Norhaizan Me

• BSc (Biochemistry and Microbiology) MSc (Enzyme Technology) Phd (Nutritional Biochemistry)
• Professor at Universiti Putra Malaysia

The use of polymer‐coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) to deliver drugs to a specific target site is among the most efficient strategies. We have developed MIONs coated with chitosan (CS) polymer, preloaded with the phytodrug phytic acid (PTA), for drug delivery applications. To fully understand the crystalline structure and surface mo...

Oxidative metabolism and redox homeostasis have been shown as an integral part of aerobic life. Research evidence has demonstrated that oxidative stress lies in the pathophysiological core of a plethora of human diseases. Antioxidants control autoxidation by suppressing the free radicals formation or by interrupting the free radicals propagation th...

Oxidative stress is characterized by an imbalance between antioxidant defense mechanisms and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are a pivotal health concern worldwide. Research evidence suggests that dietary patterns play a critical role in mediating oxidative stress levels and thereby increase disease susceptibility. This chapter discussed the c...

Protein is vital to human health and it plays a critical role in the development of the human body. Dietary protein is a primary nitrogen source, in which amino acids serve as a building block for body tissue and modulate the physiological enzymes essential in regulating biological and chemical reactions. Animal protein has been regarded to be the...

There are various sources of nutritionally mediated oxidative stress that cause inflammation. Substantial evidence highlights that excessive consumption of macronutrients can cause oxidative stress leading to inflammation through nuclear factor-kappa B- (NF-κB-) mediated cell signaling pathways. Animal-based proteins, dietary carbohydrates, and fat...

The recommendation to restrict saturated fatty acid consumption has persisted despite some inconsistent findings. Emerging meta-analyses of observational studies and randomized trials indicate that that reducing saturated fatty acid intake does not significantly impact total mortality or cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although it may offer prot...

Nutrients play a crucial role in mediating oxidative stress, influencing the progression and development of chronic diseases. Antioxidants such as phytochemicals, minerals, and vitamins have been demonstrated in alleviation of oxidative damage and scavenging of free radicals. Dietary fats, animal-based proteins, and carbohydrates are crucial to hig...

Insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells play a vital role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and blood glucose homeostasis in the context of insulin resistance. Based on the findings obtained at the whole cell level using poorly specific chemical probes, reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide and superoxide have been proposed...

Low-grade chronic systemic inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of chronic diseases including metabolic syndrome, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Accumulation of fat is often linked to systemic oxidative stress via the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Elevation of oxidative stress can lead to ch...

Research evidence highlights that overconsumption of macronutrients induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation via mononuclear (MNC) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. The elevation of oxidative stress is linked to chronic inflammation; other sources may also further increase the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines in a “vici...

Despite the advancement in cancer diagnosis and treatment, colorectal cancer remains the leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Given the high recurrence rate of colorectal cancer even after surgical resection, chemotherapy has been clinically used to improve the treatment outcomes of colorectal cancer. However, chemotherapy is well‐known...

Colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) arises from prolonged inflammation of the inner colon lining. An alternative approach to treating or preventing CAC involves the use of natural products such as Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen or M. zapota, which has been studied for its medicinal and pharmacological properties. Previous research has demonstrate...

Introduction: The increase of Type 2 diabetes mellitus has prompted numerous research toward finding an alternative to manage the disease through the oxidant-antioxidant balance, mainly through bioactive compounds in natural products. This study explored the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of phenolic-rich extract (PRE) from Stingless bee h...

Huntington’s disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disease, normally starts in the prime of adult life, followed by a gradual occurrence of psychiatric disturbances, cognitive and motor dysfunction. The daily performances and life quality of HD patients have been severely interfered by these clinical signs and symptoms until the last stage of neuronal...

Since lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, research is being conducted to discover anticancer agents as its treatment. Eleutherine bulbosa, a Dayak folklore medicine, exhibited anticancer effects against several cancer cells; however, its anticancer potency against lung cancer cells has not been explored yet. This stu...

Diabetes is associated with an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. This imbalance contributes to the development and progression of diabetic complications. Similarly, renal and liver diseases are characterised by oxidative stress, where an excess of oxidants overwhelms the antioxidant defense mechanisms, causin...

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a principal food for more than half of the world's people. Rice is predominantly consumed as white rice, a refined grain that is produced during the rice milling process which removes the bran and germ and leaves the starchy endosperm. Rice bran is a by-product produced from the rice milling process, which contains many bi...

Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae) is a plant traditionally used to reduce the risk of hyperlipidemia and hypertension. There is limited information on the anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-hypertensive effects of the various M. micrantha leaves and stem extracts. This study aimed to examine the in vitro potential of different parts of M. micrantha (l...

Introduction Camellia sinensis has been used as a traditional medicine in Southeast Asia to treat various diseases for centuries. However, their efficacy against retinoblastoma has not been thoroughly investigated and characterized. This study aims to determine the cytotoxicity, cell cycle, and apoptotic induction by matcha green tea extract (MGTE)...

This study evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicity of B. amyloliquefaciens HTI-19 (iso-lated from stingless bee honey) in female Sprague Dawley rats. In an acute toxicity study, the rats received a low dosage (1 × 10 9 CFU·mL −1), medium dosage (3 × 10 9 CFU·mL −1), or high dosage (1x10 10 CFU·mL −1) of B. amyloliquefaciens HTI-19 daily orally b...

In order to develop adequate complementary foods (CFs) to improve infant and young child feeding, the inclusion of animal source foods (ASFs) into plant-based foods (PBFs) is paramount. Unfortunately, the incorporation of ASFs into PBFs to formulate adequate CFs was infrequent in the developing countries, especially Nigeria. Yet, few CFs that were...

Natural products serve as a valuable source of antioxidants with potential health benefits for various conditions. Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br., also known as Old World climbing fern, is an invasive climbing fern native to Southeast Asia, Africa, South America, Australia, and Melanesia. It has been reported to possess interesting pharmacolog...

In-vitro chemical characterization and mosquitocidal screening of essential oil derived from Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae) (CVO-MS) against the malarial vector Anopheles gambiae was investigated. GC-MS analysis evidenced a total of 12 bio-active compounds, and maximum at α-bisabolol (39.34%) followed by stigmasterol (13.45%) respectivel...

Yellow maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) are local raw materials used in the formulation of complementary foods in Nigeria. The presence of antinutritional factors such as tannins in them could disrupt the nutritional status in infants and young children, thus leading to malnutrition. However, data on the total tannin content...

BACKGROUND Plant‐based complementary foods (CFs) supply insufficient amount of nutrients to meet recommended nutrient intakes for 6–23‐month‐old children. The present study determined the nutritional quality of CFs formulated from blends of Nigerian yellow maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Three CFs were fo...

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a serious health condition and defined as inflammation in the colon. Untreated, UC can develop into colitis-associated cancer (CAC), for which effective medicines are not available. Natural products are a better choice to treat UC by alleviating the inflammation. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a phenolic compound...

Celastrus paniculatus, commonly known as the “Intellect Tree,” or vernacularly known as “Malkangni” and “Jyotishmati,” is a medicinal plant that native to the India continent. Traditionally, Celastrus paniculatus seed oil (CPSO) is valued for its beneficial properties against neurological disorders in the Ayurvedic medicine. Findings from the moder...

Age-related diseases have become the major health challenge in the twenty-first century. Aging is a multifactorial, progressive, and universal process characterized by degenerative in nature, accompanied by the degenerative of biological and cognitive function and eventually increased mortality rate. In particular, the endogenous antioxidant system...

Research evidence has indicated that increasing numbers of elderly are suffering from age-related diseases such as neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, and osteoporosis. These diseases are characterized by progressive loss of tissue and organ function. Substantial evidence has revealed that the overproduction of ROS may pla...

Aging is the progressive manifestation of increased cellular damage with age. The process of aging is complex and can be described in several theories. “Oxidative stress hypothesis” is the commonly accepted theory, which is modified and advanced the free radical theory of aging. Oxidative stress occurs when the cellular antioxidative system is defe...

Substantial studies have suggested that natural compounds rich in antioxidants can enhance the immune system and decrease oxidative stress. These substances facilitate in scavenging the reactive species that initiate the peroxidation, inhibit the formation of peroxides, breaking the autoxidative chain reaction, and quenching •O2⁻. The molecules wit...

In the last few decades, antioxidant has made their way from supplements and capsules to maintain human health. The demand for antioxidants has skyrocketed and the market is projected to markedly increase in the next few decades. The growing interest in antioxidants takes part in a broader interest in preventive medicine. Therefore, we are starting...

Research evidence has revealed that the molecular inflammatory process plays a central role in the aging process and age-related diseases. Inflammaging is a systemic, low-grade, and chronic inflammation in aging, which is occurred in the absence of overt infection. Chronic inflammation is often derived from the macromolecules or damaged cells due t...

Aging is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this process at her or his own pace and time. In other terms, aging reflects all the changes that take place throughout life. Over the last centuries, extensive research evidence has described the changes that occurred accompany aging in animal models. At the same time, there is ample information do...

Aging is one of the key contributors to a broad spectrum of chronic diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase oxidative stress in cells and thus induces inflammatory cascades. The antioxidant defense systems are declined during aging. Antioxidant controls the oxidative radical process by suppressing the formation of free radicals and interru...

Ethnopharmacological relevance The bulb of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. is an indigenous medicinal plant traditionally used among Dayak people for the management of diabetes, breast cancer, hypertension, stroke, and fertility problems in women. The bulb has been reported with a potent cytotoxic potential but with limited underlying mechanisms....

The average life expectancy has increased worldwide in recent decades. This has presented new challenges as old age brings the onset of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease. Studies and research have shown the potential preventive and...

Inflammation and compromised immune responses often increase colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. The immune-modulating effects of limonin on carcinogen/inflammation-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) were studied in mice. Male Balb/c mice were randomly assorted into three groups (n = 6): healthy control, non-treated CRC-induced (azoxymethane/dextran-sulfate...

Natural product is an excellent candidate for alternative medicine for disease manage‐ ment. The bulb of E. bulbosa is one of the notable Iridaceae family with a variety therapeutic potential that is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia. The bulb has been used traditionally among the Dayak community as a folk medicine to treat several diseases like...

Purpose. Inflammation and compromised immune responses often increases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. The immune-modulating effects of limonin on carcinogen/inflammation-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) were studied in mice. Methods: Male Balb/c mice were randomly assorted into three groups (n=6): healthy control, non-treated CRC-induced (azoxymethan...

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the extraction conditions of phenolic and antioxidant compounds from matcha green tea (Camellia sinensis) using central composite design (CCD). The desirability function was used to find the optimum extraction conditions. The highest polyphenol and antioxidant content yield were reached at...

The present study aimed to determine the effect of an ethyl acetate extract of Mikaniamicrantha stems (EAMMS) in hypercholesterolemia-induced rats. Rats were divided into a normal group (NC) and hypercholesterolemia induced groups: hypercholesterolemia control group (PC), simvastatin group (SV) (10 mg/kg) and EAMMS extract groups at different dosag...

A study was conducted to screen the occurrence and level of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in urine samples of 206 urban and rural residents in Terengganu, Malaysia. The level of AFM1 was quantified by competitive enzyme-linked immune-absorbent assay (ELISA). Of the 206 samples, 84 were positive for AFM1 (40.8%) in a range of 0.07–5.53 ng/ml (mean = 0.589 ng/...

Introduction: Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen or sapodilla is a fruit-bearing tree that has been cultivated mainly in tropical areas including Mexico and South East Asia. The fruits and the other parts of M. zapota plant have been used since ages ago for various medicinal purposes. However, the data on the antioxidant properties of various parts of...

Rice industry produces large amounts of waste. Rice processing involves some streams of milling steps to produce several materials including rice bran, husk, straw, germ, broken rice, and brewers’ rice. In developing countries, these materials are considered as by-products and usually discarded as waste or used in animal feed. Indeed, the compositi...

More than 90% of rice is consumed and produced in the Asian Region, contributing to 80% of world consumption and production. Among all the factors, rising incomes and urbanization are the predominant contributors’ consumption patterns. It can be inferred that rice by-products may increase substantially by 2050. In this regard, the annual cereal pro...

Rice by-products such as rice bran, straw, husk, and germ, are produced during the rice milling process. It has been considered as rich sources of bioactive components, for instance, γ-oryzanol, vitamin E, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. These bioactive constituents are drawing interest due to the health benefits including antiobesity propertie...

Rice by-products are good sources of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. The richness and diversity in the bioactive compounds varied based on the extraction process and cultivars. Rice by-products are rich in tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol, phytic acid, phenolic compounds, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and dietary fiber. These substanc...

Because the rice industry will remain sustainable for a long time, and thus the rice by-products production will remain high. Rice by-products are agriculture by-products produced during the rice milling process. They contain a variety of bioactive compounds including γ-oryzanol, phenolics, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), phytic acid, and dietary fiber...

Rice is a staple food for nearly half of the global population. Irrigated rice contributes to nearly 55% of the global harvested area, which is about 75% of global rice production (410 million tonnes of rice per year), which is 100 times more productive compared to upland rice. The yields of rice production depend on water supply, herbicides, and f...

Rice is one of the universal cereal crops consumed by nearly half of the world population as their daily staple food. Rice milling process produces several by-products including rice bran, rice straw, rice germ, broken rice, rice husk, and brewers’ rice. In particular, rice by-products are rich in bioactive constituents. Many studies have revealed...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2018/3142073.].

Rice is a vitally important staple food for almost half of the world’s population. As the global population increases, the demands for rice are expected to remain high. Since the rice industry will remain sustainable for a long time, the production of rice by-products will remain high. Substantial evidence suggests that rice by-products such as ric...

Prostate cancer has become the second leading cancer in men worldwide. Androgen plays an important role in normal functioning, development, and differentiation of the prostate, and thus is considered to be the most powerful candidate that mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance in the prostate. The elevation of ROS has been associated with t...

Introduction: Moringa oleifera Lam. is a miracle tree that has been widely utilised in folklore medicine due to its immense amount of phenolic constituents that could treat various ailments. Different techniques have been implemented to extract the phenolic but the parameters may not be optimised to further enhance the amount of phenolic extracted....

Introduction: There are numerous studies on the therapeutic properties of Artocarpus heterophyllus. However, studies on the aqueous extraction of A. heterophyllus leaves are limited. This present study was conducted to optimize the extraction conditions of A. heterophyllus leaves to yield the highest phenolic, flavonoids and antioxidant contents. M...

Introduction: Moringa oleifera Lam. is a miracle tree that has been widely utilised in folklore medicine due to its immense amount of phenolic constituents that could treat various ailments. Different techniques have been implemented to extract the phenolic but the parameters may not be optimised to further enhance the amount of phenolic extracted....

In many studies, green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has already shown its therapeutic effects in colorectal cancer cells (CRC). However, its mechanism of actions in CRC is poorly elucidated. Hence, this study attempts to elucidate the mechanism of actions of green tea ECGG via iron chelation activity in CRC. In order to investigate this pr...

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme functional for physiological defense strategies in animals and plants against free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from biotic and abiotic stress. Supplementation of SOD from plants in mammalian diet is a new approach in terms of health improvement against pathological conditi...

This study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate the probiotic properties of Bacillus species from honey of the stingless bee Heterotrigona itama. Bacillus spp. were isolated from five different H. itama meliponicultures, and the isolates were characterized through Gram-staining and a catalase test. Tolerance to acidic conditions and bile salt (...

Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. bulb or Dayak onion was reported to have various health benefits. However, the study of the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of this plant is scarce. This work was aimed to optimise the extraction of phenolic compounds from E. bulbosa bulb using response surface methodology (RSM). The antioxidant activities of the...

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant bioactive polyphenolic compound among the green tea constituents and has been identified as a potential anticancer agent in colorectal cancer (CRC) studies. This study was aimed to determine the mechanism of actions of EGCG when targeting the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in CRC. Th...

Coating of iron oxide nanoparticles (MNP) is the common approach to reduce the effects of direct toxicity due to the ion oxidation that lead to the damage of DNA. This study investigates the effect of different concentration of Chitosan (Cs) used to coat the magnetic nanoparticle with variation in the crystallite size, chemical bonding, changes in...

Cognitive dysfunction is linked to chronic low-grade inflammatory stress that contributes to cell-mediated immunity in creating an oxidative environment. Food is a vitally important energy source; it affects brain function and provides direct energy. Several studies have indicated that high-fat consumption causes overproduction of circulating free...

A nanocomposite, phytic acid-chitosan-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IP 6-CS-MNPs) has been used to treat colon cancer in vitro, previously. However, its potential toxicity in vivo has yet to be elucidated. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of oral administration of IP 6-CS-MNPs in mice. In this study, 1000 and 2000 m...

Many chemotherapeutic drugs have been used for the treatment of cancer, for instance, doxorubicin, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. However, the effectiveness of chemotherapy is limited in cancer therapy due to drug resistance, therapeutic selectivity, and undesirable side effects. The combination of therapies with natural com...

Despite an increase in life expectancy that indicates positive human development, a new challenge is arising. Aging is positively associated with biological and cognitive degeneration, for instance cognitive decline, psychological impairment, and physical frailty. The elderly population is prone to oxidative stress due to the inefficiency of their...

Objective: To identify and determine the composition of antioxidant compounds, and to evaluate the antioxidant abilities of Gac fruit parts (peel, pulp, seed and aril) grown in Malaysia. Methods: LC-MS/MS was used for identification of antioxidant compounds and UV-Vis for estimation of the contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Lycopen...

Objective: To identify and determine the composition of antioxidant compounds, and to evaluate the antioxidant abilities of Gac fruit parts (peel, pulp, seed and aril) grown in Malaysia. Methods: LC-MS/MS was used for identification of antioxidant compounds and UV-Vis for estimation of the contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Lycopen...

Introduction: In Malaysia, Heterotrigona itama sp. (stingless bee) industries start to grow rapidly since 2015 but the study on its health benefit is still lacking. This study was aimed to analyse and compare the sugar content, minerals and antioxidant properties of stingless bee honey collected from forest and suburban area in Malaysia. Methods: S...

Coffee is a well-known beverage being processed from coffee beans of either Arabica and/or Robusta. Observational and experimental research on coffee shows positive health impact. Coffee often relates with dyspeptic condition (i.e. Gastric release) and manifest Gastro-esophageal Reflux (GERD) and peptic ulcer (PU) diseases. Despite much con-tradict...

Wound healing is a natural intricate cascade process involving cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanism to restore the injured or wounded tissue. Malaysia's multi-ethnic social fabric is reflected in its different traditional folk cuisines with different nutritional important ingredients. Despite these differences, there are some commonly used...

Wound healing is a natural intricate cascade process involving cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanism to restore the injured or wounded tissue. Malaysia's multi-ethnic social fabric is reflected in its different traditional folk cuisines with different nutritional important ingredients. Despite these differences, there are some commonly used...

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (Family: Sapotaceae), commonly called as sapodilla, has been applied as traditional folk medicine for diarrhea and pulmonary infections. Conventional therapy in colorectal cancer is not likely effective due to undesirable outcomes. The anti-colon cancer properties of Manilkara zapota leaf water extract have yet to be...

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (Family: Sapotaceae), commonly called as sapodilla, has been applied as traditional folk medicine for diarrhea and pulmonary infections. Conventional therapy in colorectal cancer is not likely effective due to undesirable outcomes. The anti-colon cancer properties of Manilkara zapota leaf water extract have yet to be...

Both honeybees (Apis spp.) and stingless bees (Trigona spp.) produce honeys with high nutritional and therapeutics value. Until recently, the information regarding potential health benefits of stingless bee honey (SBH) in medical databases is still scarce as compared to the common European bee honey (EBH) which is well known for their properties as...

Objective This review aimed to collect and summarise the scientific literature on the nutritional content, biological activities and nutraceutical value of Gac fruit. Method we searched PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, BioMed for all the studies published from 2003 to 2018 which related to the Gac fruit. However, the literature on its biolog...

Objective: To investigate the impact of the extracts of Gac fruit parts (peel, pulp, seed, and aril) on the cell viability and angiogenesis markers of human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE- 19) cells under high glucose conditions. Methods: The effect of the extracts of Gac fruit peel, pulp, seed and aril on the ARPE-19 cells was determined using M...

Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) has gained much attention among researchers for its therapeutic value. This review focuses on pharmacological activities of phytic acid, which have been demonstrated by pre-clinical studies. Anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulation are the most extens...

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, called sapodilla, or locally known as ciku, belongs to the family Sapotaceae. We found that Manilkara zapota leaf water extract has cytotoxic effect against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line in our earlier study. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the anticancer properties of Manilkara zapota leaf...

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are among the most useful metal nanoparticles in biomedical applications. A previous study had confirmed that phytic acid-chitosan-iron oxide nanocomposite (Phy-CS-MNP) exhibited antiproliferative activity towards human colorectal cancer (HT-29) cells. Hence, in this work, we explored the in vitro cytotoxicity acti...

Aging is the progressive loss of organ and tissue function over time. Growing older is positively linked to cognitive and biological degeneration such as physical frailty, psychological impairment, and cognitive decline. Oxidative stress is considered as an imbalance between pro- and antioxidant species, which results in molecular and cellular dama...

Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) has gained much attention among researchers for its therapeutic value. This review focuses on pharmacological activities of phytic acid, which have been demonstrated by pre-clinical studies. Anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulation are the most extens...

Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common, with a worldwide incidence estimated at more than 1 million cases annually. Therefore, the search for agents for CRC treatment is highly warranted. Inositol-6 phosphate (IP6) is enriched in rice bran and possesses many beneficial effects. In the present study the effect of IP6 on autophagy-mediated de...

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and it is predicted that the number of cases will rise to 2.4 million by 2035. Therefore, preventative and therapeutic approaches are essential for the fight against cancer. The management of colon cancer through conventional methods mainly surgery, radiotherapy, and ch...