P. A. Murad

The GEM (Gravito-Electro-Magnetic) is an embryonic discipline which may alter gravitation using electromagnetic effects. There is a need to first understand anomalies regarding Maxwell’s equations as well as uncharacteristic gravitation effects before this discipline can be understood and be maturated. This will first examine Maxwell’s equations t...

The cosmology of our solar system may not have been as benign as one would assume but rather filled with consequences of rampant severe catastrophes. Evidence is supported by the asteroid belt between Jupiter and Mars which may have once existed as Phaeton, a planet that created this belt. Obviously, it did not fare well in an internecine planet wa...

Executive Summary The GEM (Gravito-ElectroMagnetic) is an embryonic discipline which may alter gravitation using electromagnetic effects. There is a need to first understand anomalies regarding Maxwell's equations as well as uncharacteristic gravitation effects before this discipline can be understood and be maturated. This will first examine Maxwe...

Anomalies and enigmas are pathways to discovery. Irrotational gravitational models for Newton and Winterberg are not capable of producing gravitational waves. Jefimenko's model introduces vorticity crafting a rotational field to provide gravitational waves. Other model variants with stronger rationales produce a wave equation without creating Jefim...

We examine the use of the interplanetary substance as a possible fuel for spacecraft plasma thrusters for interplanetary flights. The solar radiation is considered as an energy source for the ionization and the acceleration of particles of captured space environment that is used as drop weight. The method of capturing the space environment, which i...

The Morningstar Energy Box is an unusual revolutionary derivative based upon both the Searl and a modified Searl device by the Russians Godin and Roschin. Energy Box device is similar to a mechanical cage by the Russians, laminated rollers per Searl and a unique main ring with ferromagnetic fluid to enhance electrical and magnetic properties to rep...

ABSRACT Separate gravitational laws are investigated to include attraction and induced angular momentum. These alternative laws, which may include an electromagnetic counterpart and evidence of angular momentum, are wave equations permitting gravitational waves using Newtonian gravitation boundary conditions. Wave equation transient terms should ap...

The Morningstar Energy Box is an unusual revolutionary derivative based upon both the Searl and a modified Searl device by the Russians Godin and Roschin. Energy Box device is similar to a mechanical cage by the Russians, laminated rollers per Searl and a unique main ring with ferromagnetic fluid to enhance electrical and magnetic properties to rep...

A non-relativistic, charged-particle beam is placed into a crossed magnetic field. For such a system, the nonlinear electrostatic oscillations generation in the different degrees of the beam freedom may be triggered by the energy/momentum exchange between the beam's particles and these external fields. The influence of oscillation dynamics of these...

Consuming long-range interplanetary medium as a fuel for driving plasma thrust is crucial. The methods of capturing the space environment depending on its density and the ship velocity are critical issues. The possible ways of creating ionization for neutral fluxes as a function of the solar radiation flux are also analyzed as a potential propellan...

The acceleration of rotating plasma flow in crossed magnetic fields produced momentum transfer between the macroscopic degrees of freedom for a plasma flow was investigated. Results implied a concept for acceleration of plasma flow containing the charged macroscopic particles. Here, the case is treated when the plasma flow consists of electrons, pr...

A pulsating binary pulsar are examined in the Restricted Three-Body Problem. For comparable primary weights that travel in symmetric-like trajectories, the barycenter is the center of rotation acting as a common foci for the two free trajectories. The normalization constant value l in the equations of motion is now a function of time. A phase-space...

Different gravitational laws are examined to include attraction and induced angular momentum. These alternative laws, to include an electromagnetic counterpart and evidence of angular momentum, are wave equations allowing gravitational waves using Newtonian gravitation boundary conditions. Wave equation transient terms are exponentially damped; if...

Different gravitational laws are examined to include attraction and induced angular momentum. These alternative laws, to include an electromagnetic counterpart and evidence of angular momentum, are wave equations allowing gravitational waves using Newtonian gravitation boundary conditions. Wave equation transient terms are exponentially damped; if...

In previous our investigations the acceleration of rotating plasma flow in crossed magnetic fields owing to the momentum transfer between the macroscopic degrees of freedom for the plasma flow was studied. Based on these results, we have discussed the acceleration of plasma flow containing the charged macroscopic particles. The estimates presented...

Consuming long-range interplanetary medium with fuel for driving plasma thrust is vital. Methods of capturing the space environment depending on its density and the ship velocity are indispensable issues to extract the space environment as a propellant. This matter of neutral fluxes would use solar radiation to create ionization in a plasma thruste...

We examine the creation and design of a plasma thruster based on the converting of radial and circumferential momentum of the plasma flow into the axial direction. The acceleration effect is formed by the azimuthal electric field which comes about as a variation of an external, axial magnetic flux. Simultaneously, the azimuthal electron and ion flo...

The creation and design of a plasma thruster are considered using a rotating cylindrical plasma flow in crossed magnetic fields. The thruster scheme uses this plasma guided by a permanent, radial and a time-dependent axial magnetic field. Namely, the acceleration effect is formed by the azimuthal electric field which comes about as a variation of a...

A neutron star and a companion in a binary pulsar undergo free trajectories. There is, however, no real reference distance between the two bodies in the restricted Three-Body problem because this dimension changes as a function of time. If there is comparable weights of the primaries in symmetric-like trajectories, the barycenter is the center of r...

In the previous investigations, an intermode exchange was used to demonstrate the transfer of energy and momentum into using different kinematic degrees of freedom. This paper examines using a hydrodynamic approach using a cold, neutral flow in a rotating cylindrical plasma column using crossed magnetic fields. Results show that the twirling plasma...

The processes of energy/momentum exchange in rotating plasma flows placed into crossed magnetic and electric fields is an issue of importance. Such flows are capable of transforming the energy from different degrees of freedom into another. The resulting energy and momentum from one degree can be altered owing to the interaction of the coupled nonl...

Assuming we have solved the mysteries of the space environment, instrumentation requisites for light speed, and have a reasonable motivation, the problem focuses upon exploring options for 'advanced' space propulsion. Current approaches to eject mass using rocketry are generally inadequate to perform the desired far-abroad mission. Thus, these conc...

Various gravitational laws are examined. Binary pulsars imply unusual behavior as evidence for gravitational waves in contrast to Newtonian gravity. Gravity's intensity in the restricted three-body problem can significantly be reduced due to rotational centrifugal forces to explain shortcomings usually mentioned to invent dark matter. Although Libr...

As we know, reaching the outer rim of the solar system in a relatively short period of time is impossible utilizing existing rocket technology. Radically ventured theories such as quantum vacuum propulsion must emerge if we have any desire to truly explore the far reaches of space. New concepts must be explored that may someday enable manned interp...

We need to understand significant fundamentals before actually discussing advanced space propulsion concepts. This includes our understanding and knowledge about the environment before we can define goals, create new instrumentation, and maturate both contemporary and embryonic technologies. The lessons learned should start from the very beginning...

The Morningstar Energy Box is a derivative of both the Searl device and a variant of the Russian Scientists Godin and Roschin. Laminated rollers and a main ring with ferromagnetic fluid are used to enhance electrical and magnetic properties. The device is constrained by a mechanical cage to hold the rollers. An operational theory for the Energy Box...

The notion of faster than light speed travel, passing through parallel universes, or even going back and forth in time is an interesting scientific issue. These activities are examined within Einstein's field equations from an engineering perspective to potentially create a suitable propulsion system. The evaluation also revealed a set of circumsta...

Binary pulsars demonstrate unusual gravitational behaviour that is a careful balance between the type of orbit, companion star and neutron star weights, and neutron star spin rate. Some binary pulsars are believed to have the same weight for both stars moving in a highly elliptical orbit while some binaries with vast weight differences, are in near...

The Pulsar 1913+16 binary system may represent a ‘young’ binary system where previously it is claimed that the dynamics are due to either a third body or a gravitational vortex. Usually a binary system’s trajectory could reside in a single ellipse or circular orbit; the double ellipse implies that the 1913+16 system may be starting to degenera...

Can we describe a typical field propulsion device considering that so many different and contradictory theories exist? Minter and Chiao (2007) performed an analysis predicting the location of the maximum electric field due to a charged ring. Results using direct current suggest that the ring could not stably levitate. A transient field and a third...

Claims suggest that the dynamics of PSR 1913+16 binary pulsar is indirect evidence concerning the existence of gravitational waves. The pulsar is postulated to have a neutron star and a companion body of equal mass that orbit each other in separate elliptical orbits that have the same period anchored to a common focus. The rapid change in the pe...

Gravitational anomalies require investigation and resolution to understand the space environment if man is to travel beyond trans‐lunar or trans‐Mars region. This paper will provide a framework for further and more detailed evaluations. These anomalies include, a slight change in the sun’s gravitational attraction observed by two Pioneer probes bas...

Gravity and gravitational waves should be accurately modeled to allow for future communications, power generation or relativistic propulsion schemes. If gravitational waves exist, they are not predicted using Newtonian gravitation despite Newtonian theory adequately predicts motion of celestial bodies and satellites. Jefimenko's gravity/cogravity f...

Mankind’s destiny points toward a quest for the stars. Realistically, it is difficult to achieve this using current space propulsion science and develop the prerequisite technologies, which for the most part requires the use of massive amounts of propellant to be expelled from the system. Therefore, creative approaches are needed to reduce or elimi...

Travel to the stars can involve a perilous journey in an unfriendly space-time continuum that can include singularities, nonlinear events, gravity as a function of both position and vehicle velocity, and extra dimensional effects discussed in Part I. Such a device may possibly use field propulsion technology. Although several field propulsion schem...

Travel to the stars will require unusual exotic propulsion schemes of significant performance, may use no expelled propellants, and possibly use field propulsion technology. Questions are raised concerning the spacecraft environment regarding linearity of a typical space-time metric and attempts to understand differences between space-time subsets...

The need for a new gravity model may explain anomalous behavior exhibited by several recent experiments described in Part I. Although Newtonian gravity is adequate for predicting the motion of celestial bodies, these bodies move at slow speeds compared to relativistic conditions. Moreover, anomalous behavior as well as the existence of gravitationa...

The need for a new gravity model may be a prerequisite to explain anomalous behavior exhibited by several recent experiments. Although Newtonian gravity is adequate for predicting the motion of celestial bodies, these bodies move at slow speeds compared to relativistic conditions. Moreover, anomalous behavior as well as the existence of gravitation...

In the Theory of Relativity time is treated as a dimension. This property of time has never been completely understood and accepted because we instinctively perceive time only as a running parameter. In recent developments of the Theory of Relativity, it has been proposed to apply a coordinate transformation by which the four coordinates all acquir...

The Navier-Stokes conservation equations describe viscous fluid continuum behavior for internal flows within propulsion systems, external flows around spacecrafts, and plasmas. Murad's 'Method of Potential Surfaces' uses an integration factor and potential whose derivatives are fluid fluxes, to convert each steady-state conservation equation into s...

The Navier‐Stokes conservation equations may describe behavior for a viscous fluid flow or continuum processes that includes internal flows within a propulsion system, or a reactor, to external flows around spacecrafts, plasmas, and even galactical gas dynamics. Murad in earlier efforts defined a ‘Method of Potential Surfaces’ that converts each st...

Warp‐drive feasibility and the theoretical basis for such devices are examined. A literature search reveals three basic schemes to travel faster than the speed of light. However, all of these violate various portions of Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity where they all require a negative stress‐energy tensor to solve Einstein’s field equations...

The theoretical basis for warp drive devices, examined in Part I, reveals three basic schemes to achieve near light speed that require a negative stress-energy tensor to solve Einstein's field equations implying negative or exotic matter. These propulsion approaches create a curvature in space-time at relativistic conditions inferring that gravity...

During the 2003 STAIF Conference, the author proposed a theory based upon gravitational anomalies, that would use a universal gravitation model with a radial force term coupled with angular momentum. This extended the previous work of Murad and Baker, Dyatlov who explains angular momentum effects as consequences of a ‘spin’ field, and also of Jefim...

Recent Russian literature contains some interesting speculations of potentially wide applicability regarding the physical vacuum. These investigations examined and applied a theory to various anomalies to try and understand what these events may represent. Data were collected by Dmitriev to quantify these events and identify commonalties that indic...

We cannot limit our space travel options to consider only approaches involving the conventional wisdom. There is nothing more intriguing in cosmological conjectures as the concepts of time and space within the meaning of the context "universe." In this paper we propose that the dimensions, which define spatial and temporal "space", are represented...

Newtonian gravitation adequately predicts planet and satellite motion. Gravitational anomalies and the wish to travel at relativistic speeds, however, imply that gravity should be integrated within a unification framework that may include electricity and magnetism. Thus, new theories are needed that predict currently accepted phenomenon as well as...

Creating a hyper-light speed space vehicle poses a spectrum of compelling challenges. Although Einstein is correct in The Theory of Relativity, light or faster than light speed travel is contrary to his assumptions. These assumptions are, however, not all-inclusive and only treat sub-light conditions. With appropriate changes, the theory is extende...

This quest is to understand and partially model fluid-electric/magnetic field interactions associated with a light-speed vehicle. Although Einstein is correct in The Theory of Relativity, light speed travel is contrary to his assumptions. These assumptions, however, are not all-inclusive and an extended theory free of the light-speed restrictions,...

A candidate hyper-light drive is discussed that benefits from increasing electromagnetic effects when a spaceship moves at, or faster than light speed. To emphasize these effects, an alternative derivation of Maxwell's equations is presented for treating magnetic/electric charges by using an 'inverse' Lorentz gauge condition considering pseudo-anal...

Tsien's method is extended to treat the orbital motion of a body undergoing accelerations and decelerations. A generalized solution is discussed for the generalized case where a body undergoes azimuthal and radial thrust and the problem is further simplified for azimuthal thrust alone. Judicious selection of thrust could generate either an elliptic...

The problem of predicting the orbital trajectory of a body undergoing accelerations/decelerations is examined by extending Tsien's treatment. A solution is discussed for a generalized case where the body undergoes simultaneously azimuthal and radial thrust and the problem is further simplified for a specific example regarding only azimuthal thrust....

Two techniques are derived for solving the Falkner-Skan equation governing similar boundary layer flows. The first identifies a Green's function which converts the differential equation into a nonlinear Fredholm integral equation. Successive approximations, modified by boundary conditions, will generate solutions to this equation. The second techni...

A method is defined for accelerating convergence of solutions of the Laplace equation applicable to steady-state heat transfer or subsonic flow problems. The algorithm initially collates boundary conditions and embeds the finite difference discretization with an auxiliary variable. This variable demonstrates 'Time-Like' behavior associated with ste...

Development of a new approach to the solution of the coplanar problem of a satellite orbiting two primaries. First, the stability of the libration points is discussed, by examining weak variations of a topological surface. Collinear points are shown to reside on local maxima, while triangular points reside on local minima of this surface. Second, a...

Differences are discussed between the zero-point field (ZPF) and the Physical Vacuum theory used to describe the void of outer space. The physical vacuum is a dense medium of dipoles and quadrapoles that link electric and magnetic fields as well as gravitic and spin fields; it is an inhomogeneous polarized medium. This notion can treat anomalous be...

Virtues of electromagnetic propulsion are examined in light of recent data published about unusual vehicles. If conditionally treated as credible evidence, enough information exists to develop an electromagnetic rocket and compels reexamining Maxwell's equations indicating: o Electric surface currents exist that may sustain a force, o An analogue e...