Nima Nezafati

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• Prof. Dr. (rer.nat. 2006 - University of Tübingen, Germany)
• Professor (Honorary) at Ruhr University Bochum

Iran is rich in diverse mineral resources, some of which have been known to human being from the ancient times. From geological and metallogenic points of view, Iran is roughly located in the middle part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt and the Thethyan- Eurasian Metallogenic Belt and can be divided into ten litho-structural major domains incl...

The fourth season of archaeological excavations at Tappeh Shoghali which is located ca. 40 km southeast of Tehran has revealed numerous metallurgical relics of silver production from Sialk III-IV period (late fourth and early third millennium BCE). The field examination of the objects together with mineralogical and geochemical investigations indic...

The Veshnaveh ancient copper mine is located in the middle of the Orumieh-Dokhtar volcanic belt in north central Iran and is hosted by middle-upper Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The focus of this paper is the investigation of ore and rock samples from Veshnaveh using diverse geochemical and mineralogical methods including ore microscopy, s...

The Arisman ancient metallurgical site is located in western Central Iran. This site hosts hugemetallurgical remains from the late 4th to early 3rdmillennium BCE, which attest to an extensiveproduction of arsenical copper and silver at the same time. Despite the archaeometallurgicalinvestigations that have so far been carried out at Arisman, some q...

The region of Luristan in the Zagros Mountains (western Iran) is known worldwide for its skilled and enigmatic ancient metal production, in particular its "Luristan Bronzes" dated to the Bronze and Iron Ages. At the crossroads between the II nd and I st millennia BC, in parallel with tradition of elaborate bronze production, Luristan also saw the a...

The recent archaeological excavations at Tappeh Shoghali and Tappeh Sofalin which are located ca. 40 km southeast of Tehran have revealed considerable amounts of metallurgical relics of silver (and copper) production from Sialk III-IV period (Late Fourth and Early Third millennium BCE). The litherage and argentiferous lead fragments from both site...

In spite of rather extensive archaeological and geological investigations in Western Asia during the past decades, the source(s) of tin for the huge bronze production in this region has long remained enigmatic. Recently, by the discovery of an ancient tin-copper mine at Deh Hosein in West Central Iran on the eastern rim of the Zagros Mountains; it...

The Douzlākh salt deposit (region: Māhneshān, Zanjān Province, Iran) is unique for its pure and crystal rock salt and was an important supplier of culinary (‘table’) salt in Achaemenid, Sassanid and Middle Islamic times. At the same time, the site was of central importance to the economic life of the rural populations in the Talkherud Basin. This a...

The Mines of Shakin, located in a lead-silver-zinc deposit near Takestan, Qazvin province, have been known in archaeology since the early 2000s and are considered as early suppliers of silver on the Iranian Plateau. Silver, its beginnings and its cultural significance is closely linked to the history of Iran. In the 4th mill. BC, there is eviden...

Magnetite mineralization accompanied by minor hematite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, tennantite, and goethite, occurs in the Guydash iron skarn deposit in East Azarbaijan province, Iran. Geologically, it is located in the northwestern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The skarn was formed by the intrusion of igneous bodies, especially porphy...

This dataset is a continuously growing collection of lead isotope reference data. Lead isotopes are an established method to reconstruct the raw material provenance of archaeological objects. They are typically applied to artefacts made of copper, lead, silver, and their alloys. However, also the raw material provenance of other materials such as g...

The Shadan porphyry copper-gold deposit is located in the eastern margin of Tertiary volcano-plutonic belt of the Lut block. Hydrothermal Magmatic solutions of granite-granodiorite stock porphyry rocks that are generally intruded in the Eocene volcanic rocks resulted in vast potassic, potassic-phyllic, argillic and propylitic alterations in the are...

The Veshnaveh copper mine in central Iran is among the rare ancient mines of the country that have systematically been investigated from both ancient mining and archaeometric points of view. Veshnaveh is situated in the middle of the Orumieh-Dokhtar volcanic belt in north central Iran and is hosted by middle-upper Eocene volcanic and sedimentary r...

This article discusses the impacts of overprinting of tectonic and plutonic events on the mineralization of the Duna Pb-Ba ore deposit, according to geologic settings and fluid inclusion studies. The Duna carbonate-hosted deposit contains a significant amount of Ag (18.9–264.3 ppm ), Cu (77–41600 ppm), Sb (32.7–11000 ppm), Sr (63.5–15100 ppm), and...

Located in the Falémé Valley (Eastern Senegal), the site of Djoutoubaya is a settlement excavated since 2016 by the laboratory “Archéologie et Peuplement de l’Afrique” of the University of Geneva. Its occupation is divided in four phases which occur between the 9th and the 14th century AD, a period which sees the transition between the Empires of G...

The Guydash Fe deposit is located in the south of East Azerbaijan Province, 27 km southwest of Qara Aghaj city at the northwestern tip of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. This study was conducted to study the mineralogy of the ore and the geochemistry of the intrusive bodies producing skarn mineralization. A set of granitoids with porphyry diorite-monzodi...

The Jizvan region with an area of 45 km2 is located 70 km northwest of Zanjan town in the Tarom-Hashtjin metallogenic zone. The major rock units in the Jizvan area consist of a regular sequence of thin-layered tuff and breccia tuff with intermediate to basic compositions, interlayered with andesites and basalts. In addition, volcanic trachytic and...

The recent archaeological and archaeometallurgical investigations have revealed simulta-neous silver and copper production in a number of central Iranian prehistoric sites includ-ing Arisman, Sialk, and Tappeh Sofalin during the Late Fourth- Early Third Millennia BCE. Some archaeometallurgical remains including ore (Figure 1a), slag, litharge frag...

https://aag.scu.ac.ir/article_17046_53fa2a23dd5e35b9f14e79fed3f84b2a.pdf

https://www.gsjournal.ir/article_142809.html?lang=en

The Arsanjan area is located in the middle of the Zagros thrust zone, south central Iran, and consists of a series of ranges and plains. The study area is situated in the east and southeast of the Arsanjan city, where several Paleolithic and late prehistoric cave sites have so far been recorded. One of the largest cave sites is Tang-e Eshkan that o...

Geological and mineral resources have played a key role in the development of civilizations, both ancient and modern. No one would deny that there have been many benefits from this exploitation of the earth’s resources, but there have been some negative ones as well. This is a matter which concerns us here. We wish to underscore that the fast-gr...

The Gheshlagh Cu-deposit is located in the Tarom-Hashtjin metallogenic belt (THMB) of northwest Iran. The mineralization is hosted by Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Karaj Formation at the subduction-related magmatic arc setting. The geochemistry and petrogenesis analysis confirmed the subduction setting and mineralogically- dominan...

The Oligo-Miocene Daralu gabbro–dioritic rocks, structurally located in the southern part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc (UDMA), are exposed as isolated outcrops in the Eocene volcanoclastic-sedimentary rocks. The gabbro–dioritic rocks are mainly consisting of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole, and biotite phenocrysts in a microlithic groundma...

Geophysical methods have been developed to study the particulars of physically diffusible fields in the ground. In geophysical studies, the goal is usually to detect inhomogeneities inside the earth using physical values measured at the earth's surface. Geophysicists attempt to reconstruct the Earth's interior structure using such data. The present...

The Daraloo ore deposit area, structurally located in the Central Iran and Urumieh Dokhtar magmatic belt, is situated in the south of Kerman Province. In this region, Eocene andesitic flows and pyroclastic rocks have been invaded by Oligo-Miocene hypabyssal intrusive bodies. Most of the intrusive samples are granodiorite porphyry to monzogranite po...

The Ay Qalasi Pb-Zn (Ag) epithermal deposit is located in the south east of Takab, northwest of Iran and is formd at the Urmia-Dokhtar magmatic belt and the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone intersection. Based on microscopic and EPMA analysis, the composition of this series is tennantite-tetrahedrite. These minerals are mainly replaced in host minerals. The EP...

The Duna Pb-Ba-(Ag) mine is located ca. 155 km north of Tehran in the central Alborz structural zone, northern Iran. The ore mineralization occurs as stratabound, epigenetic, E-W and WSW-ENE trending veins and veinlets in fracture-controlled as well as massive and open-space filling textures within a Permian dolomitic limestone host rock. Field obs...

The Band-e-Narges magnetite deposit is located in the central part of Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Arc. Wide I-type calk-alkaline and alkalin magmatic activity in the Koh-e Latif region has been reported due to Eocene intrusive processes in UDMA. Five stages of paragenesis have been observed in the mineralization in this area: prograde stage, retrograd...

The Gheshlagh Cu deposit is located in the Tarom-Hashtjin metallogenic belt (THMB) of northwest Iran. The mineralization is hosted by Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Karaj Formation at the subduction-related magmatic arc position. Wall rock alterations include propilitization, silicification, and carbonatization. The major copper su...

In the current study, we have developed a new method called the third-order moving average method to estimate the shape and depth of residual magnetic anomalies. This method, calculates a nonlinear relationship between depth and shape factor, at seven points with successive window length. It is based on the computing standard deviation at depths th...

Chah Mura mining area in Semnan province is located 30 km southwest of Shahroud and 20 km north of Torud village with an area of 35 km2 and includes a part of 1:250,000 Torud plate. Structurally, this area is located in the northeastern part of Central Iran and in the center of the volcanic-intrusive arc of Torud-Chah Shirin. Rock units of the area...

The study is aimed to investigate earthquake hazard zoning in Boroujerd with emphasis on urban development based on Deh Cheshmeh earthquake. The study area is located in the Zagros and Sanandaj zones in Sirjan tectonically and has a relatively high seismic activity. To study seismicity and seismic hazard analysis within a range of 200 km, the deter...

The prehistoric site of Tol-e Chega Sofla is located in the most eastern fringes of Khuzestan Province, southwestern Iran, close to the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf. The major archaeological finds of the site are related to the Late Fifth to Early Fourth millennia BCE and were discovered from both the cemetery and settlement areas of the...

During the third Millennium BCE, grey wares were the most popular wares in the Indo-Iranian borderlands in which the Bampur Valley and the Sistan basin played a significant role. This research aims to compare grey wares of the above-mentioned regions in order to have a better understanding of possible cultural similarities in both regions. Similari...

The Haftcheshmeh porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit is located in the Arasbaran metallogenic belt, northwest Iran, with mineralization occurring mainly in gabbro-diorite and granodiorite porphyry. Pyrite and chalcopyrite are the most abundant sulfides that occur as disseminated and veinlet type ores in the potassic alteration zone. Platinum-group elements (...

The present study was conducted to determine different geochemical anomalies of rare earth elements (REEs) using a combined approach of stepwise factor analysis (SFA), sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) ,and concentration-area (C-A) fractal modeling based on surface lithogeochemical samples obtained from the Esfordi phosphate mine (Central Iran)....

This study is aimed to determine geochemical anomalies of rare earth elements (REEs) and provides a concentration distribution map for the Esfordi phosphate deposit (EPD), Bafq metallogenic province (BMP), Central Iran. With an average grade of 5519 ppm for REEs, the EPD is one of the prominent deposits of the region. In this research, sequential G...

The Bafq-Saghand metallogenic belt is located in the central part of the Kerman–Kashmar tectonic zone and contains 39 individual occurrences of iron oxide-apatite ± REE mineralizations. These mineral concentrations, e.g., Chadormalu, Choghart, Sechahun, and Esfordi, comprise a total of ~ 1500 million tons of iron ore with an average grade of ~ 55%...

The study area is located 35 km from the city of Kashmar in the middle parts of the “Darooneh - Torbat Heydariyeh - Khaf" volcanic-plutonic belt and north of the Darooneh fault. In the study area, volcanic rocks such as andesite, dacite, and pyroclastic rocks are present, Granodiorite and quartz monzonite bodies, which belong to the calc-alkaline a...

The Noorabad ophiolite is part of Kermanshah ophiolites in NW of Lorestan province, west Iran. The Kermanshah ophiolite complex with NW-SE trending is located in the SSW of the main Zagros thrust fault within the high Zagros zone. Rocks of the Noorabad ophiolite include diabases dikes, basalts lava and andesite that outcropped in the south of the N...

The main purpose of this research is a comparative study among four different fractal models including Concentration-Perimeter/Area (C-P/A), Concentration-Number (C-N), Concentration-Area (C-A) and Concentration-Perimeter (C-P) for delineation of stream sediments Au anomalies based on catchment basins in Aghkand region, NW Iran. In this study, a to...

Aghbolagh copper deposit is located in the southwest of West Azarbaijan Province, 10 km north of Oshnavieh city. Most of the existing rock outcrops in the area include Cambrian deposits (carbonated and clastic deposits). These deposits are metamorphosed by intrusive-granite masses (skarn-genesis). The infiltration of the mineralization solution at...

Ramand mineralization area is located at a distance of about 60 km from the provincial capital of Qazvin province, Iran. The studied area is a part of the Central Iran structural zone in the southern part of Danesfahan geological map. Lithological units in Ramand area are composed of riodacite, rhyolite, tuff riodacite, crystal tuff and riodacite....

The study area is part of the northern Urmia-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt. The northern part of this belt consists of andesite, basalt and acidic tuff. There are hyaloclastites with a distinctive bedding only in the northwestern Mahneshan area and northern Urmia-Dokhtar magmatic belt. In this region volcanism began during the Oligocene time with extremely...

AghBolagh region is located in southwest of West Azarbaijan Province that is 10 km far from north of Oshnavieh. Most of the rocky outcrops in the region include Cambrian deposits (carbonate deposits and clastic deposits (sandstone and shale)). These deposits were later influenced and altered by granite Intrusion. The Intrusion is made of granite an...

The IIC deposit area to the east of the Bafq region exposes rocks that comprise the part of the Central Iran continental terrane. The IIC deposit iron orebodies are magmatic-related hydrothermal deposits that, when considered collectively display a vertical zonation from high-temperature, magmatic ± hydrothermal deposits emplaced at moderate depths...

Shadan copper-gold deposit is located in nearly 65km Southwest of Birjand. The area is a part of eastern margin tertiary volcanoplutonic belt in Lut Block. The oldest units in this area are tertiary andesite, tuff, rhyolite, and rhyolitic tuff. The units are intruded by late Eocene–Oligocene quartz monzonite-granodieritic (Shadan porphyry), granite...

Dolomites are well-known minerals; belonging to the Infra-Cambrian Hormuz Series lies within the salt domes of southern Iran. In this paper, the origin and alteration of dolomitic rocks of Paskhand and Deh-kuyeh salt diapirs in the area of Larestan (southern Iran) are investigated. Based on petrographic (size and fabric) studies, we recognize four...

The processing and analysis of airborne geophysical data for polymetallic mineralization in Aghkand area at East Azerbaijan Province (NW Iran) were carried out with a view to establishing the prospective mineralized zones. This was done in two stages: (i) The magnetic and radiometric data were used to produce different maps including total magnetic...

Gardaneshir Pb–Zn deposit is hosted by dolomitic carbonates which is located in the SW Ardestan, central Iran. Ore body is stratabound type in this deposit. Primary ores in this type are composed of sphalerite, galena, barite and quartz with massive, banded, veined and disseminated structures. Evaluation of ore-grade at the Gardaneshir Pb-Zn deposi...

https://www.gsjournal.ir/article_84248.html

The metallogenic zone of the Bafgh-Saghand in central Iran hosts huge low-titanium iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits (also called Kiruna type iron deposits) with more than 1500 Million tons grading 55% iron. The genesis of these deposits including Chadormalu, Choghart, She-chahun, and Esfordi has long been a subject of debate. In this regard, sever...

In tal van musea over de hele wereld zijn bronzen uit Luristan te vinden. Het zijn stuk voor stuk prachtige stukjes Iraans erfgoed, maar tegelijkertijd zijn ze ook nog steeds met allerlei raadsels omgeven. Hun betekenis is nog lang niet klip en klaar. Het is eigenlijk ook niet echt één homogene groep. Het gaat om allerlei soorten wapens, vaatwerk,...

Iran is rich in ancient mining and metallurgical relics. Nevertheless, the studies on these relics have rarely been systematic. This road map that was originally prepared for the Research Center for Conservation of Cultural Relics of Iran (RCCCR) introduces a systematic multidisciplinary action plan for ancient mining and archaeometallurgical studi...

Iran is rich in ancient mining and metallurgical relics. Nevertheless, the studies on these relics have so far been mostly unsystematic. The road map for the ancient mining and metallurgical studies in Iran that has been ordered by the Research Center for Conservation of Cultural Relics of Iran (RCCCR) proposes a systematic multidisciplinary plan f...

The Origin of Iron Oxide-Apatite deposits (IOA) with low Ti or Kiruna type deposits has long been a matter of debate. In this case, several origins have been proposed for these deposits which include: magmatic, magmatic-hydrothermal, hydrothermal, banded iron formations, and sedimentaryexhalative. Bafq-Saghand metallogenic zone is located in centra...

From economic and scientific reports of the last 150 years we gained knowledge about the modern situation of mineral deposits in Eastern Iran. Of special interest here are the observations about cupriferous mineral deposits and remains of copper and bronze metallurgy which were already noted by historian and travellers of the Early Islamic period l...

According to the archaeological evidence and the ancient textual references, the ancient Mesopotamians imported a considerable amount of their raw material needs from their neighboring areas including the Iranian Plateau, partly via the sea routes of their Lower Sea (today the Persian Gulf). In an attempt to find the sources of the dark-stone (or...

New excavations at prehistoric sites within Jiroft district provide a good opportunity for re-examining the metallurgical records about the south-eastern culture of Iran. The triangle of Jiroft-Tepe Yahya-Shahdad and the metallic Bronze objects are amongst the most important evidences for considering the technology of producing arsenic Bronze which...

The Lut plain (Dasht-e Lut) composes the southern half of the Lut block and is located in south east Iran. Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and sediments together with Paleogene volcanic rocks comprise the major outcrops of this plain which are mainly covered with fine-grained Pelio-Quaternary terrigenous sediments. The Lut Block hosts rather diverse typ...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Wz7MOtNTMQ

Salt domes are one of the most notable features on the face of Zagros in the south of Iran. In this study the salt of Dehkoyeh, Paskhand and Karmostaj domes located in Larestan based on salt colors were analyzed. In mineralogical studies for the first time two minerals, Sassolite B(OH)3 and Glauberite Na2Ca(SO4)2 which are of today 's fumaroles ind...

The world heritage ancient site of Takht-e Soleyman and its ensemble of metal objects, together with the geological wealth and the vast ancient mining relics of the Takab area motivated the authors to conduct the investigation that lead to this article. The Ancient mining and ore processing sites of the Takht-e Soleyman area were surveyed and inves...

The discovery of sassolite and glaubrit minerals in the salt domes of southern Iran could pave the way for further research into the volcanic origin of the salt domes of southern Iran.

The Gazestan magnetite–apatite deposit is located 78 km east of Bafq, in the Bafq-Poshtebadam subzone of the Central Iran structural zone.The rock units in the area belong to the Rizou series and consist of carbonate rocks, shale, tuff, sandstone and volcanic rocks. Intrusive rocks in the form of stock and dyke crop out as granodiorite and granite...

Contributions of Geoscience to Archaeometry; Examples from Iran, Also available under: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DamWFK7eNKM

In this presentation, following some introductory points over the geoscientific aspects of archaeometry, some recent archaeometric examples from Iran will be given which include the studies on the provenance of ancient tin-copper ore, study and provenance of ancient stone sculptures and soap stone materials, as well as investigations on geomaterial...

The East Chia Sabz site is located on the bank of the Seymareh River in the middle of the Zagros Mountain chain. The site is among the few examples of the acramic Neolithic sites of the 8th millennium B.C. of Zagros which was archaeologically investigated during the rescue archaeological studies of the Seymareh dam. Numerous bullet-shaped cores wer...

In the recent years, a few investigations have been accomplished by Iranian and Iranian‐ German teams on the early mining and ancient metallurgy of Iran. This paper summarizes the recent geological, mineralogical, and geochemical studies performed on the ancient sites of Sialk, Arisman, Tappeh Sofalin and Tappeh Shoghali as well as the ancient copp...

Tappeh Sofalin is located north of Pishva town and east of Rey plain at the periphery of Varamin city. The site has been archaeologically excavated since 2006 under the supervision of Morteza Hessari. Tappeh Sofalin has been inhabited since fourth millenium BCE up to the Iron Age. The Iron Age of the site is marked by some burials which contain a f...

The polychrome potteries are among the characterisitc finds of Early Bronze Age whose thourough study can lead to a better understanding of the technological and cultural relationships between different ancient cultures. In order to investigate the possible cultural relationships of some of protohistoric cultures of Iran, six pottery shards from th...

The XIV iron-oxide prospect in the northern part of the Bafq mining district is hosted by intrusive rocks and demonstrates similar characteristics with Kiruna mineralization. The plutonic complex of the XIV prospect is composed of two major types of intrusive rocks, including: 1) a granitic intrusive body which is itself composed of two types; a pa...

This paper presents an overview about the XIV iron-oxide prospect which is located in the Bafq mining district, central Iran. The prospect and its host rocks were investigated by field observations together with mineralogical and geochemical studies. According to these investigations, the XIV prospect is similar to Kiruna-type iron deposits and dem...

The Shirabad lead ore deposit is located 30 km NE of Hamadan (near Shirabad village), North Sanandaj- Sirjan zone. The aim of this research is to identify mineralogy and geochemistry of the ore and various rock units of the Shirabad Pb deposit. In the beginning of this investigation we performed field study and took samples. The mineralogy has been...

The Kalatereshm is an area in north of Iran which covers some part of Torud magmatic belt. The area of this belt is about 2000 square kilometers and most of the mines in this particular area are of Copper, lead and Zinc. The Synthesis process is done by the Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Index Overlay (IO) methods. Of previous studies on the...

The aim of this research is discrimination of the hydrothermal alterations related to copper mineralization in the Daralu deposit, which is located in the south of Kerman, SE Iran. The rocks of the surrounding area consist of Eocene volcanics and Oligocene–Miocene intrusive bodies. The main mineralization has occurred in a granodiorite porphyry int...

Geochemistry and K-metasomatism in mineralized host rocks of Neian epithermal deposit, northwest of Lut block, east of Iran. H. Hadizadeh1*, A. A. Calagari2, N. Nezafati3, H. Mollaei4, H. Azmi5 Abstract Neian epithermal deposit in northwest of Lut block is located in ~35 km southwest of Bejestan. Studies done on this deposit indicate the developmen...

The Kal-e Kafi intrusive suite, located about 65 km northeast of Anarak Village in Central Iran is host to the significant un-tapped (virgin) Mo-bearing porphyry deposit. Trend-lines, fitted by linear regression, are plotted for values of vertical zonation coefficient (Kz) vs. elevation for the porphyry Cu-Mo deposits of Kal-e Kafi, Sungun (Iran),...

The Ay Qalasi Pb–Zn (Ag) deposit, located at the intersection of the Urumieh–Dokhtar Volcanic Belt (UDVB) and the Sandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic belt of northwestern Iran, is hosted by Miocene sandstone and siltstone of the Upper Red Formation (URF), and by a post Miocene feldspar porphyry dyke that intrudes the URF. The Ay Qalasi deposit (reserves ∼300...

The Khalyfehlou deposit is one of volcanic-hosted vein-type Cu deposits located in the Tarom metallogenic zone, NW Iran. The host rocks are part of an Eocene volcano-sedimentary sequence formed into a NE–SW trending anticline with the Khalyfehlou deposit in its axis. The main ore minerals are chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, and covellite and the...