Oliver Hohlfeld

RWTH Aachen University

We evaluate analysis results and approximations for the performance of basic caching methods, assuming independent requests. Compared with simulative evaluations, the analysis results are accurate, but their computation is tractable only within a limited scope. We compare the scalability of analytical FIFO and LRU solutions including extensions for...

During the first days of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia's media regulator blocked access to many global social media platforms and news sites, including Twitter, Facebook, and the BBC. To bypass the information controls set by Russian authorities, pro-Ukrainian groups explored unconventional ways to reach out to the Russian population...

The majority of Web content is delivered by only a few companies that provide Content Delivery Infrastructuress (CDIss) such as Content Delivery Networkss (CDNss) and cloud hosts. Due to increasing concerns about trends of centralization, empirical studies on the extent and implications of resulting Internet consolidation are necessary. Thus, we pr...

Social media is subject to constant growth and evolution, yet little is known about their early phases of adoption. To shed light on this aspect, this paper empirically characterizes the initial and country-wide adoption of a new type of social media in Saudi Arabia that happened in 2017. Unlike established social media, the studied network Jodel i...

In this paper, we empirically analyze two examples of a Western (DE) versus Middle-East (SA) Online Social Messaging App. By focusing on the system interactions over time in comparison, we identify inherent differences in user engagement. We take a deep dive and shed light onto differences in user attention shifts and showcase their structural impl...

In this paper, we study what users talk about in a plethora of independent hyperlocal and anonymous online communities in a single country: Saudi Arabia (KSA). We base this perspective on performing a content classification of the Jodel network in the KSA. To do so, we first contribute a content classification schema that assesses both the intent (...

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are critical systems to our society. Yet they are less studied given their closed nature and often the unavailability of data. While few studies focus on wide-area SCADA systems , e.g., power or gas distribution networks, mission critical networks that control power generation are not yet studied. To address this ga...

In this paper, we empirically analyze two examples of a Western (DE) versus Middle-East (SA) Online Social Messaging App. By focusing on the system interactions over time in comparison, we identify inherent differences in user engagement. We take a deep dive and shed light onto differences in user attention shifts and showcase their structural impl...

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are critical systems to our society. Yet they are less studied given their closed nature and often the unavailability of data. While few studies focus on wide-area SCADA systems, e.g., power or gas distribution networks, mission critical networks that control power generation are not yet studied. To address this gap...

In September 2019, 600 armed German cops seized the physical premise of a Bulletproof Hoster (BPH) referred to as CyberBunker 2.0. The hoster resided in a decommissioned NATO bunker and advertised to host everything but child porn and anything related to terrorism while keeping servers online no matter what. While the anatomy, economics and interco...

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. As a result, billions of people were either encouraged or forced by their governments to stay home to reduce the spread of the virus. This caused many to turn to the Internet for work, education, social interaction, and entertainment....

Blocklists constitute a widely-used Internet security mechanism to filter undesired network traffic based on IP/domain reputation and behavior. Many blocklists are distributed in open source form by threat intelligence providers who aggregate and process input from their own sensors, but also from third-party feeds or providers. Despite their wide...

DDoS attacks remain a major security threat to the continuous operation of Internet edge infrastructures, web services, and cloud platforms. While a large body of research focuses on DDoS detection and protection, to date we ultimately failed to eradicate DDoS altogether. Yet, the landscape of DDoS attack mechanisms is even evolving, demanding an u...

In this work, we predict the user lifetime within the anonymous and location-based social network Jodel in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Jodel's location-based nature yields to the establishment of disjoint communities country-wide and enables for the first time the study of user lifetime in the case of a large set of disjoint communities. A user's...

DDoS attacks remain a major security threat to the continuous operation of Internet edge infrastructures, web services, and cloud platforms. While a large body of research focuses on DDoS detection and protection, to date we ultimately failed to eradicate DDoS altogether. Yet, the landscape of DDoS attack mechanisms is even evolving, demanding an u...

Public Key Infrastructures (PKIs) with their trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs) provide the trust backbone for the Internet: CAs sign certificates which prove the identity of servers, applications, or users. To be trusted by operating systems and browsers, a CA has to undergo lengthy and costly validation processes. Alternatively, trusted CAs ca...

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments imposed lockdowns that forced hundred millions to stay at home. As a result of these measures, Internet traffic of residential users increased, in particular, for remote working, entertainment, commerce, and education. In turn, traffic demands in the Internet core shifted as well. In this paper, using...

On June 16, 2020, Germany launched an open-source smartphone contact tracing app ("Corona-Warn-App") to help tracing SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus) infection chains. It uses a decentralized, privacy-preserving design based on the Exposure Notification APIs in which a centralized server is only used to distribute a list of keys of SARS-CoV-2 infected user...

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the organizing committee of the 2020 edition of the Passive and Active Measurement (PAM) conference decided to organize it as a virtual event. Unfortunately, little is known about designing and organizing virtual academic conferences in the networking domain and their impacts on the participants' experience. In this ed...

Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 is a redesign of the Web's most important security protocol. It was standardized in August 2018 after a four year-long, unprecedented design process involving many cryptographers and industry stakeholders. We use the rare opportunity to track deployment, uptake, and use of a new mission-critical security protocol...

Quality of Experience is traditionally evaluated by using short stimuli usually representing parts or single usage episodes. This opens the question on how the overall service perception involving multiple usage episodes can be evaluated-a question of high practical relevance to service operators. Despite initial research on this challenging aspect...

Quality of Experience is traditionally evaluated by using short stimuli usually representing parts or single usage episodes. This opens the question on how the overall service perception involving multiple usage episodes can be evaluated - a question of high practical relevance to service operators. Despite initial research on this challenging aspe...

We train word-emoji embeddings on large scale messaging data obtained from the Jodel online social network. Our data set contains more than 40 million sentences, of which 11 million sentences are annotated with a subset of the Unicode 13.0 standard Emoji list. We explore semantic emoji associations contained in this embedding by analyzing associati...

Standards govern the SHOULD and MUST requirements for protocol implementers for interoperability. In case of TCP that carries the bulk of the Internets’ traffic, these requirements are defined in RFCs. While it is known that not all optional features are implemented and non-conformance exists, one would assume that TCP implementations at least conf...

Standards govern the SHOULD and MUST requirements for protocol implementers for interoperability. In case of TCP that carries the bulk of the Internets' traffic, these requirements are defined in RFCs. While it is known that not all optional features are implemented and nonconformance exists, one would assume that TCP implementations at least confo...

Congestion control (CC) is an indispensable component of transport protocols to prevent congestion collapse as it distributes the available bandwidth among all competing flows, ideally in a fair manner. It thus has a large impact on performance and there exists a constantly evolving set of () algorithms, each addressing different performance needs....

QUIC, as the foundation for HTTP/3, is becoming an Internet reality. A plethora of studies already show that QUIC excels beyond TCP+ TLS+HTTP/2. Yet, these studies compare a highly optimized QUIC Web stack against an unoptimized TCP-based stack. In this paper, we bring TCP up to speed to perform an eye-level comparison. Instead of relying on techni...

Booter services continue to provide popular DDoS-as-a-service platforms and enable anyone irrespective of their technical ability, to execute DDoS attacks with devastating impact. Since booters are a serious threat to Internet operations and can cause significant financial and reputational damage, they also draw the attention of law enforcement age...

QUIC, as the foundation for HTTP/3, is becoming an Internet reality. A plethora of studies already show that QUIC excels beyond TCP+TLS+HTTP/2. Yet, these studies compare a highly optimized QUIC Web stack against an unoptimized TCP-based stack. In this paper, we bring TCP up to speed to perform an eye-level comparison. Instead of relying on technic...

Booter services continue to provide popular DDoS-as-a-service platforms and enable anyone irrespective of their technical ability, to execute DDoS attacks with devastating impact. Since booters are a serious threat to Internet operations and can cause significant financial and reputational damage, they also draw the attention of law enforcement age...

Transport protocols use congestion control to avoid overloading a network. Nowadays, different congestion control variants exist that influence performance. Studying their use is thus relevant, but it is hard to identify which variant is used. While passive identification approaches exist, these require detailed domain knowledge and often also rely...

Existing performance comparisons of QUIC and TCP compared an optimized QUIC to an unoptimized TCP stack. By neglecting available TCP improvements inherently included in QUIC, comparisons do not shed light on the performance of current web stacks. In this paper, we can show that tuning TCP parameters is not negligible and directly yields significant...

Transport protocols use congestion control to avoid overloading a network. Nowadays, different congestion control variants exist that influence performance. Studying their use is thus relevant, but it is hard to identify which variant is used. While passive identification approaches exist, these require detailed domain knowledge and often also rely...

Existing performance comparisons of QUIC and TCP compared an optimized QUIC to an unoptimized TCP stack. By neglecting available TCP improvements inherently included in QUIC, comparisons do not shed light on the performance of current web stacks. In this paper, we can show that tuning TCP parameters is not negligible and directly yields significant...

Quality of Experience (QoE) typically involves conducting experiments in which stimuli are presented to participants and their judgments as well as behavioral data are collected. Nowadays, many experiments require software for the presentation of stimuli and the data collection from participants. While different software solutions exist, these are...

Congestion control is an indispensable component of transport protocols to prevent congestion collapse. As such, it distributes the available bandwidth among all competing flows, ideally in a fair manner. However, there exists a constantly evolving set of congestion control algorithms, each addressing different performance needs and providing the p...

Public opinion manipulation is a serious threat to society, potentially influencing elections and the political situation even in established democracies. The prevalence of online media and the opportunity for users to express opinions in comments magnifies the problem. Governments, organizations, and companies can exploit this situation for biasin...

In this paper, we revisit the idea to remove Slow Start from congestion control. To do so, we build upon the newly gained freedom of transport protocol extendability offered by QUIC to hint bandwidth estimates from a typical web client to a server. Using this bandwidth estimate, we bootstrap congestion windows of new connections to quickly utilize...

Quality of Experience (QoE) typically involves conducting experiments in which stimuli are presented to participants and their judgments as well as behavioral data are collected. Nowadays, many experiments require software for the presentation of stimuli and the data collection from participants. While different software solutions exist, these are...

As network speed increases, servers struggle to serve all requests directed at them. This challenge is rooted in a partitioned data path where the split between the kernel space networking stack and user space applications induces overheads. To address this challenge, we propose Santa, a new architecture to optimize the data path by enabling server...

Internet-wide scans are a common active measurement approach to study the Internet, e.g., studying security properties or protocol adoption. They involve probing large address ranges (IPv4 or parts of IPv6) for specific ports or protocols. Besides their primary use for probing (e.g., studying protocol adoption), we show that—at the same time—they p...

This paper studies for the first time the usage and propagation of hashtags in a new and fundamentally different type of social media that is i) without profiles and ii) location-based to only show nearby posted content. Our study is based on analyzing the mobile-only Jodel microblogging app, which has an established user base in several European c...

TCP congestion control and particularly its initial congestion window (IW) size is one long-debated topic that can influence web performance. Its size is, however, assumed to be static by IETF recommendations—despite being network-and application-dependent—and only infrequently changed in its history. To understand if the standardization and resear...

Internet-wide scans are a common active measurement approach to study the Internet, e.g., studying security properties or protocol adoption. They involve probing large address ranges (IPv4 or parts of IPv6) for specific ports or protocols. Besides their primary use for probing (e.g., studying protocol adoption), we show that - at the same time - th...

Blockchains primarily enable credible accounting of digital events, e.g., money transfers in cryptocurrencies. However, beyond this original purpose, blockchains also irrevocably record arbitrary data, ranging from short messages to pictures. This does not come without risk for users as each participant has to locally replicate the complete blockch...

Software Defined Networking (in short SDN, which is also an acronym for Software Defined Network), has emerged as a response to the limitations and complexities of traditional network architectures. At the heart of SDN lies the idea to consolidate the control over network devices into a logically centralized (software) controller separated from the...

HTTP/2 supersedes HTTP/1.1 to tackle the performance challenges of the modern Web. A highly anticipated feature is Server Push, enabling servers to send data without explicit client requests, thus potentially saving time. Although guidelines on how to use Server Push emerged, measurements have shown that it can easily be used in a suboptimal way an...

Content delivery networks (CDN) contribute more than 50% of today's Internet traffic. Meta-CDNs, an evolution of centrally controlled CDNs, promise increased flexibility by multihoming content. So far, efforts to understand the characteristics of Meta-CDNs focus mainly on third-party Meta-CDN services. A common, but unexplored, use case for Meta-CD...

Mining is the foundation of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin rewarding the miner for finding blocks for new transactions. The Monero currency enables mining with standard hardware in contrast to special hardware (ASICs) as often used in Bitcoin, paving the way for in-browser mining as a new revenue model for website operators. In t...

The Internet is subject to constant evolution. Its improvement requires understanding its current properties, a perspective provided by measurement studies. A key challenge in broadly studying evolution is to i) cover multiple protocols ii) with longitudinal measurements. In this poster, we present an Internet observatory that performs active measu...

Mining is the foundation of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin rewarding the miner for finding blocks for new transactions. Monero, a recent alternative currency enables mining with standard hardware in contrast to special hardware (ASICs) as often used in Bitcoin, paving the way for browser-based mining as a new revenue model for we...

Network management currently undergoes massive changes towards realizing more flexible management of complex networks. Recent efforts include slicing data plane resources by network (link) virtualization and applying operating system design principles to Software Defined Networking to rethink network management. Driven by network operators, network...

Web security has been and remains a highly relevant field of security research, which has seen many additional features standardiazed at IETF over the past years. This talk covers two papers, which in sum provide a conprehensive survey of quantity and quality of adoption of such new security extensions by HTTPS web servers. The protocols covered ar...

Driven by their quest to improve web performance, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) are known adaptors of performance optimizations. In this regard, TCP congestion control and particularly its initial congestion window (IW) size is one long-debated topic that can influence CDN performance. Its size is, however, assumed to be static by IETF recommend...

A broad range of research areas including Internet measurement, privacy, and network security rely on lists of target domains to be analysed; researchers make use of target lists for reasons of necessity or efficiency. The popular Alexa list of one million domains is a widely used example. Despite their prevalence in research papers, the soundness...

Shaken by severe compromises, the Web’s Public Key Infrastructure has seen the addition of several security mechanisms over recent years. One such mechanism is the Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) DNS record, that gives domain name holders control over which Certification Authorities (CAs) may issue certificates for their domain. First d...

Cloud computing offers the potential to store, manage, and process data in highly available, scalable, and elastic environments. Yet, these environments still provide very limited and inflexible means for customers to control their data. For example, customers can neither specify security of inter-cloud communication bearing the risk of information...

CDNs have reshaped the Internet architecture at large. They operate (globally) distributed networks of servers to reduce latencies as well as to increase availability for content and to handle large traffic bursts. Traditionally, content providers were mostly limited to a single CDN operator. However, in recent years, more and more content provider...