Olivia Kirtley

• PhD
• FWO Senior Postdoctoral Research Fellow at KU Leuven

Background: A growing body of research has explored altered physical pain threshold and tolerance in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal self-harm. The evidence, however, is inconsistent such that the nature of the relationship is unclear, and whether or not this effect is also present in suicidal self-harm is equivocal. Methods: A keyw...

Those who self-harm have been shown to be less sensitive to physical pain, but more sensitive to emotional pain, appearing to contradict social neuroscience research that suggests that individuals who are more sensitive to physical pain are also more sensitive to emotional pain. The current study investigated the relationship between self-reported...

Suicide is a major public health concern accounting for 800,000 deaths globally each year. Although there have been many advances in understanding suicide risk in recent decades, our ability to predict suicide is no better now than it was 50 years ago. There are many potential explanations for this lack of progress but the absence, until recently,...

In the mental health field, there is a growing awareness that the study of psychiatric symptoms in the context of everyday life, using experience sampling methodology (ESM), may provide a powerful and necessary addition to more conventional research approaches. ESM, a structured self‐report diary technique, allows the investigation of experiences w...

The COVID-19 pandemic is believed to have strongly impacted adolescents' mental health through limiting their day-to-day social lives. However, little is known about the role of (social) risk/protective factors and adolescent mental health. Subclinical psychopathology, and risk and protective factors of n = 173 adolescents (T1 mean age = 16.0; 89%...

The experience sampling method (ESM) is increasingly used by researchers from various disciplines to answer novel questions about individuals’ daily lives. Measurement best practices have long been overlooked in ESM research, and recent reviews show that item quality is often not reported in ESM studies. The absence of information about item qualit...

Purpose: Self-harm is a leading cause of death and injury worldwide and is especially common amongst adolescents. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are characterized as a risk factor for self-harm within the Integrated-Motivational Volitional (IMV) model. However, it is unclear how ACEs relate to self-harm as it unfolds in daily-life, and resear...

The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) plays a pivotal role in investigating the dynamics of psychopathological processes in daily life. A crucial question when designing ESM studies concerns the sample size needed, defined by the number of participants (𝑁) and the number of measurement occasions per participant (𝑇). Higher 𝑁 and 𝑇 increase power, bu...

The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) plays a pivotal role in investigating the dynamics of psychopathological processes in daily life. A crucial question when designing ESM studies concerns the sample size needed, defined by the number of participants (𝑁) and the number of measurement occasions per participant (𝑇). Higher 𝑁 and 𝑇 increase power, bu...

Introduction: Non-suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is a highly prevalent transdiagnostic behavior among treatment-seeking individuals. The use of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) shows clinical potential for engaging patients outside the therapy room, but the utility for individuals who self-injure remains unclear. This prospective study evaluates...

Introduction: Although Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) demonstrates clinical utility, its benefits and challenges for treatment-seeking individuals who engage in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) are not well understood. This study evaluates self-reported benefits (i.e. increases in self-insight and self-efficacy) and challenges of EMA (i.e., b...

The experience sampling method (ESM) has become a popular tool across various fields ofpsychology. However, the intensive nature of ESM raises concerns about carelessresponding, where participants respond to questionnaires without paying sufficientattention to them. To better understand careless responding in the context of ESM, thisstudy investiga...

The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) is increasingly used by researchers from various disciplines to answer novel questions about individuals’ daily lives. Measurement best practices have long been overlooked in ESM research, and recent reviews show that item quality is often not reported in ESM studies. The absence of information about item qualit...

Ambulatory Assessment (AA) studies have proliferated in mental health science, promising unparalleled insights into the dynamic nature of mental health. The high methodological heterogeneity of AA studies calls for the harmonization of approaches and the establishment of research standards. This expert consensus provides an overview of best-practic...

The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) is increasingly used by researchers from various disciplines to answer novel questions about individuals’ daily lives. Measurement best practices have long been overlooked in ESM research, and recent reviews show that item quality is often not reported in ESM studies. The absence of information about item qualit...

The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) plays a pivotal role in investigating the dynamics of psychopathological processes in daily life. A crucial question when designing ESM studies concerns the sample size needed, defined by the number of participants (𝑁) and the number of measurement occasions per participant (𝑇). Higher 𝑁 and 𝑇 increase power, bu...

The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) plays a pivotal role in investigating the dynamics of psychopathological processes in daily life. A crucial question when designing ESM studies concerns the sample size needed, defined by the number of participants (𝑁) and the number of measurement occasions per participant (𝑇). Higher 𝑁 and 𝑇 increase power, bu...

Introduction: Although Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) demonstrates clinical utility, its benefits and challenges for treatment-seeking individuals who engage in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) are not well understood. This study evaluates self-reported benefits (i.e. increases in self-insight and self-efficacy) and challenges of EMA (i.e., b...

Introduction: Although Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) demonstrates clinical utility, its benefits and challenges for treatment-seeking individuals who engage in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) are not well understood. This study evaluates self-reported benefits (i.e. increases in self-insight and self-efficacy) and challenges of EMA (i.e., b...

Background Research suggests that most mental health conditions have their onset in the critically social period of adolescence. Yet, we lack understanding of the potential social processes underlying early psychopathological development. We propose a conceptual model where daily-life social interactions and social skills form an intermediate link...

Some ethical committees question whether individuals with a history of self-harm thoughts and behaviours (SHTBs) are “too vulnerable” to take part in Experience Sampling Method (ESM) research and if repeatedly asking about SHTBs could be harmful. Past research has focused on whether participating in ESM research influences SHTBs, and has overlooked...

Background and Hypothesis Sex differences in psychosis are reported across the psychosis spectrum, including in subclinical stages. An important factor in understanding these variations is the subjective experience of everyday social interactions (SI). We investigated whether the presence of psychotic experiences (PEs), as well as associated distre...

Self-harm is when someone hurts themselves on purpose, regardless of the reasons for doing this. Often, shame and stigma stop people from seeking help. Self-harming behaviour increases the risk of death by suicide, and it is a common cause of disability in young people. Currently, people attending health services only represent the tip of the icebe...

Self-harm is when someone hurts themselves on purpose, regardless of the reasons for doing this. Often, shame and stigma stop people from seeking help. Self-harming behaviour increases the risk of death by suicide, and it is a common cause of disability in young people. Currently, people attending health services only represent the tip of the icebe...

The experience-sampling method (ESM) captures psychological experiences over time and in everyday contexts, thereby offering exciting potential for collecting more temporally fine-grained and ecologically valid data for psychological research. Given that rapid methodological developments make it increasingly difficult for novice ESM researchers to...

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic is assumed to have had a large impact on the mental health of adolescents. Finding out for which youth the mental health impact was largest is imperative for strengthening future crisis responses. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on the mental health of different sociodemographic groups of...

Open science is challenging and frequently time-consuming work, but the payoff is greater assurance that published research is transparent, conducted rigorously, and protected against some forms of researcher bias. In this editorial, we reflect on progress made toward the integration of open-science practices at Clinical Psychological Science ( CPS...

Background The integrated motivational-volitional model (IMV) is one of the leading theoretical models of suicidal thoughts and behavior. There has been a recent proliferation in the assessment of suicidal and nonsuicidal self-harm thoughts and behaviors (SHTBs) in daily life. Objective This systematic review synthesized evidence from ecological m...

Introduction: Childhood adversity is known to predispose to a wide array of psychopathology in adolescence and early adulthood. Identity development, being a crucial developmental task during adolescence, has been suggested to affect this association. Nonetheless, research on the role of identity processes is scarce. The current study aims to inves...

The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) is increasingly used by researchers from various disciplines to answer novel questions about individuals’ daily lives. Measurement best practices have long been overlooked in ESM research, and recent reviews show that item quality is often not reported in ESM studies. The absence of information about item qualit...

The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) is increasingly used by researchers from various disciplines to answer novel questions about individuals’ daily lives. Measurement best practices have long been overlooked in ESM research, and recent reviews show that item quality is often not reported in ESM studies. The absence of information about item qualit...

Anhedonia is a lack or loss of pleasure in daily life and is common across many mental health disorders (i.e., transdiagnostic). This is the first systematic review to investigate: 1) How is anhedonia conceptualized and explicitly measured using experience sampling methodology (ESM) in psychiatry and mental health?; 2) What is the experience of anh...

Background Adolescent solitude was drastically impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As solitude is crucial for adolescent development through its association with both positive and negative developmental outcomes, it is critical to understand how adolescents’ daily-life solitary experiences changed as a result of the pandemic. Methods Using three wa...

Aim Childhood adversity may result in a negative expectation of future interactions with others, also referred to as ‘threat anticipation’. It may also negatively impact on identity development, which subsequently may influence how individuals deal with their environment. Here, we examine the hypotheses that (1) identity synthesis is associated wit...

Self-injurious thoughts and behaviours (SITBs) are a leading cause of death, and interpersonal processes (IPs) appear to play a role in SITBs. This systematic review synthesises the literature on IPs and SITBs in daily life and addresses four critical questions: (1) Which IPs have been assessed and how, (2) How are differences in IPs between indivi...

Background: Self-harm is a leading cause of death and injury worldwide and is especially common amongst adolescents. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a risk factor for self-harm within the Integrated-Motivational Volitional (IMV) model. However, it remains unclear whether ACEs are associated with lifetime self-harm thoughts, behaviours, or...

Purpose: Self-harm is a leading cause of death and injury worldwide and is especially common amongst adolescents. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are characterized as a risk factor for self-harm within the Integrated-Motivational Volitional (IMV) model. However, it is unclear how ACEs relate to self-harm as it unfolds in daily-life, and resear...

Adolescence is a critical period for self-harm thoughts and behaviours (SHTBs) and loneliness is an important risk factor. However, no research has investigated how loneliness is associated with adolescent SHTBs in real time and whether this association is influenced by parent-child attachment relationships, which correlate with both loneliness and...

Contextual factors influence how people regulate their everyday emotions. While daily life is rich with situations that evoke emotion regulation, few studies have broadly investigated the role of context in regulating emotions in response to naturally occurring negative events. In this study, we use a structured diary technique—the Experience Sampl...

Identifying adolescents for whom social withdrawal may form a specific risk, is crucial for improving prevention and early intervention efforts. Model-based clustering on daily-life data from n=1312 Flemish general population adolescents (65% female, MAge=13.8, n=296 identifying with non-Belgian nationality or ethnicity) identified four groups with...

This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook; however, the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note...

Although the literature suggests trait-like differences in affective and cognitive vulnerabilities between individuals with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), little is known about how these dispositional differences are experienced in the natural environment. The present study compares the intensity, inertia, interaction, an...

Background and Hypothesis Childhood adversity is associated with a myriad of psychiatric symptoms, including psychotic experiences (PEs), and with multiple psychological processes that may all mediate these associations. Study Design Using a network approach, the present study examined the complex interactions between childhood adversity, PEs, oth...

Background: Research suggests that most mental health conditions have their onset in the critically social period of adolescence. Yet, we lack understanding of the potential social processes underlying early psychopathological development. We propose a conceptual model where daily-life social interactions and social skills form an intermediate link...

The Perceptual Crossing Experiment (PCE) captures the capacity for social contingency detection using real-time social interaction dynamics but has not been externally validated. We tested ecological and convergent validity of the PCE in a sample of 208 adolescents from the general population, aged 11 to 19 years. We expected associations between P...

Globally, too many people die prematurely from suicide and the physical comorbidities associated with mental illness and mental distress. The purpose of this Review is to mobilise the translation of evidence into prioritised actions that reduce this inequity. The mental health research charity, MQ Mental Health Research, convened an international p...

Emotion regulation in daily life can serve as a risk or resilience factor during times of crisis. Using the experience sampling method, the current study investigated rumination, savoring, and sharing with others in response to positive and negative events during the early COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures among adolescents (N = 110, aged 13-20,...

Negative symptoms are a key therapeutic target in promoting functional recovery in early psychosis intervention, but momentary negative symptom manifestations remain understudied in the early stage of illness. We employed an experience-sampling methodology (ESM) to evaluate momentary affective experiences, hedonic capacity for an event recalled, cu...

Key symptoms of anxiety include experiencing unpleasant emotions and hyperarousal. Growing evidence suggests the role of delayed affective recovery from stress (DAR) in their maintenance and development on a day-to-day basis. We aimed to investigate whether DAR is linked to current and future anxiety symptoms, independently of depressive symptoms....

Key symptoms of anxiety include experiencing unpleasant emotions and hyperarousal. Growing evidence suggests the role of delayed affective recovery from stress (DAR) in their maintenance and development on a day-to-day basis. We aimed to investigate whether DAR is linked to current and future anxiety symptoms, independently of depressive symptoms....

The COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge for young people’s positive future orientation and mental health. To understand the role of daily-life future orientation in mental health during the pandemic, we used the Experience Sampling Method to investigate adolescents’ (aged 13 – 21) daily life future orientation and anticipatory emotion regulation in...

Introduction Childhood adversity is a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders and has especially been associated with an admixture of depressive, anxiety, and psychosis symptoms. Identity formation, a main developmental task during adolescence, may be impacted by these adverse experiences and act as an important process in the association betwe...

Introduction: Childhood adversity may result in a negative expectation of future interactions with others, also referred to as ‘threat anticipation’. It may also negatively impact on identity development, which subsequently may influence how individuals deal with their environment. Here, we examine the hypotheses that 1) identity development is ass...

Introduction Sleep quality is closely linked with mental health. Two factors that influence sleep are coping style and locus of control, yet these have not been investigated in daily life. In this study, we examined associations between coping styles and sleep quality in daily life and the potential mediating effect of daily locus of control in a s...

Although the literature suggests trait-like differences in affective and cognitive vulnerabilities between individuals with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), little is known about how these dispositional differences are experienced in the natural environment. In the present study, we compare the intensity, stability, interac...

Background: Previous research suggests attachment is a vulnerability factor for self-harm thoughts and behaviors in adults. Yet, few studies have investigated this relationship during adolescence, although adolescence is a critical period for changes in attachment relationships and self-harm onset. Whether and how attachment relates to self-harm th...

Reduced positive future thinking has been associated with suicidal ideation and behavior in adults, and appears to be exacerbated by negative affect. Yet, this has received little attention in youth. Prior research has also focused on longer-term future thinking, e.g., months and years, and relied on lab-based assessments. Using the experience samp...

Objectives There have been numerous qualitative studies into the impact of the death of a patient by suicide on clinicians, but the majority of studies have focussed on psychiatrists and psychologists, primarily in inpatient or secondary care settings. To date, little has been done to explore the impact of such deaths on other mental health practit...

Background: Previous research suggests attachment is a vulnerability factor for self-harm thoughts and behaviours in adults. Yet, few studies have investigated this relationship during adolescence, even though adolescence is a critical period for changes in attachment relationships, and self-harm onset. Whether and how attachment relates to self-ha...

Adolescent social withdrawal was drastically impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As social withdrawal is crucial for adolescent development through its association with both positive and negative developmental outcomes, it is critical to understand how adolescents’ daily-life social withdrawal experiences changed as a result of the pandemic. Using t...

Cognitive behavioural therapists based in primary care are not usually expected to provide therapy to acutely suicidal individuals or work directly on suicidal thoughts. However, all practitioners should be vigilant about suicide risk and potentially help to reduce vulnerabilities to future suicide risk as part of their routine work. Many of the ri...

Background Predicted increases in suicide were not generally observed in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the picture may be changing and patterns might vary across demographic groups. We aimed to provide a timely, granular picture of the pandemic's impact on suicides globally. Methods We identified suicide data from official pu...

Childhood adversity is associated with psychopathology. First evidence in adults suggests that threat anticipation, i.e., an enhanced anticipation of unpleasant events creating an enduring sense of threat, may be a putative mechanism linking childhood adversity to psychopathology. This study aimed to test the indirect effect of childhood adversity...

IntroductionChildhood adversity is a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders and has especially been associated with an admixture of depressive, anxiety and psychosis symptoms. Identity formation, a main developmental task during adolescence, may be impacted by these adverse experiences and act as an important process in the association between...

Contextual factors influence how people regulate their everyday emotions. While daily life is rich with situations that evoke emotion regulation, few studies have broadly investigated the role of context in regulating emotions in response to naturally occurring negative events. In this study, we use a structured diary technique - the Experience Sam...

Social withdrawal is often presented as overall negative, with a focus on loneliness and peer exclusion. However, social withdrawal is also a part of normative adolescent development, which indicates that groups of adolescents potentially experience social withdrawal differently from one another. This study investigated whether different groups of...

Background: Adolescence is a period of both great social change, and of vulnerability to psychiatric distress. However, little is known about the associations between early psychopathology and social interactions at the fundamental level of daily life. To better understand the social correlates of subclinical psychopathology in adolescence, we ass...

Reduced positive future thinking has been associated with suicidal ideation and behaviour in adults, and appears to be exacerbated by negative affect. Yet, this has received little attention in youth. Prior research has also focussed on longer-term future thinking, e.g. months and years, and relied on lab-based assessments. Using the experience sam...

Parents are known to provide a lasting basis for their children's social development. Understanding parent-driven socialization is particularly relevant in adolescence, as an increasing social independence is developed. However, the relationship between key parenting styles of care and control and the microlevel expression of daily-life social inte...

In ever more pressured health-care systems, technological solutions offering scalability of care and better resource targeting are appealing. Research on machine learning as a technique for identifying individuals at risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and death has grown rapidly. This research often places great emphasis on the promise of...

Background Although there are many benefits associated with working in academia, this career path often involves structural and organisational stressors that can be detrimental to wellbeing and increase susceptibility to psychological distress and mental ill health. This exploratory study examines experiences of work-related psychosocial stressors,...

Longitudinal studies provide unique opportunities to study dynamic developmental processes over time and are often afforded a high degree of credibility. Transparency facilitates evaluation of credibility, yet, research practices that can increase transparency, that is, open science practices, do not appear to be widely implemented in longitudinal...

Background: To date little has been done to evaluate the effectiveness of suicide risk formulation training. Aims: We aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of a new scale measuring clinicians' confidence in assessing, formulating, and managing suicide risk. Method: A total of 128 mental health practitioners from an UK National Health Ser...

Much disagreement exists surrounding the relationship between digital communication and adolescent well-being. Micro-level insight into the direct effect of online interaction on affective experiences in daily life is crucial to advancing this discussion. In this registered study, we used experience sampling in 1705 general-population adolescents (...

The capacity for dynamically coordinating behaviour is assumed to have largely matured in infancy. In adolescence—another sensitive period for social development—the primary focus on individual social cognition as the main driver of interaction has prevented the study of actual social interaction as behavioural coordination within dyads. From a dyn...

Although nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)—deliberate damaging of body tissue without suicidal intent—is a behavior that occurs in interaction with real-world contexts, studying NSSI in the natural environment has historically been impossible. Recent advances in real-time monitoring technologies have revolutionized our ability to do exactly that, prov...

COVID-19 lockdown measures have profoundly impacted adolescent' daily life, with research suggesting an increase in irritability, stress, loneliness, and family conflict. A potential protective factor is parent-child relationship quality; however, no studies have investigated this. We used data from SIGMA, a longitudinal, experience sampling cohort...

Adolescence is a vulnerable period for psychopathology development, and certain parenting styles are consistent and robust predictors of a broad range of mental health outcomes. The mechanisms through which maladaptive parenting styles affect the development of psychopathology are assumed to be largely social in nature. Yet, the social mechanisms l...

Background Although there are many benefits and privileges associated with working in academia, this career path often involves a range of structural and organisational stressors that can be detrimental to wellbeing and increase susceptibility to mental ill health among academic staff and students. This exploratory study examines experiences of wor...

While subjective measures have demonstrated an association between sleep duration, sleep quality, and symptoms of psychopathology in adolescents, findings from more reliable, objective measures remain limited. In this study, we investigate if objectively measured sleep duration and sleep quality are associated with symptoms of psychopathology in ad...

Background Less physical activity (PA) has been associated with the development of psychopathology in adolescence. Few studies, however, have focused on understanding the nature of the PA – psychopathology relationship and existing research relies mostly on self-report PA measures, which are less reliable. In this study, we investigated the nature...

Early findings on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents, suggest that – despite being at the lowest physical health risk – both their mental health and day-to-day social lives are strongly affected. In this longitudinal study, we assessed changes in adolescent psychopathology symptoms, the quality and quantity of daily-life social inte...

UNSTRUCTURED Although nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)—deliberate damaging of body tissue without suicidal intent—is a behavior that occurs in interaction with real-world contexts, studying NSSI in the natural environment has historically been impossible. Recent advances in real-time monitoring technologies have revolutionized our ability to do exact...

Environmental and individual contextual factors profoundly influence how people regulate their emotions. The current article addresses the role of event intensity and psychopathology (an admixture of depression, anxiety, and psychoticism) on emotion regulation in response to naturally occurring events. For six days each evening, a youth sample (age...

Much disagreement exists surrounding the relationship between digital communication and adolescent well-being. Micro-level insight into the direct effect of online interaction on affective experiences in daily life is crucial to advancing this discussion. In this registered study, we used experience sampling in general-population adolescents (n = 1...

Adolescence is a vulnerable period for psychopathology development, and certain parenting styles are consistent and robust predictors of a broad range of mental health outcomes. The mechanisms through which maladaptive parenting styles affect the development of psychopathology are assumed to be largely social in nature. Yet, the social mechanisms l...

Summary Background The COVID-19 pandemic is having profound mental health consequences for many people. Concerns have been expressed that, at their most extreme, these consequences could manifest as increased suicide rates. We aimed to assess the early effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates around the world. Methods We sourced real-time s...

Background: Over half of all mental health conditions have their onset in adolescence. Large-scale epidemiological studies have identified relevant environmental risk factors for mental health problems. Yet, few have focused on potential mediating inter- and intrapersonal processes in daily life, hampering intervention development. Objectives: To i...

Although non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) - deliberate damaging body tissue without suicidal intent - is a behavior that occurs in interaction with real-world contexts, studying NSSI in the natural environment has historically been impossible. Recent advances in real-time monitoring technologies have revolutionized our ability to do exactly that, pr...

Background: Less physical activity (PA) has been associated with the development of psychopathology in adolescence. Few studies, however, have focused on understanding the nature of the PA – psychopathology relationship and existing research relies mostly on self-report PA measures, which are less reliable. In this study, we investigated the nature...

A growing interest in understanding complex and dynamic psychological processes as they occur in everyday life has led to an increase in studies using ambulatory assessment techniques, including the experience-sampling method (ESM) and ecological momentary assessment. These methods, however, tend to involve numerous forking paths and researcher deg...

The Perceptual Crossing Experiment (PCE) captures social capacity using real-time social interaction dynamics but has not been externally validated. We tested ecological and convergent validity of the PCE, in a sample of 208 adolescents from the general population, aged 11 to 19. We expected associations between PCE social capacity and 1) quantity...

Exposure to the self-harm behaviour of others plays a role in individuals’ own self-harm thoughts and behaviours, but there has been little consideration of the broader range of mediums through which exposure to self-harm related content may occur. N = 477 participants completed an online study, including questions regarding lifetime history of sel...

Environmental and individual contextual factors profoundly influence how people regulate their emotions. The current article addresses the role of event intensity and psychopathology (an admixture of depression, anxiety, and psychoticism) on emotion regulation in response to naturally occurring events. For six days each evening, a youth sample (age...

The main focus on individual social cognition in adolescence has prevented the study of the fundamental capacity to detect and respond to social cues, as this requires capturing interaction dynamics within dyads. To improve our understanding of basic social capacity development across adolescence, we used the Perceptual Crossing Experiment (PCE), t...