Pamela Wicker

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• Prof. Dr.
• Professor at Bielefeld University

Purpose-This qualitative interview study aims to examine the potential barriers and mental well-being effects of prison sports among women in a German prison. It places particular emphasis on prison-specific participation barriers and mental stress factors for females. Design/methodology/approach-Guided expert interviews were conducted with women i...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the financial compensation and its correlates among volunteers in non-profit sport clubs. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire was distributed online among sport clubs in Austria. Data were collected in person in clubhouses or at a distance ( n = 1,840 volunteers). The studied correlates inclu...

This study analyzes how the sports betting market responds to changes of head coaches in Brazilian football using data from 11 seasons (2010-2020), including 4,180 official league games and 379 within-season coaching replacements. We examine the return on investment (ROI) for bets to win and bets to lose for three betting strategies: when head coac...

Die Teilnahme an Sportangeboten während der Haft kann Insassen helfen, physische und psychische Parameter zu fördern (Woods et al., 2020). Pferdegestützte Programme bieten hierfür eine einzigartige und bisher kaum erforschte Möglichkeit (Bittner et al., 2020). Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, inwiefern sich ein Reitprogramm auf die Reitleistung s...

Introduction This study examines the role of societal, interpersonal, and individual factors in explaining Europeans’ attitudes toward gender equality in sport and the role of interactions between gender, age, and social class. Methods The empirical analysis uses survey data from residents in 27 European countries in 2022 (n = 19,396). Respondents...

Volunteering might be a leisure activity that supports the development of social capital of individuals with disabilities in organized sports. This study investigates the link between having a disability (i.e., physical, mental, or both), the likelihood and extent of volunteering, and the level of social capital in grassroots football clubs. We fur...

Introduction This study examines inmates' perspectives on the effectiveness of sports coaches in prison. According to the integrative definition of effective coaching, coaches require professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal knowledge to enhance athletes' outcomes within a specific context. Methods Five male inmates of a German prison were i...

This study examines the factors affecting women officials’ intention to leave their chosen sport, including personal, work-related, and sociocultural factors. The empirical analysis is based on survey data of women officials in 69 different sports across Europe ( n = 3,214). Overall, 10.7% of women expressed a turnover intention. Regression analyse...

The number of citations per publication is an established metric to evaluate scientists’ research impact. Therefore, it is important for scientists to learn how to potentially increase their publications’ citations. This study investigates whether and how the authorship composition regarding research impact, gender diversity, and cultural diversity...

According to the German Football League’s guidelines, football clubs are expected to contribute to sustainable development. This study analyzes football fans’ interest in and willingness-to-pay for socially and environmentally sustainable merchandise clothing. Data from fans of a German Football Bundesliga club were collected using an online survey...

This study investigated the perception of role model attributes of women and men sport professors, how these attributes influence the choice of academic role models, and how such role models affect career objectives. The study draws on social cognitive (career) theory. Data were collected with a quantitative online survey ( N = 792) targeted at maj...

Background To recognize the interplay between climate change and public health, this study examines the impact of sports organizations’ environmental initiatives on members’ subjective well-being (SWB) and climate change attitudes (CCA). Drawing on the theoretical tenets of pro-social behavior, organizational initiatives aiming at protecting and im...

This study investigates people with disabilities as a potential target group for gyms from the providers’ perspective and examines organizational capacity needs of gyms for developing the inclusion of people with disabilities. The study draws on the organizational capacity model, which was adapted to gyms as for-profit organizations. Data were coll...

This experimental field study investigated the social-educational outcomes of a six-week soccer intervention in a German prison. Before and after the intervention, social integration and social self-efficacy expectations were assessed in the intervention (n = 11) and control group (n = 10). Within the intervention group, group cohesion was assessed...

The presence of fitness sport has been noticeable in Western social culture in recent years, gaining enormous popularity and relevance especially for youth. Fitness and the associated beauty ideals are often spread via social media, as influencers are trusted sources for young people (Theis, 2022). However, how do young inmates in prison – who are...

Background Despite some gains, women continue to have less access to work and poorer experiences in the workplace, relative to men. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among women’s life expectancy and two work-related factors, sexual harassment and gender-career biases. Method We examined the associations at the state level...

In professional football, head coach turnovers are arbitrarily perceived as a shortcut solution to convert losing streaks into winning results within time-limited competitive seasons. Despite a speculative mentality guiding turnover decisions, a new coach is invariably appointed with the expectation of improving performance. As often overlooked, ho...

This study examines the well-being and social value of playing different forms of soccer for men and women by employing the compensating variation approach to survey data from eight European countries. Framed by the desired objective of Title IX, this research assesses possible gender differences in the social benefits of sport. Social values are h...

Die vorliegende Interviewstudie untersucht die Bedeutung von Fußball für männliche Insassen einer offenen deutschen Justizvollzugsanstalt sowie deren Perspektive auf soziale Interaktion und Kommunikation während eines wöchentlichen Fußballtrainings. Die Insassen betrachten Fußball während ihrer Haftzeit als wichtiger als vor ihrer Inhaftierung und...

This study examines the prevalence of fraud occurrences in community sport organizations (CSOs) and compares the organizational characteristics of CSOs that have and have not experienced fraud. The empirical analysis relies on online survey data gathered in Canada, the United States, Australia, and Germany ( n = 1256). Respondents were asked if org...

Introduction The underrepresentation of women in academia is often explained by the presence of gender stereotypes and the perception that women fit the role of an academic to a lesser extent. Based on social role theory and role congruity theory, this study investigates and estimates the perceived role fit of women and men academics in the social...

„Keine Schwächen zeigen": Die Perspektive von Gefängnisinsassen auf die Effektivität von Trainer:Innen

Drawing on a rational choice framework, this study investigates fans’ stated preferences for (more) environmentally-friendly stadium travel (bicycles/e-scooters) on game days. Data from fans of a German Football Bundesliga club were collected using an online survey in 2021 ( n = 1,652). Travel preferences were assessed using the contingent behavior...

Concerns about consequences of everyday nutrition have led to a gender gap in pro-environmental nutrition (PEN), implying that women decide more often to limit their meat consumption than men. For sport and football managers who increasingly deal with environmental sustainability while aiming to increase female audiences, the question arises of whe...

Introduction This study examined the correlates of gender stereotypes and the moderating role of membership in a voluntary sports club. Drawing on the contact hypothesis, this study argues that gender stereotypes are lower when individuals regularly have the opportunity to meet and play sport with such people, for example in a voluntary sports club...

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of four different sport programs on various social and subjective health outcomes among prisoners. Design/methodology/approach: Four different sport programs (endurance, strength, dance-like martial arts, soccer) were provided in 2020 and 2021 in a German prison. Participants completed...

This study examines the correlates of environmental attitudes among Europeans and focuses on the roles of volunteering and practicing sports in a voluntary sports club. Drawing on the literature on social preferences, it argues that altruism and generosity are characteristics that apply to both leisure activities, while also shaping environmental a...

Trainer*innen; Effektivität; Gefängnis; Justizvollzugsanstalt; qualitative Inhaltsanalyse; Insassen; Sport; Wissen; Ergebnisse; Kontext

Introduction: Low-intensity endurance training is frequently performed at gradually higher training intensities than intended, resulting in a shift towards threshold training. By restricting oral breathing and only allowing for nasal breathing this shift might be reduced. Methods: Nineteen physically healthy adults (3 females, age: 26.5 ± 5.1 years...

Research question Drawing on different theoretical views of subjective well-being (SWB), this study examines the associations between football volunteering in general, volunteering in specific roles, and different SWB measures. It also assigns monetary values to volunteering using the well-being valuation approach. Research methods The analysis us...

The time spent above 90% of maximal oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O2max) during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions is intended to be maximized to improve V ̇ O2max. Since uphill running serves as a promising means to increase metabolic cost, we compared even and moderately inclined running in terms of time ≥90% V ̇ O2max and its corresponding p...

Sports and exercise training research is constantly evolving to maintain, improve, or regain psychophysical, social, and emotional performance. Exercise training research requires a balance between the benefits and the potential risks. There is an inherent risk of scientific misconduct and adverse events in most sports; however, there is a need to...

This study examines the moderating effects of national female labor force participation, women in sport leadership positions, and female medalists in recent Olympic Games on women's probability to volunteer in sport. Based on social role theory and the similarity attraction paradigm, we predict that all three factors result in a higher probability...

Objective: Previous research has documented a positive effect of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on life satisfaction. The relationship between physical activity and the specific domain of job satisfaction is, however, relatively unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of different frequency levels of LTPA on self-reported job sa...

Theoretically, professional coaches should improve team performance through a sustained, progressive, and structured training and competitive program. Nevertheless, the reality poses different expectations around football activities in Brazil, where coaching spells have lasted on average 65 days during the domestic league season. Adopting the conce...

Participation in sport can be a way to facilitate offender rehabilitation. Previous research has mainly studied outcomes of sport participation for inmates, largely neglecting the coaches providing such sport programs. This study examines the experiences that coaches describe about coaching sports programs in prison and seeks to identify similariti...

In surveys across countries, nonprofit sports clubs report their perceived financial situation using some form of Likert scale; however, it is unclear what this subjectively reported rating reflects. The purpose of this study is to examine the link between objective financial measures and club officials’ perceptions of the financial situation. The...

The involvement of volunteers in children's sport carries out an important contribution to the provision of services across community sport programmes, as well as in recreational and grassroots activities. For example, whereas voluntary coaches can take advantage of entry-level opportunities to improve their practical skills, youth and amateur orga...

Airborne transmission of the COVID‐19 virus increased the need for health policies to reduce transmission in congregate settings associated with minimal risk before the pandemic. While a large literature estimates tradeoffs between policies designed to reduce negative health outcomes, no empirical research addresses consumer willingness to pay (WTP...

Gender equality among volunteers and in the labor market are essential for social sustainability. This study examines whether women value benefits of sport volunteering for their job market situation significantly differently than men. Based on signaling and social role theory, we hypothesize that women are more likely to value sport volunteering a...

Cluster Training (CT) has been shown to induce strength at lower perceived efforts compared to traditional training (TRT) with sets performed to repetition failure. These findings have not yet been extended to remote online training in middle-aged to older people. Thus the present study aimed at investigating whether a cluster set online training w...

This network meta-analysis aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of different velocity-based (VBT) and traditional 1RM-based resistance training (TRT) interventions on strength and power indices in healthy participants. The research was conducted until December 2021 using the online electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, PsycNet, and SPORTDis...

Recreational and professional climbing is gaining popularity. Thus, valid and reliable infield strength monitoring and testing devices are required. This study aims at assessing the validity as well as within- and between-day reliability of two climbing-specific hanging positions for assessing the maximum force with a new force measurement device....

This study investigates the relationship between state politics and sport governance based on an institutional framework and the concept of spillover effects. Specifically, it examines whether spillover effects occur from state parliament and government composition to board gender diversity within sport governing bodies. Organizational-level data f...

A superficial attitude in football insists on blaming head coaches when games are lost. Controversially, however, whereas decision-makers in professional football clubs claim to seek successful outcomes on the pitch, they often favor questionable judgements that affect their organizational sustainability by recycling coaches without substantial ana...

In the context of leisure travel in sport, the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals to promote public health and combat climate change may be addressed simultaneously. This study investigates football spectators’ carbon footprint that is generated from traveling to the stadium. It also examines the effects of stadium travel and everyday pr...

Gender equality in leadership positions is important for sport organizations to achieve economic and social sustainability. Based on a multi-level framework, this study examines spillover effects from economic and social state-level factors in sport organizations’ environment on critical masses of women on their boards (in terms of share and number...

This study examines the effect of football teams’ distance covered and number of intensive runs (>20 km/h) on referees’ card-awarding behavior and their performance evaluation. The empirical analysis uses data from the German Bundesliga (2011–2018), yielding a final sample of n = 2,130 observations on a match-game day basis. Card-awarding behavior...

Research question: This study examines the effect of board gender diversity and a critical mass of women on the board on organizational problems of non-profit sport clubs. It relies on theories from social categorization and information/decision-making perspectives and on critical mass theory. Research methods: Four waves of data from a German spo...

Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welchen Beitrag der Freizeitsport zur Identitätsbildung junger, männlicher Strafgefangener leistet. Mittels leitfadengestützter Interviews werden die subjektiven Bedeutungen einer Teilhabe an Sportangeboten untersucht, um deren Stellenwert für Identitätsaufbau und -stabilisierung und damit für die Bewältig...

This study applies the wellbeing valuation approach to sport participation and volunteering using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. Linear regression results show that sport and volunteering hours increase satisfaction with life, health, work, income, and leisure, but with diminishing returns in most models. In a seemingly unrelated regres...

A long rowing stroke length is crucial for adequate rowing performance. Therefore, the relocation of the oar from traditional “in front” (NORM) to “behind the rotation axis” (GATE) may increase (para) rowing performance. Thus, 15 able-bodied rowers (21.4 ± 3.6 years; 187 ± 8 cm; 85.4 ± 8.2 kg) completed indoor TANK rowing 2 min TimeTrials (2 min-TT...

The present study seeks to add to the growing literature related to off-field actions impacting labor economic issues. It examines how off-field incidents with law enforcement and violations of league policies governing performance enhancing drugs impact career earnings for players. Furthermore, we seek to understand how career earnings are impacte...

This study develops and tests a measure for perceived vulnerability to occupational fraud and examines the relationship between organizational capacity and perceived vulnerability to fraud in community sport organizations. Drawing on the opportunity dimension of fraud triangle theory and the concept of organizational capacity, the study identifies...

Individuals’ mental health and subjective well-being have become increasingly important in public health policy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pro-environmental behavior in sport and clubs’ perceived environmental quality on the subjective well-being of sport club members in Germany. Data were collected using an online...

This meta-analytical review aimed at comparing the impact of Pilates interventions (PIs) on physiological and psychological health parameters in healthy older adults and older adults with a clinical condition aged 55 years and older. The literature search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus). Randomized controlled...

This study examined the effects of circuit-like functional high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition and motor performance of inmates in an open German prison. The group of inmates (n=11) consisted of predominantly overweight males [average body-mass-index (BMI)=31.2]. They performed 6weeks of training including 3 sessions per wee...

Sport governing bodies have played a special role in society during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Following stakeholder theory and consumption capital theory, this study investigated the actions of the German Bundesliga (DFL), Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) during this phase...

Research question: This study examines gender differences in human capital, performance characteristics, and earnings among elite athletes in semi-professional sports in Germany. Research methods: In 2018, a nationwide online survey of elite athletes supported by the German Sports Aid Foundation was conducted where they were asked about their life...

This study investigates the role of regional and social origin in explaining health-related sport and physical activity levels of youths and adolescents in Europe. It uses a subsample of 15- to 29-year-olds from the 2017 Eurobarometer (n = 3499). The outcome variable reflects whether respondents meet/exceed the guidelines of the World Health Organi...

Environmentally friendly behavior has become increasingly important in recent years to reduce the speed of climate change and its negative impacts. Individual behavior, including environmentally friendly behavior, is largely formed by behavioral intentions. This study draws on the theory of planned behavior to examine the effects of attitudes towar...

The purposes of this study were to estimate the carbon footprint caused by football fans travelling to Bundesliga matches (first division) in Germany in the 2018/19 season, to analyse determinants of seasonal carbon footprint, and to identify fan clusters based on travel behaviour. A nationwide online survey of football fans was conducted (n = 539)...

This study examined the effects of sport activities and environmentally sustainable behaviors on the subjective well-being of working-age adults (18–64). Specifically, it analyzes the effects of different types of sport activities, including nature-based, natural resource-using, and nature-neutral sport activities and different types of environment...

The purpose of this study was to examine the representation of Black and Asian women coaches on women’s and men’s intercollegiate athletic teams. Through the theoretical lens of gendered racial stereotypes associating Black individuals with masculinity and Asian individuals with femininity, the authors hypothesized that, among women coaches, Black...

The identification of relevant effects is challenging in Big Data because larger samples are more likely to yield statistically significant effects. Professional sport teams attempting to identify the core drivers behind their follower numbers on social media also face this challenge. The purposes of this study are to examine the effects of game ou...

While the birthday effect has been widely studied in the economics and sport literature, this study introduces the concept of the ‘real’ birthday effect. It holds that birthday celebrations yield fatigue, which negatively affect running performance. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of players’ birthdays on post-birthday running pe...

To reduce global warming and climate change, the German government plans to implement a carbon tax, which will also affect sport organizations. This study investigates how much sport club members are willing to pay for environmental measures and how sport-specific, club-specific, environmental, and socio-demographic factors are associated with thei...

Environmental sustainability and climate change have become increasingly important in public debates and politics. This study examines the determinants of sport club members’ pro-environmental behavior in Germany. Theoretically, we draw on the theory of planned behavior, ecofeminism, and the luxury good hypothesis to explain the effects of individu...

Policy makers often legitimize bids for major sport events and public funding of elite sports by trickle-down effects, suggesting that hosting events, sporting success, and athlete role models inspire the population to participate themselves in sport and physical activity. According to previous review articles, empirical evidence of trickle-down ef...

Although leadership succession is a popular area of study across different professional sports leagues, existing research has largely ignored South America despite Brazilian football seeming to surpass the limits of coaching turnovers in comparison to any other league worldwide. This study examines the causes and consequences of 594 head coach tur...

This study examines how running performance (intensive runs, total distance covered) of football teams in previous games impacts betting markets as it relates to expected win probability. Theoretically, bookmakers could interpret team's running performance as effort or fatigue, with sports science studies suggesting that distance covered reflects e...

This study examines the value of professional winter sports to the Austrian resident population in the context of three major sporting events (the 2017 World Championships in Alpine Skiing, the 2018 Winter Olympics, and the 2019 World Championships in Nordic Skiing). In nationwide population surveys (n = 2289), the contingent valuation method was e...

Research question: This study examines how Canadian sport governing bodies with different levels of women representation on their boards differ in terms of their structural and financial organizational characteristics. Resource dependence theory and critical mass theory guide the study. Research methods: Data from national, provincial, and territor...