Pasi Kuusiniemi

Journal: Geologi. Note: This article is in Finnish, but it contains an English summary. The work’s title is ’On the verge of a new kind of geophysics: Part 4 – Geoscientific and archaeological applications of muon imaging.' Tämä artikkeli on myonigrafaa eli myonikuvausta käsittelevän kirjoitussarjamme neljäs osa. Sarjan tarkoitus on tehdä tätä uutt...

A transition towards sustainable energy sources requires the exploration and development of minerals critical to electronics and energy storage and delivery systems. Funded under Horizon Europe (Grant Agreement N°101058178), the AGEMERA project is a three-year initiative addressing critical raw materials (CRMs), including their exploration and extr...

Attenuation muography, an innovative astroparticle geophysical technique, uses cosmic-ray muons to image the internal structures of objects based on the attenuation of muon intensity due to density. We applied it in the St. Christoph mine, a tourist attraction in western Erzgebirge, SE Germany. Mining of the local polymetallic ore containing Sn, Zn...

Journal: Geologi. Note: This article is in Finnish, but it contains an English summary. The work’s title is ’On the verge of a new kind of geophysics: Part 3 — Simulations in muon imaging.’ Tämä artikkeli on myonigrafaa eli myonikuvausta käsittelevän kirjoitussarjamme kolmas osa. Sarjan tarkoitus on tehdä tätä uutta geofysikaalista menetelmää tutuk...

Tunnelling and underground mining face many risks threatening underground operations. Such hazards include sudden incidents of dangerous and violent rock bursts and cave-ins. We propose that stationary muography arrays in underground settings could map potentially risky areas.

Note: This article is in Finnish, but it contains an English summary. The work’s title is ’On the verge of a new kind of geophysics: Part 2 — Muon detection and the basic principles of muography.’ Tämä artikkeli on toinen osa myonikuvausta esittelevien kirjoitustemme sarjassa, jonka tarkoitus on tehdä menetelmä tutuksi geotieteelliselle yhteisölle...

Note: This article is in Finnish, but it contains an English summary. The work’s title is ’On the verge of a new kind of geophysics: Part 1 — Muons and the most common applications of muography.’ Myonigrafia on aineen tiheyden uusi kuvantamismenetelmä. Se perustuu ilmakehässä syntyvien myonien havaitsemiseen, sen jälkeen kun ne ovat kulkeneet kuva...

Cosmic-ray muography is a novel method for density characterization of gaseous, solid, and liquid materials in various dimensions and with numerous distinct technologies. The number of applications of muography is on a constant rise, as is also the number of authors, affiliations, journals, publishers, funding agencies, and countries that can be re...

Large-scale solid bodies on Earth such as volcanoes and man-made pyramids have been visualized with solid earth muography, and the recently invented technique, acqueous muography, has already demonstrated its capability to visualize ocean tides and tsunami. In this work, atmospheric muography, a technique to visualize and monitor the vertical profi...

The Serappis (SEarch for RAre PP-neutrinos In Scintillator) project aims at a precision measurement of the flux of solar pp neutrinos on the few-percent level. Such a measurement will be a relevant contribution to the study of solar neutrino oscillation parameters and a sensitive test of the equilibrium between solar energy output in neutrinos and...

Muography is a novel geophysical method for imaging density contrasts in liquid or solid materials. Imaging is possible in 2D, 3D, and 4D (time) and scales from less than a meter to over 1 km. Here we explain the possibilities of muography in the hands of structural geologists and the mining industry.

The cosmic-ray muography is an emerging imaging technique that exploits the attenuation of the penetrative muons originating from the interactions between high-energy cosmic radiation and the atmosphere. We propose that the differential attenuation of muons in laterites, saprolites, bauxites and fresh rocks can be muographically employed in the stu...

Cosmic-ray muography is a novel methodology for monitoring and spatial imaging density variations in solid and liquid materials. The capabilities of muography are particularly fitting for studying bedrock fractures, weathering and the inner structure of different landforms. Detectors must be positioned behind the open sky (the source of muons) and...

We propose that cosmic-ray muography can be applied for studies of terrestrial impact craters.

Meteorological-tsunami-like (or meteotsunami-like) periodic oscillation was muographically detected with the Tokyo-Bay Seafloor Hyper-Kilometric Submarine Deep Detector (TS-HKMSDD) deployed in the underwater highway called the Trans-Tokyo Bay Expressway or Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line (TBAL). It was detected right after the arrival of the 2021 Typhoon-16 th...

Large-scale solid bodies on Earth such as volcanoes and man-made pyramids have been visualized with solid earth muography, and the recently invented technique, acqueous muography, has already demonstrated its capability to visualize ocean tides and tsunami. In this work, atmospheric muography, a technique to visualize and monitor the vertical profi...

The present work has one aim and one aim only: to increase the geological credibility of simulations of muon propagation in real-world rocks. We accomplish this by introducing five different sets of real-world geological systems. Our approach contrasts with the so-called "standard rock" approach, which uses a simplified rock composition as a proxy...

Cosmic‐ray muography has several current and many promising future applications in geosciences, geotechnical engineering, and mining engineering. Muography, if applied to these disciplines, is based on alternating muon flux attenuation in soils and rocks due to anomalous density heterogeneity in the media. Muography can be used for detecting and im...

Tidal amplification or tidal reduction as a response to sea-level variations can potentially amplify or mitigate the flood risk associated with future sea-level rise caused by global climate change. Tokyo Bay Seafloor Hyper Kilometric Submarine Deep Detector (TS-HKMSDD), the world’s first detector array located underneath the seafloor, has operated...

We study damping signatures at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a medium-baseline reactor neutrino oscillation experiment. These damping signatures are motivated by various new physics models, including quantum decoherence, $\nu_3$ decay, neutrino absorption, and wave packet decoherence. The phenomenological effects of these mo...

PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY Movements of hot aqueous fluids within the subsurface rocks typically take place along major structures such as fault zones. Fluids reacting with rocks along the structures altered their compositions and mineral contents. We propose a new tool for mapping the extent of these types of alterations by applying high-energy muon p...

Bauxites are mature laterites develop under a long period of extreme chemical weathering in a humid, tropical to subtropical climate. Bauxites are, in fact, among the best climate-sensitive rock indicators for warm and humid paleoclimates. They also represent a useful proxy for past climate changes and are important for provenance studies and geody...

It can be reasoned that many emerging scientific disciplines arise when the conventional sciences cross paths in a manner not seen before. Events like these may lead to the rapid development of new methodologies, concepts, and technologies as the collaboration between previously separate research communities forms a fruitful background to further d...

A poster in the meeting "Muographers 2021, International Workshop on Cosmic-Ray Muography, 24-26 November 2021, Ghent, Belgium."

The literature concerning muography has steadily increased in recent years, but so far very few publications have taken into account the true complexity of rocks in different locations. The same is also valid for the question of how deep underground muography can be applied. This work focuses on these topics and reviews the differences between cont...

Muography has applications in engineering, border control, tunnel detection, cave mapping, architecture, archaeology, volcanology, mineral exploration, mining, rock mechanics, water exploration, and many monitoring scenarios. This work will summarise the current development trends in muography by analysing the research publication data mined from t...

Meteorological-tsunami-like (or meteotsunami-like) periodic oscillation was muographically detected with the Tokyo-Bay Seafloor Hyper-Kilometric Submarine Deep Detector (TS-HKMSDD) deployed in the underwater highway called the Trans-Tokyo Bay Expressway or Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line (TBAL). It was detected right after the arrival of the 2021 Typhoon-16 th...

Muography uses muons naturally produced in the interactions between cosmic rays and atmosphere for imaging and characterization of density differences and time-sequential changes in solid (e.g. rocks) and liquid (e.g. melts±dissolved gases) materials in scales from tens of metres to up to a few kilometres. In addition to being useful in discovering...

The OSIRIS detector is a subsystem of the liquid scintillator filling chain of the JUNO reactor neutrino experiment. Its purpose is to validate the radiopurity of the scintillator to assure that all components of the JUNO scintillator system work to specifications and only neutrino-grade scintillator is filled into the JUNO Central Detector. The as...

A bstract JUNO is a massive liquid scintillator detector with a primary scientific goal of determining the neutrino mass ordering by studying the oscillated anti-neutrino flux coming from two nuclear power plants at 53 km distance. The expected signal anti-neutrino interaction rate is only 60 counts per day (cpd), therefore a careful control of the...

This work proposes that cosmic-ray muography could be used in mineral exploration and resource delineation of skarn deposits as density variations between different skarn types and their immediate host rocks.

Atmospheric neutrinos are one of the most relevant natural neutrino sources that can be exploited to infer properties about cosmic rays and neutrino oscillations. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment, a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector with excellent energy resolution is currently under construction in China. JUNO wil...

Tidal measurements are of great significance since they may provide us with essential data to apply towards protection of coastal communities and sea traffic. Currently, tide gauge stations and laser altimetry are commonly used for these measurements. On the other hand, muography sensors can be located underneath the seafloor inside an undersea tun...

The Serappis (SEarch for RAre PP-neutrinos In Scintillator) project aims at a precision measurement of the flux of solar $pp$ neutrinos on the few-percent level. Such a measurement will be a relevant contribution to the study of solar neutrino oscillation parameters and a sensitive test of the solar luminosity constraint. The concept of Serappis re...

A few minutes speed talk under the "Beyond 2021 - The Next Hundred Years" Technical Session of the SEG 100 Conference about how lunar in-situ resources can be explored by applying density sensitive cosmic-ray based geophysical muon imaging method called muography.

The water-ice deposits confined in the lunar regolith form a potential reservoir of water, hydrogen and oxygen for human settlements, scientific research, in-situ resource extraction, construction, and rocket propellants. Here we propose a concept of mobile lunar rovers that would operate as Muon Telescope Rovers (MTRs) in an attempt to apply muogr...

JUNO is a massive liquid scintillator detector with a primary scientific goal of determining the neutrino mass ordering by studying the oscillated anti-neutrino flux coming from two nuclear power plants at 53 km distance. The expected signal anti-neutrino interaction rate is only 60 counts per day, therefore a careful control of the background sour...

Tidal measurements are of great significance since they may provide us with essential data to apply towards protection of coastal communities and sea traffic. Currently, the tide gauge stations, satellite-based, pressure-based and ultrasonic-based techniques are commonly used. However, with these techniques, sensors have to be either floated on the...

The novel geophysical remote imaging method of muography is based on cosmic-ray induced muon particles that are detected after passing through the media of interest. If the studied objects are solid, their sizes can vary from meters to up to kilometres. In underground tunnelling, muography has at least four applications: (1) muography can be used t...

Subsurface fracturing and weathering in bedrock are typically studied and imaged with conventional remote geophysical techniques. We introduce a new technique, muography, for carrying out such studies. This technique is based on the detection of atmospheric cosmic-ray induced muon particles after they pass through rock.

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton LS detector at 700-m underground. An excellent energy resolution and a large fiducial volume offer exciting opportunities for addressing many important topics in neutrino and astro-particle physics. With 6 years of data, the neutrino mass ordering can be determined at 3-4 sigma and t...

The OSIRIS detector is a subsystem of the liquid scintillator fillling chain of the JUNO reactor neutrino experiment. Its purpose is to validate the radiopurity of the scintillator to assure that all components of the JUNO scintillator system work to specifications and only neutrino-grade scintillator is filled into the JUNO Central Detector. The a...

Atmospheric neutrinos are one of the most relevant natural neutrino sources that can be exploited to infer properties about Cosmic Rays and neutrino oscillations. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment, a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector with excellent energy resolution is currently under construction in China. JUNO wil...

A bstract We present the calibration strategy for the 20 kton liquid scintillator central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). By utilizing a comprehensive multiple-source and multiple-positional calibration program, in combination with a novel dual calorimetry technique exploiting two independent photosensors and reado...

We present the calibration strategy for the 20 kton liquid scintillator central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). By utilizing a comprehensive multiple-source and multiple-positional calibration program, in combination with a novel dual calorimetry technique exploiting two independent photosensors and readout systems...

To maximize the light yield of the liquid scintillator (LS) for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 t LS sample was produced in a pilot plant at Daya Bay. The optical properties of the new LS in various compositions were studied by replacing the gadolinium-loaded LS in one antineutrino detector. The concentrations of the fluo...

Muography is a novel imaging method using natural cosmic-ray radiation for characterising and monitoring variation in average material density in a diverse range of objects that cannot be imaged by conventional imaging techniques. Muography includes muon radiography and muon tomography. Cosmic-ray-induced muons were discovered in the 1930’s, but ra...

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory~(JUNO) features a 20~kt multi-purpose underground liquid scintillator sphere as its main detector. Some of JUNO's features make it an excellent experiment for $^8$B solar neutrino measurements, such as its low-energy threshold, its high energy resolution compared to water Cherenkov detectors, and its mu...

The Taishan Antineutrino Observatory (TAO, also known as JUNO-TAO) is a satellite experiment of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). A ton-level liquid scintillator detector will be placed at about 30 m from a core of the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant. The reactor antineutrino spectrum will be measured with sub-percent energy resolut...

The ordering of the neutrino mass eigenstates is one of the fundamental open questions in neutrino physics. While current-generation neutrino oscillation experiments are able to produce moderate indications on this ordering, upcoming experiments of the next generation aim to provide conclusive evidence. In this paper we study the combined performan...

High-multiplicity data, collected with a segmented scintillator array of the cosmic-ray experiment EMMA (Experiment with Multi-Muon Array), is presented for the first time. The measurements were done at the depth of 75 meters (210 m.w.e.) in the Pyhäsalmi mine in Finland. EMMA uses two types of detectors: drift chambers and plastic scintillation de...

Muography is a technique that produces density images of solid objects (or liquids within solids) by utilising detection of highly penetrative muon particles as they travel at relativistic speeds through the muon detector positioned behind the target of interest. Muography can be used as an independent method to determine the relative densities of...

The ordering of the neutrino mass eigenstates is one of the fundamental open questions in neutrino physics. While current-generation neutrino oscillation experiments are able to produce moderate indications on this ordering, upcoming experiments of the next generation aim to provide conclusive evidence. In this paper we study the combined performan...

We propose to utilize bedrock as a medium for acoustic detection of particle showers following interactions of ultra-high energy neutrinos. With the density of rock three-times larger and the speed of sound four-times larger compared to water, the amplitude of the generated bipolar pressure pulse in rock should be larger by an order of magnitude. O...

Residual flux and angular distribution of high-energy cosmic muons have been measured in two underground locations at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) using a dedicated Muon Monitor. The instrument consists of three layers of fast scintillation detector modules operating as 352 independent pixels. The monitor has a flux-defining area of \(...

Myonigrafia on astrohiukkasfysiikkaan perustuva tiheyden mittausmenetelmä, jossa hyödynnetään avaruudesta tulevaa kosmista hiukkassäteilyä. Tässä työssä kerromme menetelmän pääpiirteistä ja annamme esimerkkejä myonigrafian geotieteellisistä sovelluksista.

Residual flux and angular distribution of high-energy cosmic muons have been measured in two underground locations at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) using a dedicated Muon Monitor. The instrument consists of three layers of fast scintillation detector modules operating as 352 independent pixels. The monitor has flux-defining area of 1 m$...

We propose to utilize bedrock as a medium for acoustic detection of particle showers following interactions of ultra-high energy neutrinos. With the density of rock three-times larger and the speed of sound four-times larger compared to water, the amplitude of the generated bipolar pressure pulse in rock should be larger by an order of magnitude. O...

In the present work we explain a novel method to study soil layers, rock bodies, structures and overburdens. The method is called muography and it can be applied for any density variation study. The method is based on cosmic-ray induced muons that are produced in the upper part of Earth's atmosphere and which can penetrate deep underground. Muons c...

We present the structure and the latest technical characteristics of the Callio Lab, the new underground laboratory managing the scientific and other non-mining related operations in the Pyhäsalmi mine in Pyhäjärvi, Finland. The very deep laboratory hall space, called Lab 2 of Callio Lab, was finished in spring 2016 at the depth of 1 430 metres (4...

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is proposed to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy using an underground liquid scintillator detector. It is located 53 km away from both Yangjiang and Taishan Nuclear Power Plants in Guangdong, China. The experimental hall, spanning more than 50 meters, is under a granite mountain of over 700 m...

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 kton multi-purpose underground liquid scintillator detector, was proposed with the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy as a primary physics goal. It is also capable of observing neutrinos from terrestrial and extra-terrestrial sources, including supernova burst neutrinos, diffuse s...

Two α-decaying isomeric states were observed in 191Po with Eα = 7334(10) keV and T1/2 = 22(1) ms for 191gPo and Eα = 7378(10) keV and T1/2 = 98(8) ms for 191mPo. Evidence was found for fine-structure decay to excited levels in the 187Pb daughter nucleus. The tentative interpretation of these new levels involves the weak coupling of the odd neutron...