Ning Zhang

• Ph.D.
• Researher at State Grid Energy Research Institute

Hydrogen is receiving unprecedented momentum and is projected to meet a sizable share of the final energy demand in the future. The coupling between the hydrogen and power systems can help integrate volatile renewable energy, reduce curtailment, and realize long-term energy storage. Different coupling modes are being proposed, yet quantitative comp...

China is transiting its power system towards a more flexible status with a higher capability of integrating renewable energy generation. Demand response (DR) and energy storage increasingly play important roles to improve power system flexibility. The coordinated development of power sources, network, DR, and energy storage will become a trend. Thi...

Interconnection of transnational power grids plays an important role in realizing the optimal allocation of energy resources. It can also deepen regional economic cooperation, achieve energy conservation and emission reduction, and improve people’s livelihood. This paper constructs a comprehensive benefit evaluation index system for transnational p...

The development of energy storage technology and the expansion of market demand have promoted the rapid development of energy storage industry. However, the high investment cost and single operating income model restrict the commercialization of energy storage on the user side. Based on the existing electricity price policy and the operation charac...

Under the environment of energy internet, various elements in power source side, transmission grid side and load demand side should be considered in power system planning issues. Besides, as variable new energy generation and demand response will play increasingly significant parts in power systems, there should be more interactions between power s...

The unbalanced distribution of energy resources and power demand in Northeast Asia determines that the optimal resources utilization needs to break national boundaries and realize transnational power transmission. In this paper, a novel inter-country integrated power generation-transmission expansion planning model is proposed to solve the issue of...

Cross time zone grid interconnection is the key part of global energy interconnection. Different time zones have certain complementarities in load demand and new energy power output. In power systems with high new energy power generation proportions, cross time zone grid interconnections are more important. The complementary features of cross time...

This paper analyzes the natural and technical complementary of hydro power and wind power, and discusses the feasibility of long-distance joint operation. On the basis of study on the hydrodynamic and time coupling characteristics of cascaded hydro power, the hydrologic accounting relationship of cascaded hydro power considering flows time delay is...

It is inevitable for traditional coal-burning heating approach to be replaced by cleaner means. Particularly, electric heating is being vigorously promoted in some countries including China. Due to the good complementary features between heat and electric power, electric heating load can be regarded as a dispatchable resource that improves the flex...

The increasingly serious renewable generation curtailment in many countries reflects the drawbacks of current planning approach, which separates power source planning and grid expansion planning. In addition, resources in demand side should no longer be ignored in power planning with gradually mature policies related to energy efficiency and demand...

In recent years, the number of EVs keeps a rapid growth and the increasing charging load brings new challenges to the operation and control of the power system. Meanwhile, the application of energy storage system is drawing the attention in both academia and industry. Both of the above elements play important roles in the Energy Internet. This pape...

Installed wind power capacity keeps rapid increase, but wind power curtailment is becoming increasingly serious. Demand response is a good choice to promote the integration of wind power. This paper builds a two-stage unit commitment model incorporating demand response with the aim of promoting wind energy utilization. Firstly, a price determinatio...

If all the resources in power supply side, transmission part, and power demand side are considered together, the optimal expansion scheme from the perspective of the whole system can be achieved. In this paper, generation expansion planning and transmission expansion planning are combined into one model. Moreover, the effects of demand response in...

Power system planning approach should meet the new requirements brought by continuous development of power systems. In recent years, wind power generation capacity keeps a rapid growth, but the problem of wind power curtailment becomes increasingly serious in some countries. The limitations of wind power integration produced by power systems, such...

In order to cope with the wind power curtailment problem caused by the disjunction of generation expansion planning and transmission expansion planning, a model is proposed for combining these two sorts of planning. Meanwhile, the energy efficiency programs at the power demand side have also been taken into account in the planning model considering...

With the development of the smart grid in China, new opportunities for responsive industrial loads to participate in the provision of ancillary services (AS) will become accessible. This paper summarizes AS in China and analyzes the necessary characteristics and advantages of industrial users to provide AS according to their response mechanism. Cem...

With the development of smart grid, demand-side resources (DSR) will play an increasingly important role in the power balance of supply and demand. In addition, the requirement of a low-carbon smart grid means some policy backgrounds, such as carbon emissions trading (CET), should not be ignored. Under these circumstances, it is a good idea to cons...

As a major CO2 emission source, the low-carbon development of the power sector requires the sector’s own efforts and the cooperation with other industries, especially in the context of rapid development of renewable generation technologies. The industrial demand response resources (IDRR) will be helpful to improve wind power penetration and bring l...

As a form of renewable and low-carbon energy resource, wind power is anticipated to play an essential role in the future energy structure. Whereas, its features of time mismatch with power demand and uncertainty pose barriers for the power system to utilize it effectively. Hence, a novel unit commitment model is proposed in this paper considering d...

The book focuses on low-carbon issues and Chinas economy, which is analyzed from the perspective of electricity economics. It proposes the novel concept of an economic gene to reflect certain characteristics of the economy. The gene mapping of Chinas economy has been studied based on production functions with electricity. Economic mutations have al...

Economic system is a large and complex system. It consists of a great number of economic men that interlink and interact with each other, which renders the whole system particular functions and characteristics. To carry out research on economic issues, appropriate models are indispensable tools. Plenty of scholars in the world have done a wide vari...

What is mutation of an economy? Is there any gene in the economy? Production functions with electricity have the characteristics of a gene, and it can reflect the mutation of the economy by electricity economics. This book typically tries to provide a new perspective of study on China’s economy by electricity economics. As one of the necessary inpu...

In this chapter, we will go on with the introduction of our original ARE model, which is a tool to simulate the operation of national economic system. The foundation and overview of the model has been introduced in Chap. 6. More details will be focused on in this chapter. First and foremost, we will offer the detailed presentation of various sorts...

China’s economy bids farewell to the period of high growth near 10 % in the past three decades. What will it be in the future? How do we avoid risk of stagflation and convert the challenges to opportunities of economic development by the fiscal and monetary policies? It will be tried in this chapter by studying the economic gene mapping of China. S...

Input–output tables are considerably meaningful data foundation because they contain nearly all kinds of chief information on the national economy. From an input–output table, we cannot only find the intermediate commodity flow from each sector to another sector that reveals the positions and interrelationships of all the sectors but also figure ou...

The system of national economy is extremely large and complex. As a result, it is an undoubtedly difficult task to build models for economic system and simulate its operation. In order to cope with this issue, we need to find some advanced methodologies from the perspective of complex system. The system engineering is an option, but its effect is c...

Economic system is very complex with a lot of uncertainties, and it is very difficult to be simulated and modeled mathematically. However, it can be simplified to a few sectors of the productions and economic activities. Business decision making in the economic activities can be simulated by an intelligent agent based on some rules such as maximum...

There is a cycle of around 9 years in economic growth in China, which is like a sine curve. It can be roughly seen from the curve that each of the four periods of valley, growth, peak, and fall will take about 2.5 years. As we discussed in Chap. 1, the economic growth valley years were 1981, 1989, and 1998; thus, on the basis of the economic cycle,...

WEI JI(危机) in Chinese means challenge and opportunity are the two sides of a coin, and it also shows a challenge would become an opportunity by smart people. Although the economic growth is higher in the last decade, the marginal representative factor productivity is declining. It is a challenge in economic development in China. Is there any opport...

This chapter is regarded to be the core of the study tool, because it covers the introduction of our Agent Response Equilibrium (ARE) model. To deal with the modeling of national economy which is quite a large and complex system, authors propose ARE model on basis of intelligent engineering theory and multi-agent system technique. Principal element...

A novel unit commitment model to promote carbon reduction of a power system is proposed. Compared with traditional models, this one is improved in the following two aspects. On the one hand, low-carbon demand side resources, such as demand response, vehicle to grid and distributed renewable energy generation, are considered together with power supp...

The characteristics of demand side resources, such as fast response and low cost, are very helpful to improve wind power penetration when they are utilized to provide ancillary services for the power system. Typically, industrial demand response resources have the advantages of large capacity, load stability and are easy to manage when they are com...

In order to provide practical paths for the promotion of energy price reform and combined power tariff, firstly, a pectination to the management system, market model and price system of Taiwan's electricity industry was made. The implementation strategy of interruptible price and its theory of peak load shifting were analyzed. Secondly, by introduc...

The present saturated load analysis technology for urban power system and its application are summarized. The background and significance of saturated load research are expounded, the characteristics of urban power load are analyzed, and it is proposed to include three parts in the saturated load analysis, i.e. scale, temporality and spatiality. Th...

This paper proposes a fuzzy bi-objective unit commitment optimization model considering source-grid-load interactions. On the one hand, the model combines economic objective and environmental objective reasonably, and it can deal with bi-objective optimization both with priority and without priority. On the other hand, the model takes the interacti...