Paolo Castaldi

• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at University of Bologna

On 2023 February 13, the KM3NeT/ARCA telescope observed a track-like event compatible with a ultra-high-energy muon with an estimated energy of 120 PeV, produced by a neutrino with an even higher energy, making it the most energetic neutrino event ever detected. A diffuse cosmogenic component is expected to originate from the interactions of ultra-...

A bstract In the era of precision measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters, it is necessary for experiments to disentangle discrepancies that may indicate physics beyond the Standard Model in the neutrino sector. KM3NeT/ORCA is a water Cherenkov neutrino detector under construction and anchored at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The det...

Indirect dark matter detection methods are used to observe the products of dark matter annihilations or decays originating from astrophysical objects where large amounts of dark matter are thought to accumulate. With neutrino telescopes, an excess of neutrinos is searched for in nearby dark matter reservoirs, such as the Sun and the Galactic Centre...

Neutrinos described as an open quantum system may interact with the environment which introduces stochastic perturbations to their quantum phase. This mechanism leads to a loss of coherence along the propagation of the neutrino - a phenomenon commonly referred to as decoherence - and ultimately, to a modification of the oscillation probabilities. F...

Industry 4.0, based on digitisation and in tight connection to the Internet of the Thing, represents a reference paradigm that can significantly improve the efficiency and productivity in the construction of large experimental infrastructures for science. In this work we propose a methodology based on integrated hybrid systems which combine digital...

KM3NeT/ORCA is an underwater neutrino telescope under construction in the Mediterranean Sea. Its primary scientific goal is to measure the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters and to determine the neutrino mass ordering. ORCA can constrain the oscillation parameters Δm ² 31 and θ 23 by reconstructing the arrival direction and energy of multi...

Lorentz invariance is a fundamental symmetry of spacetime and foundational to modern physics. One of its most important consequences is the constancy of the speed of light. This invariance, together with the geometry of spacetime, implies that no particle can move faster than the speed of light. In this article, we present the most stringent neutri...

The detection of cosmic neutrinos with energies above a teraelectronvolt (TeV) offers a unique exploration into astrophysical phenomena1–3. Electrically neutral and interacting only by means of the weak interaction, neutrinos are not deflected by magnetic fields and are rarely absorbed by interstellar matter: their direction indicates that their co...

On February 13th, 2023, the KM3NeT/ARCA telescope detected a neutrino candidate with an estimated energy in the hundreds of PeVs. In this article, the observation of this ultra-high-energy neutrino is discussed in light of null observations above tens of PeV from the IceCube and Pierre Auger observatories. Performing a joint fit of all experiments...

The KM3NeT observatory detected the most energetic neutrino candidate ever observed, with an energy between 72 PeV and 2.6 EeV at the 90% confidence level. The observed neutrino is likely of cosmic origin. In this article, it is investigated if the neutrino could have been produced within the Milky Way. Considering the low fluxes of the Galactic di...

Oscillations of atmospheric muon and electron neutrinos produce tau neutrinos with energies in the GeV range, which can be observed by the ORCA detector of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. First measurements with ORCA6, an early subarray corresponding to about 5$\%$ of the final detector, are presented. A sample of 5828 neutr...

In the era of precision measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters, it is necessary for experiments to disentangle discrepancies that may indicate physics beyond the Standard Model in the neutrino sector. KM3NeT/ORCA is a water Cherenkov neutrino detector under construction and anchored at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The detector is d...

This paper investigates the application of a nonlinear system-dependent and system-independent dynamical backstepping (DBST) controller on a cardiovascular circulatory simulator (CCS) with non-triangular affine dynamics for the first time in literature. That is, this study introduces several novel contributions to the field, including the enhanceme...

This paper investigates the function of the artificial pancreas, which is devised based on a dynamical backstepping approach. The Bergman's minimal model, used to describe the glucose‐insulin system, has been extended to encompass the dynamics of the insulin pump and external disturbances to closely simulate real‐world scenarios. Three techniques,...

KM3NeT/ORCA is an underwater neutrino telescope under construction in the Mediterranean Sea. Its primary scientific goal is to measure the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters and to determine the neutrino mass ordering. ORCA can constrain the oscillation parameters $\Delta m^{2}_{31}$ and $\theta_{23}$ by reconstructing the arrival directio...

Indirect dark matter detection methods are used to observe the products of dark matter annihilations or decays originating from astrophysical objects where large amounts of dark matter are thought to accumulate. With neutrino telescopes, an excess of neutrinos is searched for in nearby dark matter reservoirs, such as the Sun and the Galactic Centre...

This paper presents the modelling of a novel underactuated underwater vehicle called Blucy. It is a modular vehicle used in various underwater monitoring missions. A benchmark model is essential for developing robust controllers, navigation systems, path following, and path generation algorithms to improve the vehicle's capabilities. In this contex...

The KM3NeT Collaboration has tackled a common challenge faced by the astroparticle physics community, namely adapting the experiment-specific simulation software to work with the CORSIKA air shower simulation output. The proposed solution is an extension of the open-source code gSeaGen, allowing for the transport of muons generated by CORSIKA to a...

A bstract KM3NeT/ORCA is a water Cherenkov neutrino detector under construction and anchored at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The detector is designed to study oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos and determine the neutrino mass ordering. This paper focuses on an initial configuration of ORCA, referred to as ORCA6, which comprises six out o...

Neutrinos described as an open quantum system may interact with the environment which introduces stochastic perturbations to their quantum phase. This mechanism leads to a loss of coherence along the propagation of the neutrino $-$ a phenomenon commonly referred to as decoherence $-$ and ultimately, to a modification of the oscillation probabilitie...

The KM3NeT/ARCA neutrino detector is currently under construction at 3500 m depth offshore Capo Passero, Sicily, in the Mediterranean Sea. The main science objectives are the detection of high-energy cosmic neutrinos and the discovery of their sources. Simulations were conducted for the full KM3NeT/ARCA detector, instrumenting a volume of 1 km $$^3...

KM3NeT/ORCA is a water Cherenkov neutrino detector under construction and anchored at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The detector is designed to study oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos and determine the neutrino mass ordering. This paper focuses on an initial configuration of ORCA, referred to as ORCA6, which comprises six out of the fore...

Gamma-ray bursts are promising candidate sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. The recent GRB 221009A event, identified as the brightest gamma-ray burst ever detected, provides a unique opportunity to investigate hadronic emissions involving neutrinos. The KM3NeT undersea neutrino detectors participated in the worldwide follow-up effort t...

The measurement of the flux of muons produced in cosmic ray air showers is essential for the study of primary cosmic rays. Such measurements are important in extensive air shower detectors to assess the energy spectrum and the chemical composition of the cosmic ray flux, complementary to the information provided by fluorescence detectors. Detailed...

This paper investigates the theoretical requirements for conformable fractional-order linear systems to satisfy the fundamental principles of invariant subspaces, which are the foundation of geometric control theory, for the first time. The problem of exact disturbance decoupling in conformable fractional linear systems is tackled using newly devel...

The KM3NeT Collaboration is building an underwater neutrino observatory at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of two neutrino telescopes, both composed of a three-dimensional array of light detectors, known as digital optical modules. Each digital optical module contains a set of 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes distributed over the...

Accurate forecasting of wind power is essential for preserving the stability of the system, reducing costs, and making the most of available resources. On the other hand, there is a limited amount of data to work with, which, along with the high processing needs, makes the training process resource-intensive. The purpose of this research is to offe...

The KM3NeT neutrino telescope is currently being deployed at two different sites in the Mediterranean Sea. First searches for astrophysical neutrinos have been performed using data taken with the partial detector configuration already in operation. The paper presents the results of two independent searches for neutrinos from compact binary mergers...

The Cherenkov Telescope Array and the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes are major upcoming facilities in the fields of $$\gamma $$ γ -ray and neutrino astronomy, respectively. Possible simultaneous production of $$\gamma $$ γ rays and neutrinos in astrophysical accelerators of cosmic-ray nuclei motivates a combination of their data. We assess the potentia...

The journal retracts the article entitled “Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition for Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbines via Deep Transfer Learning” [...]

System Identification (SysId) refers to an ensemble of methodologies, as the ones built on statistical autoregressive models, which are among the most effective tools for spectral analysis and, by extension, for vibration‐based assessment. However, the application of standard SysId strategies might be hampered by the non‐negligible levels of noise...

The Cherenkov Telescope Array and the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes are major upcoming facilities in the fields of $\gamma$-ray and neutrino astronomy, respectively. Possible simultaneous production of $\gamma$ rays and neutrinos in astrophysical accelerators of cosmic-ray nuclei motivates a combination of their data. We assess the potential of a comb...

Wake steering yaws upstream wind turbines to deflect their wakes from downstream turbines, thus increasing the generated power. However, most wake steering methods rely on lookup tables obtained offline, which map a set of conditions, such as wind speed and direction, to yaw angles for each turbine in a farm. These tables assume all turbines are op...

The prediction of remaining useful life is critical in predictive health management. This is done to reduce the expenses associated with operation and maintenance by avoiding errors and failures in dynamic processes. Recently, the abilities of feature classification and automated extraction of neural networks in its convolutional forms have shown f...

An adaptive neural guidance and control system is proposed in this paper for a generic fixed-wing aerial robot. Unlike most of the existing low-level control systems, which utilize a non-adaptive guidance loop, in this work both the guidance and control loops are trained using an efficient adaptive neural algorithm. A feedforward neural network is...

This article reports the first observation of the Moon and the Sun shadows in the sky distribution of cosmic-ray induced muons measured by the KM3NeT/ORCA detector. The analysed data-taking period spans from February 2020 to November 2021, when the detector had 6 Detection Units deployed at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, each composed of 18 D...

The installed wind power capacity is growing worldwide. Remote condition monitoring of wind turbines is employed to achieve higher up-times and lower maintenance costs. Machine learning approaches can be used for detecting developing faults in wind turbines in their earlier occurrence. However, training fault detection models may require large amou...

A bstract In the era of precision measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters, upcoming neutrino experiments will also be sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model. KM3NeT/ORCA is a neutrino detector optimised for measuring atmospheric neutrinos from a few GeV to around 100 GeV. In this paper, the sensitivity of the KM3NeT/ORCA detecto...

Upstream wind turbines yaw to divert their wakes away from downstream turbines, increasing the power produced. Nevertheless, the majority of wake steering techniques rely on offline lookup tables that translate a set of parameters, including wind speed and direction, to yaw angles for each turbine in a farm. These charts assume that every turbine i...

The installed wind power capacity is growing worldwide. Remote condition monitoring of wind turbines is employed to achieve higher uptimes and lower maintenance costs. Machine learning models can detect developing damages in wind turbines. Therefore, this paper demonstrates that cross–turbine transfer learning can drastically improve the accuracy o...

A robust auto-landing problem of a Truss-braced Wing (TBW) regional jet aircraft with poor stability characteristics is presented in this study employing a Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning scheme. Reinforcement Learning (RL) has seen a recent surge in practical uses in control systems. In contrast to many studies implementing Deep Learning in RL algori...

The optical data transport system of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea will provide more than 6000 optical modules in the detector arrays with a point-to-point optical connection to the control stations onshore. The ARCA and ORCA detectors of KM3NeT are being installed at a depth of about 3500 m and 2500 m, respec...

The analysis of dynamic systems via statistical models built on the measured data is the core idea of the so–called System Identification (SysId), i.e. a methodology which has proven to be one of the most effective tools for spectral analysis and, by extension, for the analysis of vibrating structures. In practical scenarios, where the operational...

An integrated guidance and control system for tracking a reference flight path trajectory of a reusable launch vehicle in the presence of model uncertainties, external disturbances, and measurement noises is proposed. To achieve this goal, a properly-trained feedforward neural network to estimate uncertainties in conjunction with a disturbance obse...

Attitude control of a novel regional truss-braced wing (TBW) aircraft with low stability characteristics is addressed in this paper using Reinforcement Learning (RL). In recent years, RL has been increasingly employed in challenging applications, particularly, autonomous flight control. However, a significant predicament confronting discrete RL alg...

Wind turbine plants are complex dynamic and uncertain processes driven by stochastic inputs and disturbances, as well as different loads represented by gyroscopic, centrifugal, and gravitational forces. Moreover, as their aerodynamic models are nonlinear, both modelling and control become challenging problems. On one hand, high–fidelity simulators...

In this paper, a combined robust fault detection and isolation scheme is studied for satellite system subject to actuator faults, external disturbances, and parametric uncertainties. The proposed methodology incorporates a residual generation module, including a bank of filters, into an intelligent residual evaluation module. First, residual filter...

Attitude control of a novel regional truss-braced wing aircraft with low stability characteristics is addressed in this paper using Reinforcement Learning (RL). In recent years, RL has been increasingly employed in challenging applications, particularly, autonomous flight control. However, a significant predicament confronting discrete RL algorithm...

Attitude control of a novel regional truss-braced wing aircraft with low stability characteristics is addressed in this paper using Reinforcement Learning (RL). In recent years, RL has been increasingly employed in challenging applications, particularly, autonomous flight control. However, a significant predicament confronting discrete RL algorithm...

This paper proposes for the first time the theoretical requirements that a fractional‐order bilinear system with conformable derivative has to fulfil in order to satisfy different input‐to‐state stability (ISS) properties. Variants of ISS, namely ISS itself, integral ISS, exponential integral ISS, small‐gain ISS, and strong integral ISS for the gen...

The paper addresses the development of an artificial intelligence algorithm implemented for maximum power point tracking control of a unmanned underwater vehicle. It is shown that this algorithm tracks the optimum operation point and provides fast response even in the presence of faults. The strategy implements the tracking algorithm by using real—...

The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the n...

The optical module of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope is an innovative multi-faceted large area photodetection module. It contains 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes in a single 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module is a sensory device also comprising calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout and data acquisiti...

Several recent developments in fractional calculus have led to an increased interest in fractional-ordered modeling of physical systems. In this paper, complex dynamics of a flexible satellite in the fractional setting are proposed and investigated for the first time in the literature. The dynamic equations are derived using generalised fractional-...

As the first review in this field, this paper presents an in-depth mathematical view of Intelligent Flight Control Systems (IFCSs), particularly those based on artificial neural networks. The rapid evolution of IFCSs in the last two decades in both the methodological and technical aspects necessitates a comprehensive view of them to better demonstr...

As the first review in this field, this paper presents an in-depth mathematical view of Intelligent Flight Control Systems (IFCSs), particularly those based on artificial neural networks. The rapid evolution of IFCSs in the last two decades in both the methodological and technical aspects necessitates a comprehensive view of them to better demonstr...

The KM3NeT research infrastructure is unconstruction in the Mediterranean Sea. KM3NeT will study atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos with two multi-purpose neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, primarily aimed at GeV–PeV neutrinos. Thanks to the multi-photomultiplier tube design of the digital optical modules, KM3NeT is capable of detecting the ne...

A bstract This article presents the potential of a combined analysis of the JUNO and KM3NeT/ORCA experiments to determine the neutrino mass ordering. This combination is particularly interesting as it significantly boosts the potential of either detector, beyond simply adding their neutrino mass ordering sensitivities, by removing a degeneracy in t...

The ability to observe the world has seen significant developments in the last few decades, alongside the techniques and methodologies to derive accurate digital replicas of observed environments. Underwater ecosystems present greater challenges and remain largely unexplored, but the need for reliable and up-to-date information motivated the birth...

The next generation of water Cherenkov neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea are under construction offshore France (KM3NeT/ORCA) and Sicily (KM3NeT/ARCA). The KM3NeT/ORCA detector features an energy detection threshold which allows to collect atmospheric neutrinos to study flavour oscillation. This paper reports the KM3NeT/ORCA sensitivity...

This paper proposes the development of a scheme for the fault diagnosis of the actuators of a simulated model accurately representing the behaviour of an autonomous underwater vehicle. The Fossen model usually adopted to describe the dynamics of the underwater vehicle has been generalised in this paper to take into account time-varying sea currents...

This chapter discusses some important topics that should help the reader to understand how to move from fault diagnosis to fault tolerance. It presents the fault-tolerant control algorithms applied to dynamic processes. The chapter also discusses passive and active fault-tolerant control systems and highlights the achievable performances and the co...

Starburst galaxies (SBGs) and more in general star-forming galaxies represent a class of galaxies with a high star formation rate (up to 100 M ⊙ /year). Despite their low luminosity, they can be considered as guaranteed “factories” of high energy neutrinos, being “reservoirs” of accelerated cosmic rays and hosting a high density target gas in the c...

This chapter provides an overview on different fault diagnosis strategies, with particular attention to the fault detection and isolation methods related to the dynamic processes and application examples. Model‐based fault diagnosis methods usually use residuals that indicate changes between the process and the model. The chapter discusses some com...

The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the n...

A bstract KM3NeT/ORCA is a next-generation neutrino telescope optimised for atmospheric neutrino oscillations studies. In this paper, the sensitivity of ORCA to the presence of a light sterile neutrino in a 3+1 model is presented. After three years of data taking, ORCA will be able to probe the active-sterile mixing angles θ 14 , θ 24 , θ 34 and th...

The KM3NeT research infrastructure is under construction in the Mediterranean Sea. KM3NeT will study atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos with two multi-purpose neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, primarily aimed at the GeV-PeV energy scale. Thanks to the multi-photomultiplier tube design of the digital optical modules, KM3NeT is capable of detec...

The fault diagnosis of safety critical systems such as wind turbine installations includes extremely challenging aspects that motivate the research issues considered in this paper. In particular, this work studies fault diagnosis solutions that are considered in a viable way and used as advanced techniques for condition monitoring of dynamic proces...

KM3NeT/ORCA is a next-generation neutrino telescope optimised for atmospheric neutrino oscillations studies. In this paper, the sensitivity of ORCA to the presence of a light sterile neutrino in a 3+1 model is presented. After three years of data taking, ORCA will be able to probe the active-sterile mixing angles $\theta_{14}$, $\theta_{24}$, $\the...

The fault diagnosis of safety critical systems such as wind turbine installations includes extremely challenging aspects that motivate the research issues considered in this paper. Therefore, this work investigates two fault diagnosis solutions that exploit the direct estimation of the faults by means of data-driven approaches. In this way, the dia...

The fault diagnosis of safety critical systems such as wind turbine installations includes extremely challenging aspects that motivate the research issues considered in this paper. In fact, the prompt detection and the reliable diagnosis of faults in their earlier occurrence represent the key point especially for offshore installations. For these p...

The KM3NeT research infrastructure is under construction in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of two water Cherenkov neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, aimed at neutrino astrophysics and oscillation research, respectively. Instrumenting a large volume of sea water with $$\sim {6200}$$ ∼ 6200 optical modules comprising a total of $$\sim {200{,}000}...

The KM3NeT/ORCA sensitivity to atmospheric neutrino oscillation is presented. The event reconstruction, selection and classification are described. The sensitivity to determine the neutrino mass ordering was evaluated and found to be 4.4 $\sigma$ if the true ordering is normal and 2.3 $\sigma$ if inverted, after three years of data taking. The prec...

The KM3NeT research infrastructure is under construction in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of two water Cherenkov neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, aimed at neutrino astrophysics and oscillation research, respectively. Instrumenting a large volume of sea water with $\sim$ 6,200 optical modules comprising a total of $\sim$ 200,000 photomultipli...