P. K. SINGH

National Institute of Hydrology · Water Resources Systems

This paper aims to develop a rainfall-runoff hydrological model for the Hasdeo River basin which is tributary of the Mahanadi River, Chhattisgarh, and Aghanashini River, Karnataka, to examine how rainfall affects surface runoff and peak discharges. In this study, the basin is delineated from DEM in HEC-GeoHMS as an import data for HEC-HMS model. La...

India’s major issue is water scarcity and security. To deal with these issues, proper management plans and strategies are required. To diminish the adverse impacts and improve the benefits of water depletion for citizens, a strong knowledge of hydrological processes at basin level is required. Water professionals currently lack a mutual framework t...

The agricultural activities contribute to the largest share of water consumption in the arid and semi-arid basins. In this study, we demonstrate the application of Water Accounting Plus (WA+) for estimation of the green water consumption (ETGreen) and blue water consumption (ETBlue) for assessing the water productivity (WP) and land productivity (L...

Increased runoff and flood management has become more difficult as a result of climate change and land use change. Hydrological modeling is a crucial and decisive tool to estimate the hydrological process and the water resources availability. This study aims to develop a hydrological model for the Hasdeo River basin which is a tributary of Mahanadi...

The emerging water crisis in India can be preempted by improving watershed management. The data scare regions need open access satellite observations to mitigate watershed problems. The water accounting plus (WA+) and open access earth observation datasets were applied to quantify the beneficial and non-beneficial water consumption in the Betwa Riv...

Agriculture faces risks due to increasing stress from climate change, particularly in semi-arid regions. Lack of understanding of crop water requirement (CWR) and irrigation water requirement (IWR) in a changing climate may result in crop failure and socioeconomic problems that can become detrimental to agriculture-based economies in emerging natio...

This study explores recent changes in evaporative demand and water availability across 100 river sub-basins in India by partitioning the actual evapotranspiration (AET) into green water evapotranspiration (ET-Green) and blue water evapotranspiration (ET-Blue). For computation of ET-Green and ET-Blue, the Budyko framework is applied to long-term sce...

Increasing competition for land and water resources is expected in future due to rising demands for food and bioenergy production, biodiversity conservation, and changing production conditions due to climate change. Growing competition for water in many sectors reduces its availability for irrigation. Thus, efficient approaches are required for eff...

The Himalayan-Karakoram (HK) region is often referred as the ‘Water Tower of Asia’, as the melt water from the glaciers and snow cover of this mountainous region provide a continuous supply of water to the major rivers of South Asia, notably the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra. Recent studies reveal that climate change has altered the accumulation of...

The Water Accounting Plus (WA+) framework uses open access remote sensing and GIS data and hydrological model output. This framework uses Budyko hypothesis and thus makes use of ‘green’ water and ‘blue’ water accounting. We applied the WA+ framework to the Subarnarekha basin, India, to assess the total water consumptions and land productivity (LP)...

Hydrologic knowledge in India has a historical footprint extending over several millenniums through the Harappan civilization (∼ 3000-1500 BCE) and the Vedic Period (∼ 1500-500 BCE). As in other ancient civilizations across the world, the need to manage water propelled the growth of hydrologic science in ancient India. Most of the ancient hydrologi...

This study investigates the incidence of Escherichia coli in cauliflower, bitter gourd and soil profile drip-irrigated with municipal wastewater in a semi-arid peri-urban area in India. There were four treatments: drip irrigation with primarily treated municipal wastewater through inline (non-pressure compensating) surface drip (T1), inline subsurf...

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal.

In this study, the concept of activation soil moisture (ASM) has been conceptualised by coupling the Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) concept with the static infiltration component (Fc) for simulating rainfall-runoff process. The ASM has been defined as the height of soil moisture barrier (or the amount of soil moisture deficit), which must be fulfil...

Hydrologic knowledge in India has a historical footprint extending over several millenniums through the Harappan civilization (∼3000–1500 BCE) and the Vedic Period (∼1500–500 BCE). As in other ancient civilizations across the world, the need to manage water propelled the growth of hydrologic science in ancient India. Most of the ancient hydrologic...

This study develops improved Soil Moisture Proxies (SMP) based suspended sediment yield (SMPSY) models corresponding to three antecedent moisture conditions (AMCs) (i.e., AMC‐I‐AMC‐III) by coupling the improved initial abstraction (I a ‐λ) model, the SMA procedure and the SMP concept for modelling the rainfall generated suspended sediment yield. Th...

In this study, remote sensing-based algorithm, METRIC is used to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) over a mountainous watershed in the lesser Himalayas in Uttarakhand, India. ET estimates of METRIC are compared with the ET values determined by using FAO Penman-Monteith equation and crop coefficients. In its original form, METRIC underestimated the E...

The availability of global satellite‐based precipitation datasets provides an asset to accomplish precipitation dependent analysis where gauge based precipitation datasets are not available or limited. In this study, we have taken three most popular and globally accepted satellite‐based daily gridded (0.25°×0.25°) precipitation datasets such as Cli...

The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method is frequently used for the estimation of direct surface runoff depth from the small watersheds. Coupling the SCS-CN method with the Soil Moisture Balance (SMB) method, new simple 2-parameters rainfall-runoff model and 3-parametrs rainfall-sediment yield models are derived for computation of...

The applicability of GCMs (produced at 2° to 4°) and RCMs (produced at ~0.5°) vary and they might produce lots of ambiguity in their outcomes, because of their resolutions. This is true fact and already been reported in several studies. In this study, we have explored the precipitation variabilities in India involved in different resolution climate...

The sediment graph models are useful for computation of sediment yield as well as total sediment out flow from watershed. In this study, the analytical development of proposed sediment graph models is based on Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) procedure coupled Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method, Nash’s Instantaneous Unit Sediment...

This study proposes a simplified 1-parameter SCS-CN model (M5) based on Mishra-Singh (2002) model and soil moisture accounting (SMA) procedure for surface runoff estimation and compares its performance with the existing SCS-CN method (SCS, 1956) (M1), Michel 1-P model (Water Resour Res 41:1-6, 2005) (M2), Sahu 1-P model (Hydrol Process 21:2872-2881...

The present study evaluated the efficacy of three slope adjusted CN2 models as well as original SCS-CN method using LISS-III and ASTER DEM data. The performance of these models was also evaluated for four different values of initial abstraction coefficient (λ), i.e., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 for the Kalu watershed in Maharashtra, India using R² and R...

Incorporation of initial soil moisture (V0) in the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) methodology helps to avoid the sudden jumps in Curve Number (CN) and, in turn, in computed runoff. It invoked the development of an enhanced (yet simple) Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) procedure-based-SCS-CN inspired model, by incorporating initial mo...

The present study evaluated the efficacy of three slope adjusted CN2 models as well as original SCS-CN method using LISS-III and ASTER DEM data. The Performance of these models were also evaluated for four different values of initial abstraction coefficient (λ) i.e., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 for the Kalu watershed in Maharashtra, India using R2 and R...

The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method developed by the USDA-Soil Conservation Service (SCS, 1972) is widely used for the estimation of direct runoff for a given rainfall event from small agricultural watersheds. The initial soil moisture plays an important role in re-structuring of the SCS-CN method and enables us to prevent un...

Micro-irrigation systems (MIS) have been at the forefront of policy-making and social research in exploring determinants that could potentially impact the adoption of MIS technologies in the field to fulfil the basic aim of enhanced agricultural productivity and enriched nutritional quality of the produce with optimal adoption of natural resources....

The reliability of estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using pan evaporation (E-pan) depends on the accurate determination of pan coefficients (K-pan). Six ETo models were evaluated for their usefulness using 33-year climatological dataset of a semi-arid region of the Gujarat state of India. The equations compared include Cuenca (1989),...

Climate is a primary determinant of agricultural productivity. In turn, food and fibber production is essential for sustaining and enhancing human welfare. The trends of maximum atmospheric temperature, rainfall are analysed for meteorological data of Anand district in Central Gujarat India. Rainfall distribution over India is highly erratic and un...

This review paper critically examines one of the most popular flood hydrograph modelling techniques for ungauged basins, the synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH), and its recent developments and advances. For this purpose, the SUH models were first grouped into four main classes, as follows: (a) traditional or empirical models; (b) conceptual models; (c...

Rooftop rainwater harvesting, among other options, play a central role in addressing water security and reducing impacts on the environment. The storm or annual storm runoff coefficient (RC/ASRC) play a significant role in quantification of potential of rooftop catchments for rainwater harvesting, however, these are usually selected from generic li...

The performance of the plot combine harvester manufactured by M/ S Winter steiger, Austria (Model: Nursery Master Elite) was evaluated different varieties of wheat crop. The minimum and maximum sieve loss were found 0.28 and 0.0.92 % for variety UP 2592 and UP 2565. The shaker loss was observed minimum i.e. 0.21 % in case of variety UP 2592 while m...

A simple procedure is proposed and demonstrated to generate synthetic sediment graphs (SSG) for ungauged catchments. The proposed procedure makes use of widely used two-parameter gamma distribution function in a simplified manner. The shape and scale parameters of the distribution are derived using simple analytical procedures given by Bhunya et al...

The sediment graphs (time distribution of sediment yield) are very essential if the sediment transports the pollutants that are toxic at high concentrations, requiring determination of peak, rather than average sediment flow rate. In this paper, an effort has been made to develop a simple conceptual model of sediment yield based on Soil Conservatio...

Although many hydrologic models are available for the estimation of direct runoff from storm rainfall, most models are limited because of their intensive input data and calibration requirements. The Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) technique has been applied successfully throughout the entire spectrum of hydrology and water resources...

This paper explores the potential of using the density functions of the one-parameter chi-square distribution (1PCSD) and the two-parameter Fréchet distribution (2PFD) as parametric expressions for describing synthetic unit hydrographs (SUH) using geomorphological parameters of the catchment and, in particular, Horton ratios. To estimate the parame...

The study explores the suitability of a two-reservoir variable storage coefficient (2VSC) model with respect to the popular two-parameter gamma distribution (2PGD) model (Nash, 1957) for direct runoff hydrograph (DRH) derivation from a small test catchment. The proposed model is based on the concept of VSC that utilizes a varying storage coefficien...

The two-parameter Weibull distribution (2PWD), similar to an instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH), is parameterized in terms of Horton catchment ratios on the basis of a geomorphologic model of catchment response. For this the shape and scale parameters of the Weibull distribution are expressed analytically in terms of Horton's catchment ratios. The...

This paper proposes new conceptual sediment graph models based on coupling of popular and extensively used methods, viz., Nash model based instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG), soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) method, and Power law. These models vary in their complexity and this paper tests their performance using data of the Nag...

The hybrid model (HM) is extended for the derivation of synthetic unit hydrographs by introducing the concept of translation, which is essential for describing the behavior of the dynamic system. A generalized form of the extended hybrid model (EHM) is also presented in the present study. Further synthesis of the generalized form of the EHM shows t...