Oktay Celep

• PhD, MSc
• Karadeniz Technical University

Wastes with high metal content are an important secondary source. Utilisation of these wastes is important offering environmental and economic advantages as well as the conservation of natural resources. Due to the widespread use of portable electrical and electronic devices (mobile phones, laptops, video cameras, etc.) and electric cars, the consu...

Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipments (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. The treatment of WEEE with high content of precious metals (Au in particular) has received the most attention due to their high economic potential. The development of simple, environmentally friendly and cost-effective methods for the reco...

This study was undertaken to improve gold and silver extraction from a pyritic gold flotation concentrate, which assayed 11 g/t Au, 42 g/t Ag, 0.21% Cu, 3.57% Zn, and 31% Fe. Direct cyanide leaching of the concentrate at 1.5 g/L NaCN yielded a low gold extraction (37%), confirming its refractory nature. Effects of lead nitrate (200-500 g/t Pb(NO3)2...

The recovery of Au and Ag from a roasted copper-rich pyritic refractory gold ore (78 g/t Au, 6.8 g/t Ag, 1.38 % Cu and 3.09 % Fe was investigated. Cyanide leaching and adsorption tests were performed at different concentrations of cyanide (1.5 g/L and 5 g/L NaCN) and the adsorbent dosages ranged from 2 g/L to 10 g/L. In the cyanide leaching tests,...

The nature of the hydrothermal reaction between sphalerite (ZnS) and pyrite (FeS2) particles and copper sulfate (CuSO4) solution was investigated in this study. The effects of temperature (443–523 K), CuSO4 (0.08–0.96 mol/L) and H2SO4 (0.05–0.6 mol/L) concentrations, reaction time (1–120 min), stirring speed (40–100 rpm) and particle size (10–100 μ...

Due to its different properties (low electrode potential and specific heat capacity), lithium is widely used in many industries (battery, ceramic and glass industry, lubricating greases, polymer, metallurgy, air treatment). In recent years, due to the developing technology, the demand for lithium has increased with its use in new fields (electric v...

In this study, potassium hydroxide leaching as pretreatment before cyanide leaching of a flotation concentrate of an antimonial refractory gold-silver ore was investigated. The ore assaying 1157 g/t Ag and 3.96 g/t Au was found to be composed of predominantly quartz, barite, kaolinite, clay, mica/chlorite, and dolomite/ankerite. Electrum, pyrargyri...

Bu çalışmada, refrakter özellikte bakır içeriği yüksek (%0,3 Cu) bir piritik altın konsantresinin (62 g/t Au, 110 g/t Ag, %19,3 piritik S2-) siyanür liçi öncesi basınç oksidasyonu araştırılmıştır. Sıcaklık (180-220 °C), oksijen basıncı (pO2=5-10 bar), süre (0,5-2 saat) ve asit konsantrasyonu (20-50 g/L H2SO4) parametrelerinin bakırın uzaklaştırılma...

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of three different adsorbents for the adsorption of gold from a real cyanide leach liquor. An activated carbon (NORIT GAC 1240), a strong base (Purogold A194), and a weak base (Purogold S992) resins were tested as the adsorbents. The pregnant leach solution (PLS) was derived from cyanide leach...

Doğal taş kesme işlemlerinde kullanılan elmaslı kesici uçların aşınmasıyla oluşan atık soketler yüksek oranda temel ve değerli/kritik metallerin (%20-92 Cu, %10-38 Co ve %0,1-0,9 Ag, %0-75 Fe) yanı sıra sentetik elmas içermektedirler. Bu çalışmada, mermer üretiminde kullanılan soket atıklarından (%0,91 Ag, %15,8 Co, %51,9 Cu) oksitleyici (H2O2,...

Recovery of gold from copper-rich gold ores has proved challenging. Dissolved copper in cyanide deficit leach solutions severely interferes with adsorption of gold onto activated carbon or ion exchange resins resulting in low recoveries. In this study, the efficiency of different adsorbents for selective recovery of gold from the copper-containing...

Extraction of cobalt, copper, and silver from scrap saw-blade segments using nitric acid solutions (0.1–0.4 M, 20–60°C) were investigated using response surface methodology. Extraction of cobalt and iron was more extensive than copper and silver, i.e., 35.7–96.2% Co and 72.6–100% Fe versus 8.50–35.4% Cu and 8.11–22.5% Ag. Statistical analysis of th...

The production of gold from refractory gold ores has been increasing due to the exhaustion of free milling gold ores. The presence of cyanicides (e.g., copper minerals) and encapsulation of gold in minerals such as pyrite and arsenopyrite are common reasons for refractoriness of gold ores. In this study, the amenability of a copper-rich gold ore (1...

Calcite, being the most abundant mineral on earth crust, have wide application areas especially in polymer industry as a micronized functional filler material. It is hydrophilic in natural form, and made hydrophobic after surface modification to meet the requirements of polymer industry: the incompatibility between high energetic hydrophilic surfac...

Kobalt, jet motorları, süper alaşımlar, şarj edilebilir piller gibi özellikle ileri teknoloji ürünlerinde kullanılan bir metaldir. Yüksek ekonomik önemi ve temin riski göz önüne alınarak Avrupa Birliği (AB) tarafından “kritik hammadde” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Birincil kaynaklardan üretilen kobaltın %84’ü bakır ve nikel üretiminin yan ürünü olarak sa...

Diagnostic leaching is a very useful analytical tool for determination of the distribution of free and refractory gold within different phases. In this study, the amenability of a gold and silver bearing refractory flotation tailings to cyanide leaching was investigated. Diagnostic leaching tests were performed to examine the rationale behind the r...

During cyanide leaching of gold ores, most copper minerals present in the ore readily dissolves by forming copper(I)-cyanide complexes, which results in excessive cyanide consumption coupled with low gold extractions. Intensive cyanidation at high cyanide concentrations (CN:Cu>4) is often required to achieve acceptable gold extractions. Process eco...

In this study, a detailed characterization of an extremely complex arsenical silver ore using mineral liberation analysis and diagnostic leaching for identification and occurrence of silver phases is presented. Mineralogical analysis of the ore has shown that silver is present mainly as acanthite and to a small extent as Fe-Pb-Ag-Zn arsenate/oxide....

Calcite, being the most abundant mineral on earth crust, have wide application areas especially in polymer industry as a micronized functional filler material. It is hydrophilic in natural form, and made hydrophobic after surface modification to meet the requirements of polymer industry: the incompatibility between high energetic hydrophilic surfac...

In this study, the effects of ultra-fine grinding (from 27 µm (d 80 , as-received) to 7.5 µm), cyanide concentration (2-5 g/L NaCN) and pulp density (30-50% w/w) on the rate and extent of extraction of gold and silver were studied. The tailings (d 80 =27 µm) used in the leaching tests contained 17.8 g/t Au, 99.5 g/t Ag, 6.4% Zn, 9.1% Fe and 560 g/t...

Gold production from copper-rich gold ores is increasing at worldwide. Owing to the high dissolution of copper minerals in cyanide solutions, technical and economic difficulties have been faced in treatment of those ores. Gold extraction from ores that contain >0.5% Cu is often uneconomic by traditional cyanide leaching. High cyanide concentrations...

liçidir. Cevherde bulunan bakır, çinko vb. minerallerinin de siyanür liçinde çözünmesi siyanürtüketimini artırmakta ve altın kazanımını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Çözünen bu metaller, liçsonrası çözelti saflaştırma ve metal kazanımı süreçlerinde de teknik sorunlara neden olmaktadır.Siyanür liçi sonucunda, serbest siyanür ve metal-siyanür komplek...

Bu çalışmada, atık siyanür çözeltilerinden ağır metallerin (Cu, Zn ve Fe) anyonik reçineler ileuzaklaştırılması araştırılmıştır. Testler, siyanür liçi tesisinden alınan atık çözeltiler (135 mg/L Cu,196 mg/L Zn ve 5,3 mg/L Fe) ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üç farklı anyonik reçine kullanılarak (Dowex 21KXLT, Purolite A193 ve Purolite S992) Cu ve Zn adso...

Özet: Mikro analitik teknikler, cevher karakterizasyon çalışmalarında yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Altın cevherlerinin, özellikle refrakter altın cevherlerinin karakterizasyonunda da etkin bir şekilde kullanılan bu teknikler, doğruluk ve hassasiyeti yüksek oldukça faydalı bilgiler sunmaktadır. Cevher hakkındaki bu bilgiler doğru proses seçi...

Copper-bearing gold ores have proved difficult to treat in conventional cyanide leaching process owing to prohibitively high consumption of cyanide by readily soluble copper minerals interfering with gold extraction. Cyanide leaching of gold from copper-rich ores can be improved by intensive cyanidation or application of physical and chemical pre-t...

There are increasingly stricter environmental regulations imposed for use of cyanide leaching for the extraction of gold from ores. Alternative lixiviants to cyanide, preferably with low toxicity, have been extensively studied. Thiosulphate has emerged as one of the most suitable alternative leaching agent in place of cyanide due to its low toxicit...

Recycling of WEEE has already gain prime importance from both environmental and economic point of view. For the recovery of metals from e-waste, many conventional physical, bio/hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes are proposed. Economic potential of e-waste is mainly driven by its precious metal content. Physical separation methods (e...

Thiosulphate leaching has received particular attention in recent years as an environmentally benign alternative tocyanideleaching.Inthisstudy, thiosulphateleachingcombined withultra-finegrinding(UFG)wasstudiedfor silver extraction from an arsenical refractory ore. Direct cyanidation of the ore (d80: 50µm) led to a low silver extraction of≤70% over...

Thiosulphate leaching offers several advantages over cyanidation such as low toxicity, high selectivity and fast leaching kinetics as well as it provides high extraction performance for gold in certain refractory ores. However, the main obstacles for commercialisation of thiosulphate leaching are its complex leach chemistry and lack of a highly eff...

Siyanür liçi işlemleri sonucu üretilen atık çözeltiler, siyanür içeriğinin yasal sınırlara indirilebilmesi için arıtma işlemine tabi tutulmaktadır. Siyanür geri kazanımı ekonomik ve çevresel nedenlerden dolayı, özellikle siyanür tüketimi yüksek cevherler için en çok tercih edilen seçenektir. Bu çalışmada, alkali çözeltilerde hidrojen siyanürün (HCN...

Cyanide leaching is the most common method used for production of silver from gold/silver ores. Silver (and gold) can be recovered from pregnant leach solutions (PLSs) using Merrill-Crowe process (zinc cementation) and activated carbon adsorption. Due to their inherent limitations and paucity of selectivity, development of alternative processes for...

Günümüzde, cevherlerden altın üretiminde en yaygın (>%90) olarak tercih edilen yöntem siyanür içidir. Siyanür liçi, 19. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren endüstriyel olarak kullanılmaktadır ve liç imyası iyi bilinmektedir. Bununla beraber özellikle son yıllarda, siyanürün yüksek derecedetoksik özelliğe sahip olmasına bağlı olarak artan çevresel kaygıla...

Nitric acid is a strong oxidant capable of rapidly oxidizing sulphide minerals. This study was undertaken to evaluate the nitric acid leaching as a potential pre-treatment process prior to cyanidation of refractory gold/silver ores. The nitric acid pre-treatment experiments for refractory silver ore and gold/silver concentrate were performed for 2....

This study investigated leaching of metals i.e. Cu, Co and Zn from flotation tailings of a copper smelter slag using sulphuric acid solutions in the absence/presence of hydrogen peroxide. The as-received tailings (d80: 70 µm) contained 1.25% Cu, 1.26% Co, 3.80% Zn and 36.5% Fe. The effect of addition of hydrogen peroxide (149 kg H2O2 per tonne soli...

Abstract: In this study, recovery of cobalt from a copper flotation tailing (pyrite concentrate) by oxidative acid leaching was investigated. The as-received tailings (d80: 64 μm) contained 6407 g/t Co, 3547 g/t Cu, 21.4% Fe and 1705 g/t Zn. Leaching tests were carried out using different mineral acids under oxidising conditions (i.e. H2SO4+H2O2, H...

In recent years, public concern and environmental pressures on the use of cyanide in gold leaching have ever increased due to high toxicity of cyanide itself. Thiosulphate is often promoted as an environmentally friendly and promising alternative to cyanide due to its low toxicity and cost. However, one of the detractions to thiosulphate leaching i...

Cyanide leaching has proved the most efficient method for extraction of gold and silver from their ores. However, it is not a selective process in that, in addition to gold, silver and other metals also dissolve to a varying extent depending on their occurrence within the ore. Silver behaves similar to gold in the most stages of leaching and recove...

Cobalt is produced mainly as a by-product from extraction of nickel laterites and copper-cobalt which often treated with sulphuric acid leaching. Selective recovery of cobalt from nickel and/or copper-bearing pregnant leach solutions can be achieved by oxidation of Co2+ to Co3+ since Co3+ precipitates as cobalt hydroxide/oxyhydroxide at pH 3.0. How...

In this study, centrifugal gravity separation for recovery of silver and barite from the plant tailings of a refractory silver ore was tested using a Knelson Centrifugal Concentrator. The tailings sample (133 g/t Ag) is composed of predominantly quartz and barite (BaSO4, 17%). Native silver, pyrargyrite, tetrahedrite, argentite and proustite are th...

Direct cyanide leaching of copper-bearing gold ores/concentrates results in low gold extractions (<80%) with high consumption of cyanide due to the ready dissolution of some copper minerals in cyanide solutions. To achieve high gold extractions, relatively concentrated cyanide solutions (i.e. intensive cyanidation) is used. Physical encapsulation o...

Recently, worldwide production of gold from copper-gold ores has increased and amounted to 20% of total gold production in 2009. Copper-gold ores prove difficult to treat with conventional cyanide leaching process due to severe interference of copper minerals with cyanide leaching. Most of the copper minerals readily react with cyanide to form copp...

ÖZET Altın yada gümüşün değerli metal olarak hem teknolojik hem de ekonomik önemi nedeniyle dünyada üretim teknolojisi her dönem gündemde kalmakta, teknolojik gelişmelere bağlı olarak da üretimi artmaktadır. Özellikle refrakter tip cevherlerin zenginleştirme yöntemleri konusunda önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmiş, farklı ön işlem prosesleri geliştirilmi...

In recent years, copper-bearing gold ores have proved to be difficult to treat since copper minerals present severely interfere with cyanide leaching leading to prohibitively high consumption of cya-nide and low gold extractions. This study was undertaken to assess sulphuric acid leaching in the presence/absence of hydrogen peroxide for the removal...

In this study, the characterisation of physical and chemical refractoriness of an arsenical silver ore to the extraction of silver by cyanide leaching was investigated. The mineralogical analysis of the ore indicated that the ore is composed of mainly quartz, barite, mica and the group of clay mineral. Silver content of the ore was determined to be...

A detailed characterization of an iron oxy/hydroxide (gossan type) bearing refractory gold/silver ore was performed with a new diagnostic approach for the development of a pretreatment process prior to cyanide leaching. Gold was observed to be present as native and electrum (6–24 µm in size) and associated with limonite, goethite and lepidocrocite...

In this study, the recovery of silver from an arsenical silver ore was investigated using a laboratory type Knelson Concentrator and cyanide leaching. Silver was found to be as acanthite, which occurs both as free grains and closely associated with other mineral phases such as quartz, barite, mica and the group of clay minerals. Gravity tests have...

This study investigates the enrichment of a low-grade colemanite concentrate (-3 mm) using a Knelson centrifugal gravity concentrator. Due to its low boron content, the concentrate is unsaleable and has to be stored under appropriate conditions to avoid potential environmental problems. The low-grade colemanite concentrate was comminuted to size fr...

Ultra-fine grinding (UFG) was proposed as a pre-treatment method prior to cyanide leaching of old plant tailings of a refractory silver ore. Direct cyanidation of the as-received tailings (d80: 100 µm) led to a low silver extraction of only 43% over 24 h. A size-based diagnostic study has demonstrated that the refractoriness of the tailings is ess...

Thiosulfate leaching as an environmentally benign alternative to cyanide leaching has received particular attention in recent years. Most studies have focused on thiosulfate leaching of free milling ores and, to some extent, pregrobbing ores. In this study, leaching of gold from the refractory Kaletaş ore (in which gold/silver alloy is the only mod...

Low extractions (<80%) in cyanide leaching impose the application of physical and chemical pre-treatment methods (e.g., ultra-fine grinding, roasting, alkaline leaching) prior to cyanide leaching to achieve acceptable recoveries. The effectiveness of the selected pre-treatment method is linked intimately with inherent mineralogical properties of or...

During cyanide leaching of gold ores, a minimum level of free cyanide (>50-200 mg/L) should be maintained to ensure the extraction of gold available for leaching. Silver nitrate titration (SNT) using rhodanine as the indicator is often used to determine free cyanide concentration in leaching solutions. However, the leach solutions also contain cyan...

ABSTRACT: In this study, amenability of an antimonial refractory gold/silver ore and an arsenical silver ore to thiourea leaching was investigated. Previous studies on the cyanide leaching of these ores resulted in low extractions of gold and silver confirming the refractory nature of these ores. The thiourea leaching tests (26% w/w pulp density, p...

Ultra−fine grinding (UFG) was proposed as a pre−treatment method prior to cyanide leaching of old plant tailings of a refractory silver ore. Direct cyanidation of the as− received tailings (d 80 : 100 µm) led to a low silver extraction of only ≤43% over 24 h. A size-based diagnostic study has demonstrated that the refractoriness of the tailings is...

Ultra-fine grinding of the plant tailings of a refractory silver ore was studied using a laboratory type vertical stirred media mill. Preliminary tests have confirmed that ultra-fine grinding substantially improves the extraction of silver from the tailings in cyanide leaching (i.e. 36% Ag extraction from the as-received tailings (d80: 100 µm) c.f....

In coal mining, large amounts of fine coals are produced during excavation, transportation and processing. If their qualities are low, these fine coals should be cleaned and evaluated as energy source. In the present study, cleaning possibility of the fine coal with oxidized - brittle structure by selective attrition in a laboratory scale pin-type...

ABSTRACT In this study, ultra-fine grinding of a refractory silver ore tailings was studied. A laboratory scale pin-type vertical stirred mill and ceramic beads were employed for the grinding tests. The effects of ball diameter (2-4.5 mm), stirring speed (200-800 rpm) and ball charge ratio (50-80%) on the particle size (d80, m) of the ground mater...

ÖZET Altının cevherlerden kazanımı eski çağlardan beri yapılmaktadır. Bununla beraber, modern endüstri yaklaşık yüzyıl önce, siyanürleme prosesinin bulunduğu 1887 yılında kurulmuştur. Bu proses, çeşitli cevherlere başarılı bir şekilde uygulanmış ve 1970’li yıllarda, 1 ppm’e kadar düşük Au içeren cevherleri de kapsayacak şekilde geniş uygulama alanı...

Gold has been extracted from its ores since ancient times. The modern industry, however, was established about hundred years ago when the cyanidation process was invented in 1887. The process was applied successfully for a variety of ores and found wide-spread application in 1970's for ores containing as low as 1 ppm gold. In the last decade new ch...

Due to their excellent hardness and toughness, diamond tools have been widely used as cutting tools for mining applications such as machining and/or processing of natural stones. A considerable amount of used sawblades with diamond grits are damaged, scrapped and wasted in the regions where machining and/or processing of ornamental stones are heavi...

The pretreatment of an antimonial refractory gold and silver ore was investigated using alkaline sulphide leaching. The ore assayed 20g/t Au and 220g/t Ag and contained predominantly quartz/clay and barite, and to a lesser extent, sulphides such as pyrite, stibnite, sphalerite, zinkenite (Pb9Sb22S42) and andorite (Sb3PbAgS6). The latter mineral was...

In this study the removal of free cyanide from aqueous solutions by air oxidation and adsorption was investigated. Effects of air and pure oxygen, and catalyst on the rate and extent of the removal of cyanide were studied. It was found that the oxidative removal of cyanide by air/oxygen was very limited although it tended to improve in the presence...

In this current study, the extraction of gold from a high grade copper-rich gold ore by copper-assisted ammoniacal thiosulphate leaching was studied by adopting Taguchi L 9, (3 3) experimental design approach. The effects of concentration of thiosulphate, (10-500 mM S 2 O 3 2-), copper (0-25 mM Cu 2+), and ammonia (5-1000 mM NH 3) on the extent of...

In this study, optimization of some parameters of stirredmill on ultra-fine grinding of refractory Au/Ag ores was performed. A three-level Box–Behnken design combining a response surface methodology (RSM) with quadratic programming (QP) was employed for modelling and optimization of some operating parameters in ultra-fine grinding. Grinding tests w...

The pretreatment of an antimonial refractory gold and silver ore was investigated using alkaline sulphide leaching. The ore assayed 20 g/t Au and 220 g/t Ag and contained predominantly quartz/clay and barite, and to a lesser extent, sulphides such as pyrite, stibnite, sphalerite, zinkenite (Pb9Sb22S42) and andorite (Sb3PbAgS6). The latter mineral w...

Akoluk (Ordu) Au/Ag ore consisted of predominantly quartz, barite, kaolinite, and to a less extent, sulphide minerals such as pyrite, sphalerite and stibnite. Gold were present in native form and associated with sulphide minerals and gang minerals as fine particles. The aim of this study consist of the determining of grinding parameters to be effec...

This paper presents the alkaline sulfide pretreatment of an antimonial refractory gold and silver ore. In the ore, gold occurs mainly as gold-silver alloys and as associated with quartz and framboidal pyrite grains, and, to a small extent, as the inclusions within antimonial sulfides. Silver is present extensively as antimonial sulfides such as and...

The Akoluk ore deposit is located in southwest of Ordu city (Turkey) and in the western part of the Eastern Pontides, which consists mainly of volcanic-sedimentary rock units. Gold and silver contents of the ore are 20 and 220 g/ton, respectively. The chemical and mineralogical characterisation of the ore showed the presence of quartz/clay (52.2 pe...

This paper deals with the effect of the addition of lead nitrate and ultra-fine grinding on the cyanidation of an antimonial refractory gold and silver ore. The results indicated that the recovery of gold was enhanced by 10%, but, silver extraction did not improve with adding lead nitrate or increasing its concentration. Fine grinding (e.g. down to...

The amenability of a refractory ore to the extraction of gold and silver by cyanide leaching was investigated. Diagnostic leaching tests were also performed to shed light on the refractory characteristics of ore. The leaching tests show that the extraction of gold and silver is consistently low, i.e. 47% and 19.2%, respectively, over a leaching per...

Although cyanidation process is currently the dominant process for recovery of gold and silver from ores, thiosulphate is an alternative leach process with several advantages. In this study, thiosulphate leaching of gold from the refractory Kaletaș ore was evaluated as an alternative to cyanide leaching. The extraction of gold in the thiosulphate l...

ZET Bu çalışmada, Kaletaş (Gümüşhane-Türkiye) cevherinin tanımlayıcı liç tekniğiyle refrakterlik davranışı araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca altın kazanımını artırmak için siyanür liçinden önce ultra-ince öğütme de araştırılmıştır. Aşırı öğütülmüş cevherin iki aşamalı siyanür liçi cevherdeki yavaş ve hızlı çözünebilen altının toplam kazanımını %93' e kadar a...

Stirred media mills are used widely for ultra fine grinding of minerals and other materials to particles size below a few micrometers. These mills can be classified into a number of different subcategories predominantly defined by the speed, geometry, and orientation of the media agitator or stirrer. Two basic types of UFG mill are available, the v...

In this study, the technical viability of the application of a Falcon Centrifugal Concentrator for the recovery of gold from ore was reported. The results of mineralogical analysis have revealed that gold with a size of 1-300 μm particles occurs predominantly in native form in association with quartz as free particles, and with sulphide minerals as...

Karıştırmalı ortam değirmenleri minerallerin ve diğer malzemelerin birkaç mikron altı tane boyutuna çok ince öğütülmeleri için cevher hazırlama, plastik, seramik, boya, gıda ve kozmetik gibi farklı endüstri kollarında yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu değirmenler hız, geometri ve ortam karıştırma ya da karıştırıcı şekliyle tanımlanan farklı t...

Bu çalışmada hastahane atık banyo çözeltilerindeki gümüşün sementasyon yöntemiyle kazanılması araştırılmıştır. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Farabi Hastanesi (KTÜ) ve Akçaabat Devlet Hastanesi’nden (AKCA) alınan X-Ray filmi atık banyo çözeltileri kullanılmıştır. Atık banyo çözeltilerinin ortalama Ag içeriği 3,7 gr/lt (KTÜ) ve 7,75 gr/lt (AKCA) olar...