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TNO | tno · Expertise Group for Integrated Vehicle Safety

Surrogate Safety Measures (SSMs) are used to express road safety in terms of the safety risk in traffic conflicts. Typically, SSMs rely on assumptions regarding the future evolution of traffic participant trajectories to generate a measure of risk. As a result, they are only applicable in scenarios where those assumptions hold. To address this issu...

The development of assessment methods for the performance of Automated Vehicles (AVs) is essential to enable the deployment of automated driving technologies, due to the complex operational domain of AVs. One candidate is scenario-based assessment, in which test cases are derived from real-world road traffic scenarios obtained from driving data. Be...

The development of new assessment methods for the performance of automated vehicles is essential to enable the deployment of automated driving technologies, due to the complex operational domain of automated vehicles. One contributing method is scenario-based assessment in which test cases are derived from real-world road traffic scenarios obtained...

The development of assessment methods for the performance of Automated Vehicles (AVs) is essential to enable the deployment of automated driving technologies, due to the complex operational domain of AVs. One candidate is scenario-based assessment, in which test cases are derived from real-world road traffic scenarios obtained from driving data. Be...

The development of new assessment methods for the performance of automated vehicles is essential to enable the deployment of automated driving technologies, due to the complex operational domain of automated vehicles. One contributing method is scenario-based assessment in which test cases are derived from real-world road traffic scenarios obtained...

The development of safety validation methods is essential for the safe deployment and operation of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). One of the goals of safety validation is to prospectively evaluate the risk of an ADS dealing with real-world traffic. ISO 26262 and ISO/DIS 21448, the leading standards in automotive safety, provide an approach to es...

The development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) has made significant progress in the last years and it is expected that AVs will soon be introduced on our roads. An important aspect in the development of AVs is the assessment of their safety. As traditional methods for safety assessment of vehicles are not feasible to be performed for AVs within reaso...

The development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) has made significant progress in the last years and it is expected that AVs will soon be introduced on our roads. An essential aspect in the development of AVs is the assessment of quality and performance aspects of the AVs, such as safety, comfort, and efficiency. Among other methods, a scenario-based a...

V2X communication plays an important role in the transition towards connected, cooperative, automated driving. Wireless communication enables instant information exchange between vehicles (V2V) to support, e.g., platooning, and between the infrastructure and vehicles (I2V) to inform vehicles on, e.g., the local speed limit information or the approa...

The safety assessment of automated vehicles (AVs) is an important aspect of the development cycle of AVs. A scenario-based assessment approach is accepted by many players in the field as part of the complete safety assessment. A scenario is a representation of a situation on the road to which the AV needs to respond appropriately. One way to genera...

The development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) has made significant progress in the last years. An essential aspect in the development of AVs is the assessment of quality and performance aspects of the AVs, such as safety, comfort, and efficiency. Among other methods, a scenario-based approach has been proposed. With scenario-based testing, the AV is...

The development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) has made significant progress in the last years. An important aspect in the development of AVs is the assessment of their safety. New approaches need to be worked out. Among these, real-world scenario-based assessment is widely supported by many players in the automotive field. Scenario-based assessment...

Large steps are being taken by the industry and R&D organizations in automated driving technology development, as well as in setting up appropriate scenario-based safety assessment methods. In this paper a concept framework is proposed for a very specific group of vehicles: trucks in a platoon enabled by vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. The...

Scenario-based methods for the assessment of Automated Vehicles (AVs) are widely supported by many players in the automotive field. Scenarios captured from real-world data can be used to define the scenarios for the assessment and to estimate their relevance. Therefore, different techniques are proposed for capturing scenarios from real-world data....

Automated systems are developed to successfully handle each situation that occurs while the system is in operation. This chapter discusses definitions of scenarios and the usage of scenarios for various application domains. It proposes a harmonized definition of scenario class.

Daily driving as a relatively well-trained process is based on both, conscious and sub-conscious decision-making processes and auto-mated/reflective behaviours. These habituated behavioural patterns and habituation effects can lead to uninten-tional traffic violations due to late intervention. In these cases today's conventional traffic interventio...

Objective: The amount of collected field data from naturalistic driving studies is quickly increasing. The data are used for, among others, developing automated driving technologies (such as crash avoidance systems), studying driver interaction with such technologies, and gaining insights into the variety of scenarios in real-world traffic. Because...

Objective: With the overall goal to harmonize prospective effectiveness assessment of active safety systems, the specific objective of this study is to identify and evaluate sources of variation in virtual precrash simulations and to suggest topics for harmonization resulting in increased comparability and thus trustworthiness of virtual simulation...

Daily driving can be defined as a relatively well-trained process, relying on habitual patterns. These are based on both, conscious and subconscious decision-making processes and automated/reflective behaviours. Today's conventional traffic interventions are insufficient when unintentional violations are concerned due to a too-late intervention or...

From 2018, Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) systems dedicated to avoid or mitigate passenger car-tocyclist collisions will be considered in the safety assessment by Euro NCAP. To test such systems, appropriate equipment has been developed in a project called CATS “Cyclist-AEB Testing System”, that has run between April 2014 and August 2016. Moreo...

The automobile industry, universities, and automotive research institutes in Europe have started an initiative for cooperative research regarding assessment of real-world safety benefits of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and active safety systems. A 'Harmonization Group' was established in 2012 whose motivation is the development of a co...

The continuous development and integration of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) leads to complex systems. The safety and reliability of such systems must be validated for all possible traffic situations that ADS may encounter on the road, before these systems can be taken into production. Test-driving with ADS functions requires millions of driving k...

Research and Engineering Objective: To reduce the severity of injuries due to head impact on a vehicle bonnet, car manufacturers have introduced safety measures such as the pop-up bonnet concept. Performance assessment of such systems requires a large number of detailed impact simulations, which results in long computation time. The objective of th...

Rigorous Model-based Predictive Control (RMPC) is getting widely accepted in the glass industries as a promising new technology. First applications have been completed and these have demonstrated the benefits of the use of rigorous process models for process control. RMPC is applied to increase furnace and feeder stability and to improve transition...

For the automatic control of glass quality in glass production, the relation between process variable and product or glass quality and process conditions/process input parameters must be known in detail. So far, detailed 3-D glass melting simulation models were used to predict the effect of process input variables, such as fuel consumption and fuel...

Software for the simulation of a complete TV panel production line has been developed. In addition to being able to simulate the melting of the glass by means of the TNO Glass Tank Model, a validated software package is now available for the simulation of the total forming process from mixing in the spout to gob forming, pressing, cooling, and anne...

SummaryTNO Glass Group has developed a fast glass process simulator (GPS) that can easily be used by operators and glass technologists to obtain important (and previously unavailable) information about the impact of furnace operation on furnace performance. Not only does GPS provide online information on flow, temperature, and redox distribution of...

The requirements and challenges of the glass melting process are rapidly increasing. Glass quality, production output, and the amount of recycled cullet need to be increased, while energy consumption and emissions levels must be reduced. In an attempt to cope with these added requirements, one has many opportunities to make changes in the design of...

SummaryA large effort is being made by glass technologists to increase glass production efficiency. Costs must be minimized while at the same time continuously increasing quality requirements and specifications have to be met. Reducing the glass defect level will increase the product efficiency considerably. TNO is involved in several improvement p...

TNO Glass Group has developed a glass process simulator (GPS) to provide online information on glass melt flow and temperature, emission, energy consumption, redox state and glass color. It allows the fast determination of the expected response of the furnace performance and product quality to intended changes in process settings. The use of inline...

A glass process simulator which supplies maximum amount of relevant process information for optimal furnace operation is discussed. The simulator provides online information on glass flow, temperature distribution, emission, energy consumption, redox state and glass color. The system is coupled to the DCS system of the furnace and serves as a soft...

The TNO spout model which can be used for the simulation of the total forming process is discussed. For a given spout geometry and process settings, the TNO spout model calculates the temperature distribution in the spout and the pull and the temperature of the glass leaving the spout from the orifice to form a gob. TNO defines the required boundar...

The paper describes an inverse numerical experimental method to determine material parameters for biological tissues. Measured field quantities are compared to calculated field quantities. The field equations are solved with the finite element method, using an assumed constitutive model and estimations of the material parameters. The parameter esti...

This paper presents an optimal estimation method for mixture models to describe the mechanical behaviour of (biological) materials. The a priori knowledge of the non-linear behaviour is taken as a starting point. The method determines estimates of unknown model parameters and of the displacements of a number of points in the system. The method is a...

A numerical-experimental technique for the characterization of the mechanical behaviour of materials modeled as a mixture of an elastic solid matrix and an ideal fluid, is presented. Starting point is an identification technique, similar to the technique presented by Hendriks (1991). This technique uses the differences between measured and computed...