematic research targeting preclinical pathophysiologic mechanisms of AD development for high‐risk, racially diverse, populations. Neurovascular dysfunction and blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown likely occur early in AD pathology, however thei...

Background: Overactivation of the classical renin-angiotensin system (cRAS) correlates with cognitive impairment and disease pathology in humans and mouse models of Alzheimer`s disease (AD) (Miners et al., 2008, Kehoe et al., 2018). ACE1, a gene identified by GWAS as a genetic risk factor for AD, encodes ACE-1, a rate-limiting enzyme in the cRAS p...

There is an urgent need for interventions that can prevent or delay cognitive decline and dementia. Decades of epidemiological research have identified potential pharmacological strategies for risk factor modification to prevent these serious conditions, but clinical trials have failed to confirm the potential efficacy for such interventions. Our m...

Background Drugs modifying angiotensin II signalling could reduce Alzheimer's disease pathology, thus decreasing the rate of disease progression. We investigated whether the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan, compared with placebo, could reduce brain volume loss, as a measure of disease progression, in clinically diagnosed mild-to-moderat...

Background Medications that modify the renin–angiotensin system may reduce Alzheimer’s disease pathology and reduce the rate of disease progression. Objective This study investigated whether taking the antihypertensive drug losartan, in addition to normal care, would slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease when compared with a placebo. Design...

Background: Genetic variants within the APOE locus may modulate Alzheimer′s disease (AD) risk independently or in conjunction with APOE*2/3/4 genotypes. Identifying such variants and mechanisms would importantly advance our understanding of APOE pathophysiology and provide critical guidance for AD therapies aimed at APOE. The APOE locus however rem...

Background: There is some evidence that circulating blood lipids play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia. These modifiable risk factors could be targeted by existing lipid-regulating agents, including statins, for dementia prevention. Here, we test the association between lipid-regulating agents and incidence of deme...

INTRODUCTION Determining significant metabolic changes in Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease, requires, in addition to the analysis of concentration changes, a deep understanding of functional modifications in the context of metabolic networks. METHODS Brain metabolomics data from DLB patients an...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is reported to be closely linked with abnormal lipid metabolism. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of what causes AD and its subsequent development, we profiled the lipidome of postmortem (PM) human brains (neocortex) of people with a range of AD pathology (Braak 0–6). Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we em...

Genetic discoveries of Alzheimer's disease are the drivers of our understanding, and together with polygenetic risk stratification can contribute towards planning of feasible and efficient preventive and curative clinical trials. We first perform a large genetic association study by merging all available case-control datasets and by-proxy study res...

COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease but up to two thirds of hospitalised patients show evidence of central nervous system (CNS) damage, predominantly ischaemic, in some cases haemorrhagic and occasionally encephalitic. It is unclear how much of the ischaemic damage is mediated by direct or inflammatory effects of virus on the CNS vasculatur...

Background ACE1 is a reported risk gene for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), highlighted by several meta‐analysis and recent GWAS studies (Marioni et al ., 2018; Kunkle et al ., 2019) . ACE1 encodes angiotensin II converting enzyme‐1 (ACE‐1), a rate‐limiting enzyme in the classical renin‐angiotensin system (cRAS) and is overactivated in AD (Miners et al....

Unfortunately, the acknowledgement section was not included in the original publication.

Deciphering the genetic landscape of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is essential to define the pathophysiological pathways involved and to successfully translate genomics to potential tailored medical care. To generate the most complete knowledge of the AD genetics, we developed through the European Alzheimer’s Disease BioBank (EADB) consortium a discove...

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and open angle glaucoma (OAG) are common age-related neurodegenerative disorders with shared pathological features, leading to the hypothesis that glaucoma may represent a type of "ocular Alzheimer's disease". However, no causal relationship has yet been established. Methods: To test for a causal relationship, b...

Background: Hypertension in midlife is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia in late life. In addition, some antihypertensive drugs have been proposed to have cognitive benefits, independent of their effect on hypertension. Consequently, there is potential to repurpose antihypertensive drugs for the prevention o...

Background While significant advances have been made in uncovering the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias at the genetic level, molecular events at the epigenetic level remain largely undefined. Emerging evidence indicates that small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) and their associated RNA modifications are important regulators of com...

Background While significant advances have been made in uncovering the aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias at the genetic level, molecular events at the epigenetic level remain largely undefined. Emerging evidence indicates that small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) and their associated RNA modifications are important regulators of com...

Disruptions of brain metabolism are considered integral to the pathogenesis of dementia, but thus far little is known of how dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) impacts the brain metabolome. DLB is less well known than other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease which is perhaps why it is under-investigated. This explor...

Background The rate of AD for African Americans (AAs) is 64% higher than for non-Hispanic White Americans (Whites). It is hypothesized that poor peripheral vascular function, in combination with genetics, stress, and inflammation may directly contribute to the accumulation of AD pathologic biomarkers. These risk factors may disproportionately affec...

Assessment of outcome in preclinical studies of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is heterogenous. Through an ARUK Scottish Network supported questionnaire and workshop (mostly UK-based researchers), we aimed to determine underlying variability and what could be implemented to overcome identified challenges. Twelve UK VCI research centres were id...

Background Hyperlipidemia and hypertension are modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Approximately 25% of adults over age 65 use both antihypertensives (AHTs) and statins for these conditions. While a growing body of evidence found statins and AHTs are independently associated with lower ADRD risk, no evidenc...

Mid-life hypertension and cerebrovascular dysfunction are associated with increased risk of later life dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The classical renin–angiotensin system (cRAS), a physiological regulator of blood pressure, functions independently within the brain and is overactive in AD. cRAS-targeting anti-hypertensive drugs are...

Leucine, nutrient signal and substrate for the branched chain aminotransferase (BCAT) activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) and regulates autophagic flux, mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). BCAT is upregulated in AD, where a moonlighting role, imparted through...

High salt (sodium) intake leads to the development of hypertension despite the fact that plasma sodium concentration ([Na ⁺ ]) is usually normal in hypertensive human patients. Increased CSF sodium contributes to elevated sympathetic activity and high blood pressure (BP) in rodent models of hypertension. However, whether there is an increased accum...

Cerebral blood flow is reduced in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is associated with mid-life hypertension. In people with increased cerebral vascular resistance due to vertebral artery or posterior communicating artery hypoplasia, there is evidence that hypertension develops as a protective mechanism to maintain cerebral perfusion. In AD, amyloid-...

Objective: High blood pressure is one of the main modifiable risk factors for dementia. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the best antihypertensive class for optimizing cognition. Our objective was to determine whether any particular antihypertensive class was associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline or dementia using com...

Background: We aimed to assess the relationship between levels of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) marker of pericyte damage, soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (sPDGFRβ) and CSF markers of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity (CSF albumin and CSF/serum albumin ratio) and disease pathology (reduced CSF Aβ42 and elevated CSF total and phos...

Risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), the most prevalent dementia, is partially driven by genetics. To identify LOAD risk loci, we performed a large genome-wide association meta-analysis of clinically diagnosed LOAD (94,437 individuals). We confirm 20 previous LOAD risk loci and identify five new genome-wide loci (IQCK, ACE, ADAM10, ADAMT...

High salt intake has been linked to the pathogenesis of hypertension and increased sympathetic activity, considered a hallmark of human hypertension. Recent studies showed that high-salt diets may lead to sequestration of sodium into interstitial tissues. Increased CSF sodium contributes to elevated sympathetic activity and high blood pressure (BP)...

Introduction: The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) refers to cognitive impairment not meeting dementia criteria. A survey among members of the American Association of Neurology (AAN) showed that MCI was considered a useful diagnosis. Recently, research criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in MCI bas...

Background: Evidence concerning the potential repurposing of antihypertensives for Alzheimer's disease prevention is inconclusive. We used Mendelian randomization, which can be more robust to confounding by indication and patient characteristics, to investigate the effects of lowering systolic blood pressure, via the protein targets of different a...

Background Low participation in clinical trials is a major challenge to advancing clinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research and care. Factors influencing recruitment to AD trials are not fully understood. Objective To identify barriers to, and facilitators of, recruitment in a UK multi-center, secondary care AD trial (Reducing pathology in Alzhei...

Background Visit-to-visit blood pressure (BP) variability (VVV) is increasingly recognized as a marker of cardiovascular risk. Although implicated in cognitive decline, few studies are currently available assessing its effects on established dementia. Objective To investigate if VVV is associated with one-year rate of decline in measures of cognit...

Pre-synaptic secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from noradrenergic neurons may protect the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain from amyloid pathology. While the BDNF polymorphism (rs6265) is associated with faster cognitive decline and increased hippocampal atrophy, a replicable genetic association of BDNF with AD risk has yet to be d...

Risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), the most prevalent dementia, is partially driven by genetics. To identify LOAD risk loci, we performed a large genome-wide association meta-analysis of clinically diagnosed LOAD (94,437 individuals). We confirm 20 previous LOAD risk loci and identify five new genome-wide loci (IQCK, ACE, ADAM10, ADAMT...

OBJECTIVE: Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 30 susceptibility loci associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using AD GWAS data from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project (IGAP), Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) was successfully applied to predict life time risk of AD development. A recently introduced Polygenic Haz...

Risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), the most prevalent dementia, is partially driven by genetics. To identify LOAD risk loci, we performed a large genome-wide association meta-analysis of clinically diagnosed LOAD (94,437 individuals). We confirm 20 previous LOAD risk loci and identify five new genome-wide loci (IQCK, ACE, ADAM10, ADAMT...

Introduction: There is evidence that hypertension in midlife can increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in late life. In addition, some treatments for hypertension have been proposed to have cognitive benefits, independent of their effect on hypertension. Consequently, there is potential to repurpose treatments for hypertens...

Risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), the most prevalent dementia, is partially driven by genetics. To identify LOAD risk loci, we performed a large genome-wide association meta-analysis of clinically diagnosed LOAD (94,437 individuals). We confirm 20 previous LOAD risk loci and identify five new genome-wide loci (IQCK, ACE, ADAM10, ADAMT...

Background: Evidence concerning the potential repurposing of antihypertensives for Alzheimer's disease prevention is inconclusive. We used Mendelian randomization, which can be more robust to confounding by indication and patient characteristics, to investigate the effects of lowering systolic blood pressure (SBP), via different antihypertensive dr...

Background Antihypertensive treatments have been shown to reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in AD, and thus RAS-acting AHTs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), and angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs)) may offer differential and additional protective benefits agains...

Odds ratios (with 95% CI) of AD incidence associated with use of ACEI and ARBs, relative to non-RAS users. Each pair of ORs (for ACEI and ARB) represents results from a separate regression, which compares ACEI and ARB users to non-RAS users in the same sex-race/ethnicity subgroup. Logistic regression results with sample of 2009–2013 Medicare enroll...

Odds ratios (with 95% CI) of AD incidence associated with use of RAS AHTs, relative to non-RAS users, in sample with no use of thiazide-like diuretics. Logistic regression results with sample of 2009–2013 Medicare enrollees with use of antihypertensive (AHT) prescription drugs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin-II recept...

Odds ratios (with 95% CI) of AD incidence associated with use of RAS AHTs, relative to non-RAS users, in sample with no attrition through 2013. Logistic regression results with sample of 2009–2013 Medicare enrollees with use of antihypertensive (AHT) prescription drugs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin-II receptor block...

Odds ratios (with 95% CI) of AD incidence associated with use of RAS AHTs, relative to non-RAS users, with users defined at 180 possession days. Logistic regression results with sample of 2009–2013 Medicare enrollees with use of antihypertensive (AHT) prescription drugs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin-II receptor bloc...

Odds ratios (with 95% CI) of AD incidence associated with use of RAS AHTs, relative to non-RAS users. Each OR is the result from a separate regression, which compares RAS AHT users to non-RAS AHT users in the same sex-race/ethnicity subgroup. Logistic regression results with sample of 2009–2013 Medicare enrollees with use of antihypertensive (AHT)...

Odds ratios (with 95% CI) of AD incidence associated with use of ACEI and ARBs, relative to non-RAS users, in sample with no attrition through 2013. Logistic regression results with sample of 2009–2013 Medicare enrollees with use of antihypertensive (AHT) prescription drugs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin-II receptor...

Odds ratios (with 95% CI) of AD incidence associated with use of ACEI and ARBs, relative to non-RAS users, in sample with no use of thiazide-like diuretics. Logistic regression results with sample of 2009–2013 Medicare enrollees with use of antihypertensive (AHT) prescription drugs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin-II r...

Odds ratios (with 95% CI) of AD incidence associated with use of ACEI and ARBs, relative to non-RAS users, with users defined at 180 possession days. Logistic regression results with sample of 2009–2013 Medicare enrollees with use of antihypertensive (AHT) prescription drugs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin-II receptor...

Odds ratios (with 95% CI) of AD incidence associated with use of RAS AHTs, relative to non-users, with users defined at 270 possession days. Logistic regression results with sample of 2009–2013 Medicare enrollees with use of antihypertensive (AHT) prescription drugs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin-II receptor blockers...

Odds ratios (with 95% CI) of AD incidence associated with use of ACEI and ARBs, relative to non-users, with users defined at 270 possession days. Logistic regression results with sample of 2009–2013 Medicare enrollees with use of antihypertensive (AHT) prescription drugs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin-II receptor blo...

Brain is a lipid-rich tissue, and fatty acids (FAs) play a crucial role in brain function, including neuronal cell growth and development. This study used GC-MS to survey all detectable FAs in the human parietal cortex (Brodmann area 7). These FAs were accurately quantified in 27 cognitively normal age-matched controls, 16 cases of moderate Alzheim...

Background: dementia is a common cause of altered decision-making capacity. Determining whether an individual has the ability to make a specific decision can be very challenging for both clinicians and researchers. The UK legislation requires that we both promote residual capacity where possible, and protect vulnerable adults who cannot make indep...

Background: Drugs for dementia have been available in England since 1997. Since their launch, there have been several changes to national guidelines and initiatives that may have influenced prescribing. These include changes in National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance, several government dementia strategies, the addition o...