Niveta Jain

Indian Agricultural Research Institute | IARI · Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture (CESCRA)

Mechanizing rice cultivation is essential to enhance operational efficiency, profitability, and resource-effectiveness while minimizing dependency on labour workforce. The agro-economic feasibility of rice establishment methods namely Conventional-Manually Transplanted Rice (CTR), Machine Transplanted Rice (MTR), and Dry-Direct Seeded Rice (DSR), w...

This policy brief is produced by the UKRI GCRF South Asian Nitrogen Hub (SANH). It provides an overview of the patterns and trends in synthetic nitrogen (N) fertiliser use in crop production, import, export and emission in the South Asian Region (SAR) and its member countries; Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Maldives, Pakistan, and S...

Advanced facilities for climate change research and greenhouse gas mitigation are essential in our efforts to understand and address the challenges posed by climate change. These facilities include eddy covariance system, Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE), Temperature gradient tunnel (TGT), Carbon dioxide and Temperature Gradient Chamber (CTGC), Free...

The efficacy of alternative nitrogenous fertilizers for mitigating greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from a rice-wheat cropping system in northern India was addressed in a laboratory incubation experiment using soil from a 10-year residue management field experiment (crop residue removal, CRR, vs. incorporation, CRI). Neem coated urea (NCU), sta...

The study demonstrates effective utilization of geospatial technology to amalgamate crop statistics, satellite derived crop maps and productivity proxies to generate spatial maps of biomass potential from crop residues over a diverse country like India. District level crop production statistics were used to estimate gross biomass potential (GBP) of...

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contribute enormously to climate change. N2O is a crucial greenhouse gas emitted from crop fields and is affected by management and soil properties of the crop field. Agronomical management practices such as irrigation profoundly affects nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil. Proper irrigation management considering...

Agricultural practices are vital to ensure food and overall sustenance of life. Agricultural operations also emit greenhouse gases (GHGs) like methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). GHGs emission from Indian agriculture sector during a period of 1970–2010, has risen by 75%. This is majorly attributed to input intensive agricultural practices which...

Disposal of paddy straw is a major problem in the North-West part of India, which leads to its burning, and subsequent atmospheric pollution. Therefore, a field experiment was undertaken to evaluate the potential of microbial priming and nitrogen (N) supplementation towards improved in situ degradation of paddy straw. A fungal consortium comprising...

Livestock plays a crucial role in food and nutrition security. However, livestock production accounts for 0.18 of global greenhouse gas emissions. India has one of the highest livestock densities globally, mainly produced under traditional systems. Specifically, the emission and particularly nitrogen losses from cattle in traditional systems cannot...

Increasing concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O) in global atmosphere can perturb the ecological balance affecting climate and human life. South Asia, one of the worlds’ most populous regions, is a hotspot for N2O emission. Though agriculture traditionally dominated the region, economic activities are rapidly shifting towards industry and energy ser...

The increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentration will affect growth and nutrient requirement of crops. A study was undertaken to quantify the impact of elevated CO 2 on yield, P uptake and soil P availability in transplanted and direct seeded rice (DSR). Phosphorus application at increasing doses upto100% of recommended dose resulted...

Intermittent flooding (IF) of rice has been encouraged as an approach to reduce water use and methane emissions compared with continuous flooding (CF), but may involve trade-offs. This study compared the contrasting effect of IF and CF flooding regimes on emissions of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3), nitrogen use efficiency (NU...

Rice growing under anaerobic condition followed by spring wheat under aerobic environment differentially impact the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in rice-wheat system of the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This is the first estimation of the NEE in a rice-spring wheat sequence using eddy covariance technique in Nort...

Paddy residue burning after harvest is a common practice followed by farmers’ in the north western India to clear the land for succeeding wheat crop sowing in-time. But it emits particulate matter and greenhouse gases leading to atmospheric pollution in the region. The state governments are implementing schemes for promotion of in-situ management o...

Farmers are increasingly practicing crop residue burning in northern states of India to clear the fields and sow subsequent crops. The issue is a critical concern for the government and policymakers for its adverse pollution impacts on the environment and human health. This chapter summarizes the spatiotemporal pattern of rice residue burning and r...

Methane (CH4) emissions are responsible for the higher global warming potential of rice cultivation. There are scattered reports on the use of chemical interventions for reducing CH4 emissions from rice. A laboratory study was carried out to estimate the CH4 mitigation potential of oxygen releasing chemicals such as magnesium peroxide (MgO2) and ca...

Irrigated transplanted flooded rice is a major source of methane (CH 4) emission. We carried out experiments for 2 years in irrigated flooded rice to study if interventions like methane-utilizing bacteria, Blue-green algae (BGA), and Azolla could mitigate the emission of CH 4 and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and lower the yield-scaled global warming poten...

In the last six decades, the consumption of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the form of fertilizer in India has been growing rapidly, whilst the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cropping systems has been decreasing. These trends have led to increasing environmental losses of Nr, threatening the quality of air, soils, and fresh waters, and thereby endange...

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is second most important food grain after rice and is consumed in different forms. The production of wheat in India is currently facing new challenges due to increasing population and adverse impacts of climate change. The production of wheat has increased significantly after the introduction of high yielding varieties....

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most significant cereal food of the Indian and global human population. India has the maximum area under rice cultivation and in rice production, India is second only to China. Water and fertilizer management affects rice production significantly. In this study, the impact of water management and different sources of nitr...

Global warming impacts of N use in Indian agriculture since 1960 was estimated for 20- and 100-year time scales using equation-based empirical method. During 2014, total Warming in terms of global temperature change potential (GTP) for a 20-year time scale (GTP20) was assessed as 217.31 ± 17.74 Tg CO2e, and for a 100-year time scale (GTP100) was 21...

The maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system (MWCS) could be better alternative to rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS), due to its lower water requirement, methane (CH 4) emission and soil degradation. However, the global warming potential (GWP), greenhouse gas intensity (GHGi) and benefit cost ratio (BCR) of the MWCS need to...

Districtwise data of India is presented as maps of crop area, crop dry biomass production, crop surplus dry biomass and its bioethanol production potential. A total of 11 major crops were analysed grown in three crop seasons. The crop area and yield data is average of 3 to 5 years for period between 2012 and 2016. The surplus biomass was calculated...

In India, stubble burning is frequently practiced in the dominant rice-growing states of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, primarily in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. We attempted monitoring and mapping of the active fire events in real time for all the 3 states by acquiring thermal datasets from 3 different sensors i.e. Visible Infrared Imaging Radiom...

Due to its lower water requirement, methane emission and soil degradation, a maize–wheat rotation (MWR) may be a more attractive alternative to rice–wheat rotation (RWR), in the upper Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of India. However, N2O emission from MWR needs to be quantified to propose management practices for N2O mitigation. A field experiment was...

देश की 40% आबादी को खिलाने के लिए कुल खाद्यान का लगभग 50% उत्पादन "इंडो गैंगेटिक प्लेन” से होता है, धान की कटाई के बाद गेहूं की फसल की बुवाई मे समय अंतराल कम होने एवं अन्य खर्च बचाने के लिए किसान फसलों की कटाई कम्बाइन हारवेस्टर से करते है इस कारण पराली खेत मे ही रह जाती है, खर्च और समय की बचत तथा खेतों को अगली फसल के लिए तैयार करने के मकसद से इन अव...

Paddy residue burning is practiced in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (UP) after crop harvest. During 2018, a Central scheme was implemented in these states by providing subsidy to farmers’ to provide suitable machinery and other interventions, coordinated through State Agriculture Departments. On behalf of ICAR, spatio-temporal mon...

Water, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are important natural resources required for crop production. Footprints of these three natural resources are useful indicators of consumption and pollution. The present project is aimed to determine the water, carbon and nitrogen footprints of major crops of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs). Field experiments were...

The study quantified the generation of surplus crop biomass at district level in three crop growing seasons (kharif, rabi and summer) for all the 662 districts of the country. A total of eleven crops, namely rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, cotton, pulses (Gram & Tur) and oilseed (groundnut, mustard, soybean and castor) were selected for the study. T...

Human activities have massively altered the global nitrogen (N) cycle, doubling annual production of reactive N (Nr) compounds from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). The use of 120 Mt year⁻¹ fertilizer N, with a global terrestrial/atmospheric N fixation of 285Mtyear⁻¹, has provided huge benefits for global food production. However, nitrogen use efficien...

A field study was conducted growing maize during monsoon season of 2013 and 2014 to simulate the grain yield under alternative nitrogen fertilization using InfoCrop-maize model. Seven treatments viz. (1) N0 (Control) (2) N120 (3) N140 (NST) (4) 50% urea + 50% FYM (5) 100% FYM (6) Urea + NI and (7) NOCU were tested. Aapplication of urea and NOCU del...

Nitrogen (N) use in agriculture substantially alters global N cycle with the short- and long-term effects on global warming and climate change. It increases emission of nitrous oxide, which contributes 6.2%, while carbon dioxide and methane contribute 76% and 16%, respectively of the global warming. However, N causes cooling due to emission of NOx,...

Climate change and variability is of particular concern for India, since it has a direct impact on agriculture. It is expected to contribute to increase in temperature, rainfall variability and decrease in irrigation water supplies, greater frequency of extreme weather events and shifting seasons with serious effects on agriculture sector, forestry...

Climate change caused by an increase in the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases is likely to affect adversely the food security and agricultural sustainability. Indian agriculture is highly prone to the risks due to climate change. In India, food grain production is closely related to use of nitrogenous fertiliser which will increase seve...

To reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from rice and wheat cultivation several mitigation options have been suggested. However, economic impact of these technologies has been poorly documented. In the present study economic analysis of some emerging GHG mitigation technologies for rice-wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains has been carried...

Quantification of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from agriculture is necessary to prepare the national inventories and to develop the mitigation strategies. Field experiments were conducted during 2008–2010 at the experimental farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India to quantify nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and...

Quantification of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from agriculture is necessary to prepare the national inventories and to develop the mitigation strategies. Field experiments were conducted during 2008–2010 at the experimental farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India to quantify nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and...

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) seed coat (JSC) and fruit coat (JFC) were investigated for adsorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions. JFC and JSC fine powders were characterized using FTIR and SEM which indicated that both the adsorbents have high surface area, pore space on their surface, and anionic sites for metal ion binding. Batch adsorption s...

The Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of India are dominated by rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system (RWCS). Soil, climate, intensity and methods of rice and wheat cultivation differ in different parts of the IGP. So, the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) will also differ. Present study quantified GHG emission and global wa...

Indian agriculture is highly prone to the risks due to climate change caused by increase in the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The recent Assessment Report of the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reiterated that the warming of the climate syste...

Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in nature. It involves the understanding of how the uncontaminated environment works, and which naturally occurring chemicals are present, in what concentrations and with what effects. Without this it would be impossible to study accurately the effects that hu...

Global warming refers to the current rise in the average temperature of earth's atmosphere and oceans owing to transmission of incoming shortwave radiation from the sun and absorbance of outgoing long-wave radiation from the earth. This has been aggravated by the building up of some gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide...

A field experiment was carried out at the farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to quantify the effect of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and different levels of N fertiliser application on nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil under maize. The experiment included five treatments: 60 kg N ha−1 under ambi...

Based on the eddy covariance flux measurement in rice fields of northern India, net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE) was estimated in the kharif season (rainy season) of 2013. The daily NEE showed a seasonal variation and the carbon dioxide (CO2) flux fluctuated with in ±0.05 g C m-2 d-1 during the early vegetative stage. Thereafter there...

Direct dry-seeding of rice could be a potential option for reducing methane emission. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions were estimated from conventionally transplanted puddled rice (TPR) and direct seeded rice (DSR) using close chamber technique. DSR reduced methane emission drastically as compared to TPR, whereas the emissions of nitrous oxide w...

warming, caused by the increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has emerged as the most prominent environmental issue all over the world. It is believed to have a considerable impact on agriculture including crops, livestock and fisheries. The Indian agriculture being crucial for ensuring food, nutritional and livelihood sec...

warming, caused by the increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has emerged as the most prominent environmental issue all over the world. It is believed to have a considerable impact on agriculture including crops, livestock and fisheries. The Indian agriculture being crucial for ensuring food, nutritional and livelihood sec...

Agricultural crop residue burning contribute towards the emission of greenhouse gases (CO 2 , N 2 O, CH 4), air pollutants (CO, NH 3 , NO x , SO 2 , NMHC, volatile organic compounds), particulates matter and smoke thereby posing threat to human health. In the present study a state-wise inventory of crop residue burnt in India and the air pollutants...

INTRODUCTION: Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is one of the major GHG with a GWP of 298. Agriculture accounts for

System of rice intensification (SRI) is an alternate method of conventional puddled, transplanted, and continuously flooded rice cultivation for higher yield, water saving, and increased farmer's income. The SRI may also have considerable impact on greenhouse gas emission because of difference in planting, water and nutrient management practices. A...

The Indian agriculture, despite making significant progress, is facing the challenges of stagnating net sown area, reducing per capita land availability, deteriorating soil health and diminishing natural resources. Additionally, climate variability and changes are the emerging challenges being faced by this sector for ensuring national food securit...

Agricultural soils contribute toward the emission of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), the two important greenhouse gases (GHGs) causing global warming. A state‐wise inventory of CH4 and N2O emissions from agricultural soils of India was prepared for the base year 2007 using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) national invento...

Conventional puddled transplanted rice (TPR) is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG), particularly methane, causing global warming. Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is a feasible alternative to mitigate methane emission, besides saving water and labor. A 2-year field experiment was carried out to quantify GHG mitigation and water- and labor-saving potent...

Agricultural soils contribute toward the emission of methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O), the two important greenhouse gases (GHGs) causing global warming. A state-wise inventory of CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from agricultural soils of India was prepared for the base year 2007 using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) national i...

The intensifi ed rice and wheat cropping systems consume most of the fertilizer and irrigation water in India and are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The InfoCrop simulation model was evaluated to calculate methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emis-sions from soils under rice and wheat. Indian rice fi el...

Conventional blanket application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer results in more loss of N from soil system and emission of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas (GHG). The leaf color chart (LCC) can be used for real-time N management and synchronizing N application with crop demand to reduce GHG emission. A 1-year study was carried out to evaluate the impact...

Production of conventional puddled transplanted rice is facing severe constraints because of water and labour scarcity and climatic changes. Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is a feasible alternative to conventional puddled transplanted rice with good potential to save water, reduce labour requirement, mitigate green-house gas (GHG) emission and adapt to c...