Omolola Bark

University of Turku | UTU · Department of Geography and Geology

Regional economic performance is positively linked to entrepreneurship capital because it creates new direction for public policy that focuses on instruments to enhance entrepreneurship capital. However, studies related to Entrepreneurship and Innovation had somewhat established a disadvantage position for knowledge-intensive enterprises located in...

e International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Parliament (EP) in 2005 and 2012 established Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) in Northern Europe where from 2015 ships must use fuel with a sulphur content not exceeding 0.1% and 3.5% in non-SECAs. is has spurred active discussion that the regulation has created economic disadvantage...

The European Parliament (EP) in 2012 established Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) in Northern Europe including the Baltic Sea where ships since 2015 must use low sulphur fuel content not exceeding 0.1%. This has spurred discussions if and how these regulations impact maritime stakeholders as well as the economy in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR)....

The clean shipping concept emerged in a bid to make maritime transportation green and environmentally friendly. This mandate is being accomplished through improved conducts, actions and technology in the maritime industry. One of such measures was the creation of the Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) in 2005 and 2012 to reduce the rate of sulph...

This study considers incentive provisions for investment decisions related to waste heat recovery system (WHRS) installations on ships to reduce CO2 emissions and improve ships' engine efficiency. The economic assessment of WHRS installations in the shipping sector is not widely covered in the literature. A reason for this might be that the convent...

This paper highlights the transformative potential of the New Eurasian Landbridge initiative and answers several questions regarding possible strategic endeavour that can bolster transcontinental infrastructure, enhance trade dynamics, and foster cultural exchange between Europe and China. It is a known fact that the geopolitical landscape of Euras...

The paper explores maritime environmental regulations, analyzing industry perspectives and their operational execution. It critically assesses the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations' effectiveness in mitigating climate challenges within the shipping domain. The central argument is that the evolving and intricate nature of maritim...

This paper explores Africa’s emerging maritime opportunities, focusing on the increasing flow of maritime goods and the demand for vessel transport. This analysis takes into consid-eration the flourishing economy of the Northern Hemisphere and its implications for Africa. We explore the continent’s economic and maritime hubs, their historical devel...

The multi-objective optimization for voyage planning, which aims to balance time, fuel utilization, and all other relevant service costs, is noticeably absent in the scientific literature. The reason behind this gap is closely linked to the involvement of a large number of participants with conflicting interests in the process. This complexity expl...

One of the consequences of the conflict in Ukraine relates to the growing shortfall in global ammonia production. There are additional negative global impacts on the availability of fertilizers and prices of ammonia (NH3). The shortage in ammonia production does not only influence the agroindustry but also the global shipping industry, as ammonia i...

To increase production efficiency at industrial enterprises, various digital technologies have recently been used, which have various effects: reduction of time, money, material costs, reduction of the production cycle, productivity growth. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the efficiency of the digitalization of garment production, determine...

This study compares carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in multimodal transport chains. Given the recent pressure towards responsible logistics, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has given several resolutions aiming to decrease all emission types in sea transports. The study analyzes different combinations of alternative delivery chains of p...

The study calculates the costs of the environmental impact of cruise shipping to determine how and to what extent the cruise industry has evolved towards clean shipping in the Baltic Sea Region. While environmental regulations connect directly to emissions reduction, measures to ensure a clean shipping industry are beyond regulatory measures. The s...

In 2018, 4.1 billion tonnes of freight and 437 million passengers passed through the 1200 European ports. This dimension of geographically concentrated activities is the rationale that ports are characterised by a high-energy demand and a high share of emissions. Driven by a growing awareness for a cleaner environment, a stronger focus on sustainab...

To ensure the compliant of the CO2 regulation, the IMO set standards for the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for ships that also led to a higher propelling costs and additional abatement investments for ship owners making energy efficiency and fuel-saving a high priority in shipping operations. This study focuses on the financial analysis of...

After a successful implementation of the sulphur regulations in the BSR and North Sea, the global sulphur cap was enforced from the beginning of 2020 suggesting that the activity towards less shipping emissions has become a global effort. Coupled with the sulphur law that forces shipping companies to opt for suitable compliance strategies requiring...

The maritime industry is getting much attention owing to the current energy and climate crises. There are increasing discussions on sustainable maritime transport across the globe especially after the successful implementation of the sulphur regulations in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). The world is now getting ready for the 2020 global sulphur cap s...

Seit 2015 ist die Ostsee Teil einer Emissionsschutzzone (ECA: Emission Control Area), in der verschärfte Abgasregeln für die Schifffahrt gelten. Der anfängliche Fokus der Abgasreduktionen lag auf der Verminderung von Schwefelemissionen, sodass die momentan geltenden Regelungen der IMO und der EU auch unter dem Namen SECA-Regeln überregionale Bekann...

In January 2015, the Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) regulations changed so that ships that ply the Baltic Sea and the North Sea can no longer use bunker fuel that exceeds 0.1 per cent v/v of sulphur. Many changes have been seen in the maritime sector, especially in the Baltic Sea region (BSR). From studies, the impact is still somewhat negat...

Since the introduction of the amended Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) regulations in 2015, the Baltic Sea has witnessed high compliance rate. However, a closer look to the experiences in the Baltic Sea reveals that the currently preferred compliance strategies depend on low oil price, where ship owners shun investments in abatement and mariti...

To meet the global 2020 low sulphur demand and beyond, the supply of low sulphur fuel must increase and expand. So far, the world bunker market is split between the different compliance solutions increasing demand for sulphur compliant fuel. The work examines the implementation of an innovative business model initially designed to meet energy need...

According to the Porter hypothesis, regulations on environmental emissions under certain conditions can promote eco-innovation. This is why the technological innovation systems (TIS) theory sees regulatory pressure as a major system function critical in the take-off phase. In other words, the design and timing of any regulation may be decisive for...

Identification, development, and management of the cluster structure of territories is an important factor of economic growth. The purpose of this study is to determine the cluster structure of Russian regions and assess the impact of these cluster specialization on the size of gross regional product (GRP). For this purpose, the methodology of the...

This paper measures and analyses the cost of sulphur emission control area (SECA) regulations that came into effect on the 1st of January 2015 in the BSR. Given the upcoming 2020 global sulphur directive, the role of the SECA regulatory costs analysis is vital in shaping global compliance. The specific measure of regulatory costs used the data of s...

A closer look at the SECA compliance the situation reveals that the currently preferred compliance strategies depend on low oil price where ship owners shun investments in abatement technologies which may lead into an economic trap in the event of the oil price increase. The research considers incentive provisions for maritime investors who make in...

In 2012, the European Parliament (EP) established Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) in Northern Europe comprising the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the English Channel where from 2015 ships are obliged to use bunker fuel with a sulphur content not exceeding 0.1%. Estonia is a maritime fuel producer due to its oil shale reserves in the North-Eas...

After three years of 0.1% Sulphur limit of the Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA) enforcement, empirical results have shown that the fears that SECA regulation would be a disadvantage for the Baltic Sea maritime sector are unfounded. Results have also shown commendable compliance rate and improved environmental conditions for the BSR. Nonetheless...

The Estonian oil shale industry represents up to 5% of the national economy and plays an important role in a weakly developed Ida-Virumaa County, which shares a common border with Russia and hosts the majority of Russian-speaking Estonians. Approximately half of this regional workforce is employed directly or indirectly in this industry giving the...

Green shipping enjoys high attention on the environmental agenda of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). After the implementation of the SECA regulation in BSR in 2015, the next step towards cleaner shipping will be the NECA regulation from 2021. Both emission control measures represent a partial but important position in the socio-economic impact of green...

After the Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA) regulation was enforced in January 2015, there were discussions on the possible negative effect on the maritime business in the Baltic Sea Region. At three years of enforcement , empirical results have allayed some these fears. Notwithstanding, there are still unclear details regarding the administrati...

Green shipping enjoys high attention on the environmental agenda of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). After the implementation of the SECA regulation in BSR in 2015, the next step towards cleaner shipping will be the NECA regulation from 2021. Both emission control measures represent a partial but important position in the socioeconomic impact of green...

In 2012, the European Parliament (EP) established Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) in Northern Europe comprising the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the English Channel where from 2015 ships are obliged to use bunker fuel with a sulphur content not exceeding 0.1%. Estonia is a maritime fuel producer due to its oil shale reserves in the North-Eas...

The indications from BSR after 2015 showed that the low fuel price has eased the economic effects of the SECA regulation and as a result, most ship owners have delayed their investment decisions. Even though the postponement of emission abatement techniques seems to have reduced the compliance expenses for SECA, they, however, did not improve the p...

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) is employing a global clean shipping approach to reduce shipping emissions and to improve the Maritime’s carbon footprint. One of the measures was the establishment of Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA) in special parts of the world including Baltic Sea Region (BSR). Since 2015, ships are allowed only...

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Parliament (EP) decided in 2005 and 2012 to establish Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) in Northern Europe where operating ships from 2015 must use fuel with a low sulphur content not exceeding 0.1% (IMO, 2011). Some of the first reactions were seen with vessels operating in the Bal...

The European Parliament (EP) in 2012 established Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) in Northern Europe including the Baltic Sea where ships since 2015 must use low sulphur fuel content not exceeding 0.1%. This has spurred discussions if and how these regulations impact maritime stakeholders as well as the economy in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR)....

Sulphur Emission Control Area(s) (SECA) was created in May 2005 to enforce a stricter control to minimise airborne emissions (SOx ,NOx, PA) from ships. Regulation stipulates that Marine fuel must not have more than 0.1% Sulphur content. The success of any new regulation and the regulatory innovations that stem from it is dependent on the following:...

There are speculations that the SECA regulation implementation will cost the maritime sector between €2.6 billion and 11 billion per year by 2020 (AirClim, 2011) which will pose a huge financial pressure on marine stakeholders. According to Risk (2004), the sustainability of good regulations is crucial in order to achieve growth and one way to achi...

Innovation is the key driving factor for economic growth and social wealth. Innovative products and services emerge more often as a result of cross-sectorial combination of technologies, design and business models. Schumpeter (The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. New Brunswi...

Studies related to Entrepreneurship and Innovation had somewhat established a disadvantage position for knowledge-intensive enterprises located in rural area. One observation in this regard is that entrepreneurship and innovation tend to be higher in cities and more densely populated regions. Furthermore, entrepreneurship and innovation are seen to...

The partially purified amylase extracted from a local isolate of Rhizopus sp. was used for hydrolysis of Sorghum bicolor starch. The amylolytic activity of the enzyme was 45.33 U/g and the protein content was 0.345 mg/ml. The maximum temperature for the enzyme was obtained at 55 degrees C while it acts best at pH 5.0. The percentage increase of 1.6...