Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal

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• Doctor of Engineering
• Professor Associate at Nile Valley University

Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Conduction, also called diffusio...

Convection is a significant principle in Engineering Thermodynamics, a discipline that revolves around the intricate relationship between heat and other forms of energy. An understanding of convection is crucial in various areas of engineering such as mechanical, civil, environmental, and chemical engineering. The term 'convection' is defined as th...

Mass transfer is the movement of components of a mixture from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration as a result of concentration differences between the two areas. If the concentration of a species is initially not uniform (the concentration might be greater in one region of a vessel than another, for example) then, over t...

The steady state condition is paramount in the operation and design of heat transfer systems. Many engineering applications aim to achieve steady state because of its predictability and ease of control. In the context of heat transfer, one mode stands out due to its prevalence in various applications-conduction. When the temperature varies within t...

This research aims to give students of engineering a thorough grounding in the subject of heat transfer. The research is comprehensive in its coverage without sacrificing the necessary theoretical details. The research is designed as a complete course test in heat transfer for degree courses in mechanical and production and chemical engineering and...

The review discusses the critical impact of human error in maintenance operations across various industries, particularly in flour milling, as well as aviation and maritime sectors. It highlights those human errors, often stemming from inadequate training, poor communication, and flawed equipment design, significantly contribute to equipment failur...

The research provides a comprehensive understanding of heat transfer for engineering students, covering various topics and emphasizing key theoretical principles. It's a useful resource for degree programs in mechanical, production, and chemical engineering, as well as interdisciplinary studies. The study explores transient heat conduction, using m...

The paper explores the process of condensation, where vapor transforms into liquid upon cooling, a critical mechanism for heat transfer in energy systems like electric power generation, refrigeration, and HVAC. It differentiates between film wise and dropwise condensation, noting that dropwise condensation generally allows for more efficient heat t...

The research on Grain Milling Factories Company Ltd. aims to analyze the flour production process, including essential stages like cleaning, grinding, and sieving, while identifying key equipment involved, such as conveyors and grinding machines. It explores the prevalence of human errors in maintenance due to factors like time pressure and inadequ...

Boiling heat transfer plays a vital role across numerous industries, facilitating effective heat transfer via the liquid-to-vapor phase change. Its significance is especially pronounced in power generation and chemical processing, where it impacts both design and safety considerations. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of this process can enhan...

The study examines Sudan's electricity deficit and its impact on economic growth, social welfare, and the environment. It identifies challenges such as conflict, underinvestment, and unequal energy access, particularly in rural areas. To address these issues, the study advocates for innovative, decentralized renewable energy solutions that emphasiz...

The challenges that Face technical education in Sudan could be summarized in the following points: Improvement of the ratio of Diploma to B.Sc. graduates, technical and academic financing through government , foreign donations, private sector , and trainee fees , capacity building of teachers and trainers, job description specification for each spe...

This paper presents a comprehensive introduction to convective heat transfer, a critical process in various engineering applications and natural phenomena. We begin by defining the fundamental concepts and terminology associated with convective heat transfer, delineating its significance in thermal management and fluid dynamics. Theoretical foundat...

This study examines the influence of porosity on the thermo-mechanical environment of functionally graded square (FGSP) and rectangular plates (FGRP). The current theory suggests that only four unknown functions are involved, compared to five in other shear deformation theories, and the boundary conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the pla...

More than half of the global population now resides in urban areas, increasingly concentrated in highly dense cities, marking a relatively recent phenomenon in human history that has transformed our ways of living, working, traveling, and connecting. This article provides a comprehensive overview of urbanization in Sudan, tracing its evolution from...

The study of exponential lag elements focuses on understanding the behavior of systems with time delays, particularly in control systems and signal processing. It examines the transient and steady-state responses of these elements to different input types (e.g., step functions, ramp inputs sinusoidal waves, impulses) to assess their effect on syste...

With the wide application of nickel-based superalloys, problems related with the cutting chatter processing have become a serious problem affecting the processing efficiency and the machining accuracy. Therefore, a review study on the influence of cutting parameters on chatter to improve the processing properties of nickel-based superalloys and the...

Second-order systems are commonly used in control engineering due to their simplicity, as they can be easily modeled with straightforward differential equations, and their ability to accurately represent various physical systems like mass-spring-damper setups. They facilitate stability analysis through key parameters such as damping ratio and natur...

Enhancing static voltage stability in Sudan's national grid is vital for improving the reliability and efficiency of its electricity supply system, especially as the country develops its power infrastructure to meet rising demand. This involves employing advanced control strategies, integrating reactive power support systems like Static Var Compens...

The aim of this research paper is to highlight the importance of efficient maintenance management to enhance productivity within production systems and improve workplace management in industrial facilities. Maintenance management refers to a structured approach aimed at preserving the assets and resources of industrial or service facilities, partic...

The Holy Qur'an provides a framework for integrating scientific and engineering observations with faith, emphasizing ethical stewardship of the earth and encouraging curiosity and innovation. This perspective reframes scientific advancements as spiritual and ethical responsibilities toward humanity and creation, enriching our understanding of life...

The research article focuses on improving the performance and reliability of telemetry and remote-control systems. Its primary objectives include developing reliability models to predict failures, analyzing potential failure modes through techniques like Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), and implementing strate...

Studying research methodology in engineering aims to cultivate essential skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, ethical practices, and effective communication, which are crucial for engineers to conduct impactful research and drive innovation in response to societal challenges. Unlike pure sciences, engineering emphasizes applying knowl...

In wastewater treatment plants, water passes through several stages or treatment processes, all of which consume expensive electricity and chemicals. This research applied one of the tools of total quality management (TQM), which is control maps, through which the performance of the entire system is monitored, and this allows solving problems in th...

The study of manufacturing and processing composite materials focuses on various fabrication techniques to enhance structural performance, analyze material properties for improved durability and lightweight characteristics, and explore diverse applications across industries like aerospace and automotive to drive innovation. Since gaining prominence...

This review article aims to consolidate knowledge on steady-state heat conduction by providing a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles and equations applicable to both rectangular and cylindrical geometries. It evaluates various analytical, numerical, and empirical methods for solving heat conduction problems, highlighting difference...

The study of manufacturing and processing composite materials focuses on various fabrication techniques to enhance structural performance, analyze material properties for improved durability and lightweight characteristics, and explore diverse applications across industries like aerospace and automotive to drive innovation. Since gaining prominence...

The study of exponential lag elements focuses on understanding the behavior of systems with time delays, particularly in control systems and signal processing. It examines the transient and steady-state responses of these elements to different input types (e.g., step functions, ramp inputs sinusoidal waves, impulses) to assess their effect on syste...

Why does the thickness of the insulator not affect the rate of heat transfer The thickness of an insulator plays a role in heat transfer, but its effect can be nuanced, depending on the context in which heat transfer is being considered. Here are some key points that illustrate why, under certain conditions, the thickness of an insulator may not si...

Reducing exhaust pollution from rickshaw vehicles in Atbara City, Sudan, can be approached through various strategies.

Designing and implementing pipelines for transporting petroleum materials is a complex engineering task that involves several key considerations. Below is an overview of the major aspects involved in the design, construction, and operation of petroleum pipelines.

Creating a proposal for constructing a yogurt factory in Atbara, Sudan requires a comprehensive analysis of several key factors.

The asymmetry between the right and left limbs of the human body is a multifaceted topic that encompasses aspects of anatomy, genetics, neurobiology, and evolution. This research paper will explore the factors contributing to limb asymmetry and the general tendency for the right limbs to be larger than their left counterparts. Abstract This paper i...

Do all living organisms, whether microscopic or macroscopic, depend on water for their survival? And if so, why? Water is often referred to as the "universal solvent," and its significance to all living organisms-whether microscopic or macroscopic-cannot be overstated. Here are several reasons why water is essential for the survival of life: 1. Bio...

Conducting a study on the optimal form of buildings in Sudan involves several considerations, including regional climate, cultural context, materials available, economic factors, and sustainable building practices. Here's a general outline of how you might approach this research:

In recent years, Sudan has witnessed significant developments in the engineering sector, with increased infrastructure projects and technological advancements. However, with these developments come ethical challenges that require clear guidelines to ensure integrity, responsibility, and professionalism among engineers. This proposal aims to establi...

Background: Solar thermal collectors, particularly flat plate collectors, are widely used for heating applications. The efficiency of these collectors is influenced by several factors, including water quality. One crucial factor is the pH of the water, which can affect scaling, corrosion, and overall heat transfer efficiency. • Problem Statement: M...

Establishing a consulting services office in the field of architecture in Sudan can be a promising venture, given the country's ongoing development and need for infrastructure and urban planning.

The localization of manufacturing minor spare parts for the cement industry in Atbara City, Sudan, is an intriguing and relevant topic.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Fatigue results in slower reactions, reduced ability to process information, memory lapses, absent-mindedness, decreased awareness, lack of attention, underestimation of risk, reduced coordination etc. Fatigue can lead to errors and accidents, ill-health and injury, and reduced productivity. Fatigue dramatically increases the...

يقول هدسون ماكسيم ان التساؤل يولد التقدم وان الشك وعدم اليقين أفضل من الثقة الزائدة لأنه يقود الي التساؤل والذي بدوره يقود للمبادأة والاختراع. الحاجة تقود الي التساؤل والتساؤل يقود الي الفضول الذي بدوره يقود الي المبادأة والاختراع (Necessity is the mother of invention)

Fluid power is the use of fluids under pressure to generate, control, and transmit power. Fluid power is conventionally subdivided into hydraulics (using a liquid such as mineral oil or water) and pneumatics (using a gas such as compressed air or other gases). Although steam is also a fluid, steam power is usually classified separately from fluid p...

إنتقال الحرارة هو فرع من الهندسة الحرارية ويهتم بتوليد الطاقة الحرارية (الحرارة أو كمية الحرارة) واستخدامها وتحويلها وتبادلها بين المنظومات الفيزيائية. يصنف إنتقال الحرارة إلى آليات مختلفة مثل التوصيل الحراري، والحمل الحراري، والإشعاع الحراري، وإنتقال الطاقة بالتحولات الطورية. يدرس المهندسون أيضًا إنتقال الكتلة مختلفة الصنف الكيميائي، سواءً ساخنة أ...

Thermodynamics deals with the concepts of heat and temperature and the inter-conversion of heat and other forms of energy. The four laws of thermodynamics govern the behavior of these quantities and provide a quantitative description. William Thomson, in 1749, coined the term thermodynamics. Thermodynamics in physics is a branch that deals with hea...

Thermal Power Plants Chapter 1 – Basic Steam Power Cycles

Thermal Power Plants Chapter 3 – Basic Gas Turbine Cycles

Thermal Power Plants Chapter 2 – Steam Engine

Thermal Power Plants Chapter 4 – Gas Turbine

Thermal Power Plants Chapter 5 – Fossil and Renewable Energy Resources

In general, algorithm modification is changing or alternating some aspects of the original algorithms with improving their performances. This work aims to introduce and implement a novel modified Jaya algorithm (MJ) to optimize fins and tube heat exchangers. The objective functions used in the current work are to minimize total cost and maximize ef...

Products, devices, and components that you purchase and use are all made of materials. To select appropriate materials, and processing techniques for specific applications, you must have knowledge of the material properties and understand how the structure affects the material properties.

Tensile testing, is a fundamental materials science test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. The results from the test are commonly used to select a material for an application, for quality control, and to predict how a material will react under other types of forces. On the other hand, a compression test is a meth...

The cost estimate is used to determine the size of the required investment to create or modify assets. It is also during the early phases that alternative plans are considered that need to be priced. The cost estimate is a deliverable that serves the decision-making process at each gate of the project lifecycle. Being able to make accurate cost est...

Capitalism affords economic freedom, consumer choice, and economic growth. Socialism, which is an economy controlled by the state and planned by a central planning authority, provides for a greater social welfare and decreases business fluctuations. Islamic economics aim for moral development, promoting unity, social justice, fair and equitable dis...

In this review research, the air intake and exhaust systems in internal combustion deck's engine are investigated and studied from the considerations of Introduction; Theoretical Background which includes: Introduction, Gas Exchange Processes, Quasi Static Effects – Volumetric Efficiency of an Ideal Cycle, Effect of Fuel Composition, Phase, and Fue...

In this research, the air intake and exhaust systems in internal combustion deck's engine are investigated and the volumetric efficiency as a major impact on effective power of deck's engine is studied comprehensively and thoroughly. Some of the parameters affecting the volumetric efficiency were studied such as air pressure, air temperature, compr...

Conducting a feasibility study ensures that your project will go smoothly. Any large project that involves engineering is likely to require a lot of time, money, and effort. Before embarking on such a commitment, it is wise to conduct a feasibility study. A feasibility study is a detailed analysis that considers all of the critical aspects of a pro...

جامعة الشيخ عبد الله البدري – بربر (القدواب) كلية الهندسة قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية مقترحات مشاريع تخرج لجامعة الشيخ عبد الله البدري Graduation project proposals for Sheikh Abdullah Al-Badri University Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Ni...

CITATIONS of Dr. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Nile Valley University - Atbara – Sudan Email address: osamamm64@gmail.com Google scholar citation link: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-...

ENGINEERING BOOKS IN ENGLISH AND ARABIC LANGUAGES BY Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Nile Valley University - Atbara – Sudan Email address: osamamm64@gmail.com Google scholar citation link: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-k9z...

جامعة الشيخ عبد الله البدري كلية الهندسة قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية مقرَّر قياسات ميكانيكية – المخططات الكتلية أو الصندوقية (2) برنامج البكالوريوس المستوي الدراسي الرابع – الفصل الثاني Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Nile Valley Universi...

جامعة الشيخ عبد الله البدري كلية الهندسة قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية مقرَّر قياسات ميكانيكية – أنظمة القياس (3) برنامج البكالوريوس المستوي الدراسي الرابع – الفصل الثاني Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Nile Valley University - Atbara – Sud...

جامعة الشيخ عبد الله البدري كلية الهندسة قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية مقرَّر قياسات ميكانيكية – مقدمة عن أنظمة القياس (1) برنامج البكالوريوس المستوي الدراسي الرابع – الفصل الثاني Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Nile Valley University - Atb...

مقرر ديناميكا حرارية 1 – الإجراءات الإنعكاسية واللاإنعكاسية (2) برنامج البكالوريوس المستوي الدراسي الثالث – الفصل الأول

مفهوم الطاقة والفرضية التي تقول إنها لا تستحدث ولا تفنى قد تم تطويرها بواسطة العديد من العلماء في الجزء المبكر من القرن التاسع عشر، وأصبحت تعرف بمبدأ بقاء الطاقة. القانون الأول للديناميكا الحرارية هو ليس إلا واحداً من التعبيرات لهذا المبدأ العام بمرجعية خاصة لطاقة الحرارة والطاقة الميكانيكية (i.e. الشغل). عندما يتم عمل نظام ليؤدي دورة كاملة فإن صاف...

مقرر ديناميكا حرارية 1 – القانون الثاني للديناميكا الحرارية (3) برنامج البكالوريوس المستوي الدراسي الثالث – الفصل الأول Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Nile Valley University - Atbara – Sudan Email address: osamamm64@gmail.com Google sc...

مقرر محطات قدرة حرارية – دورة المحرك الحراري (1) برنامج الدبلوم المستوي الدراسي الثالث – الفصل الأول Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Nile Valley University - Atbara – Sudan Email address: osamamm64@gmail.com Google scholar citation link...

مقرر محطات قدرة حرارية – محطَّات القدرة البخارية (2) برنامج الدبلوم المستوي الدراسي الثالث – الفصل الأول Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Nile Valley University - Atbara – Sudan Email address: osamamm64@gmail.com Google scholar citation...

مقرر محطات قدرة حرارية – التوربينات الغازية (3) برنامج الدبلوم المستوي الدراسي الثالث – الفصل الأول Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Nile Valley University - Atbara – Sudan Email address: osamamm64@gmail.com Google scholar citation link:...

Maintenance management is a system of processes designed to protect and properly maintain the physical assets and resources of a company. Machine maintenance is the work that keeps mechanical assets running with minimal downtime. Machine maintenance can include regularly scheduled service, routine checks, and both scheduled and emergency repairs. I...

Industrial engineering has provided a systematic approach to streamline and improve productivity and efficiency. Benefits that can be linked directly to the work of industrial engineers include the following: i. Leaner, more efficient, and more profitable business practices while increasing customer service and quality. ii. Improved efficiency. Thi...

Effective industrial management is important as it helps organizations meet challenges, accomplish goals, reduce costs, utilize resources optimally, and establish sound organizations, thereby benefiting both businesses and society. Studying industrial management offers numerous benefits for individuals aiming for a career in this field. Firstly, it...

Fatigue results in slower reactions, reduced ability to process information, memory lapses, absent-mindedness, decreased awareness, lack of attention, underestimation of risk, reduced coordination etc. Fatigue can lead to errors and accidents, ill-health and injury, and reduced productivity. Fatigue dramatically increases the risk of accidents and...

Second-order systems are prevalent in control systems literature and industrial control system implementations for several reasons: Simplicity: Second-order systems are relatively simple to analyze and design compared to higher-order systems. They can be described by a second-order differential equation, which makes it easier to understand their be...

If the real components of all poles are negative, then the system is said to be stable. If the real component of the pole is positive, the system is unstable, meaning the output signal will diverge from the set point. The root locus method for continuous time systems can be extended to discrete time systems without much modification since the chara...

Mechanical measurement plays a vital role in the accuracy and reliability of mechanical systems in the study of engineering. Accurate and reliable measurements are crucial for designing, analyzing, and optimizing mechanical systems for optimal performance. Measurement is always of fundamental significance to the practicing engineers. For the develo...

Many practical systems are first order; for example, the mass-damper system and the mass heating system are both first order systems. Higher order systems can often be approximated as first order systems to a reasonable degree of accuracy if they have a dominant first order mode. First order differential equations have applications in Electrical ci...

Condensation represents the change of phase from the vapor state to the liquid state because of cooling. It is considered one of the most important heat-transfer processes in many energy-conversion systems, such as electric power generation plants. Condensation heat transfer finds its applications in power generation, refrigeration, air conditionin...

Boiling heat transfer is a critical process in various industries, efficiently transferring heat through the phase change of a liquid to vapor. This thermal phenomenon is essential in applications ranging from power generation to chemical processing, influencing design and safety considerations. Understanding its mechanisms and factors affecting ef...

Mass transfer by convection involves the transport of material between a boundary surface (such as solid or liquid surface) and a moving fluid or between two relatively immiscible, moving fluids. There are two different cases of convective mass transfer: 1/ Mass transfer takes place only in a single phase either to or from a phase boundary, as in s...

This study addresses the problem of free vibration of laminated composite beams. Six end boundary conditions for beams are considered: clamped-clamped; hinged-hinged; free-free; clamped-hinged; clamped-free; and hinged-free beams. The problem is analyzed and solved using the energy approach which is formulated by a finite element model. This method...

No matter what kind of engineer you are, you will eventually need to write an engineering report. This type of technical writing means knowing how to share information about research and analysis and then present it clearly in writing. بغض النظر عن نوع المهندس الذي أنت عليه، سوف تحتاج في النهاية إلى كتابة تقرير هندسي. ويعني هذا النوع من الكتابة الت...

This textbook aims to emphasize the importance of correct maintenance of engines, machine tools and the skills required for technicians, in addition to providing the student with an integrated understanding of maintenance and the desired benefit from its good management. This textbook includes four chapters. The first chapter which entitles industr...

In this study, the effect of the end conditions of cross-ply laminated composite beams (CLCB) on their non-dimensional natural frequencies of free vibration was investigated. The problem is analyzed and solved using the energy approach which is formulated by a finite element model. In that model, a three-noded element with three degrees of freedom...

The motivation that led to the writing of the present paper is the necessity to exploit the high velocity energy of River Nile that obtained when River Atbara meets River Nile in Atbara town which is located in River Nile State. At the junction of the two rivers high velocity energy is gained, and therefore, a suitable energy converter is needed to...

The following assumptions were made in developing the mathematical formulations of laminated plates: 1. All layers behave elastically; 2. Displacements are small compared with the plate thickness; 3. Perfect bonding exists between layers; 4. The laminate is equivalent to a single anisotropic layer; 5. The plate is flat and has a constant thickness...

This book was originally prepared in 2012 and updated recently in 2015. The objective of the present book is to present a complete and up – to – date coverage of composite laminates properties and literature reviews through the usage of a wide spectrum of old and recent bibliography.

يهدف هذا الكتاب لتأكيد أهمية استخدام التوربينات لتوليد قدرة ميكانيكية يُستفاد منها في توليد قدرة كهربائية أو تشغيل منظومة مضخَّات أو غيرها من التطبيقات الهندسية.

يهدف هذا الكتاب لتأكيد أهمية استخدام التوربينات الغازية في حياتنا المعاصرة في تطبيقات هندسية عديدة من بينها توليد الطاقة الكهربائية، الطائرات النفاثة وفي العديد من المنشآت الهندسية.

يهدف هذا الكتاب لتأكيد أهمية استخدام المضخات في عمليات الري، نقل البترول الخام وفي العديد من المنشئات الهندسية.

First order shear deformation (FSDT) theory for laminated composite beams is used to study the free vibration of laminated composite beams, and the finite element method (FEM) is employed to obtain the numerical solution of the governing differential equations. Free vibration analysis of cross-ply symmetrically laminated beams with rectangular cros...

A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that gives better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to metallic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The main advantages of c...

Dedication In the name of Allah, the merciful, the compassionate All praise is due to Allah and blessings and peace is upon his messenger and servant, Mohammed, and upon his family and companions and whoever follows his guidance until the day of resurrection. To the memory of my mother Khadra Dirar Taha, my father Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman, and my...

يهدف هذا الكتاب لتأكيد أهمية استخدام التوربينات لتوليد قدرة ميكانيكية يُستفاد منها في توليد قدرة كهربائية أو تشغيل منظومة مضخَّات أو غيرها من التطبيقات الهندسية.

This paper addresses free vibration of laminated plates using finite element method with the intention of studying the effects of certain parameters on the natural frequency. First – order shear deformation theory is employed in the analysis. A computer program is written in matlab. The factors which were studied included lamination sequence, mater...

In this study, finite element method is used to compute deflections of composite beams undergoing geometric nonlinearity. The beams analyzed are laminates with different lay-ups and different end conditions, subjected to uniformly distributed loads. Integrals encountered in the analysis are performed by hand, and therefore considered more accurate...

Dedication In the name of Allah, the merciful, the compassionate All praise is due to Allah and blessings and peace is upon his messenger and servant, Mohammed, and upon his family and companions and whoever follows his guidance until the day of resurrection. To the memory of my mother Khadra Dirar Taha, my father Mohammed Elmardi, and my aunt Zaaf...