Nima Ghorbani

University of Tehran | UT · Department of Psychology

Article type: Research Article The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between narcissism, addiction potential, with the mediating role of shame and attachment pattern. This research is applied practical in terms of purpose and in terms of method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the...

Providing a valid scale for measuring compassion for others in Iranian society is part of the research needs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Sussex-Oxford Compassion for Others Scale (SOCS-O) in a sample of Iranian married individuals, who lived in Iran in the second half of 1399 and the first half...

The present study aimed to examine the effects of mindfulness and suppression in the psychological and physiological experience of pain. Fifty-seven chronic pain patients responded to the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory and Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale. Then they were assigned to two groups to suppress or be mindful during the experience o...

Background: Methods of achieving mindfulness have been implemented by slowing down movement, creating stillness, and following the traditional teachings of Buddhism. The long-term effectiveness of traditional mindfulness methods on anxiety and depression has been associated with conflicting results. Recently, bodily, dynamic, and objective interven...

Mindfulness has recently been considered by many mental health professionals as a predictor trait of mental and physical health and many therapeutic methods seek to increase clients' mindfulness in order to achieve health. However, there is no difference between the effectiveness of static psychotherapy and mindfulness-focused approaches. Also, min...

Religious coping is a double-edged sword. Clarification of the psychological benefits for positive religious coping requires statistical controls for negative religious coping and vice versa. This study sought to further explore the complexities of Muslim religious coping by extending the analysis to Afghans who coped with the sufferings associated...

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an effective program for improving well-being. A growing body of studies is exploring the mechanisms mediating its beneficial effects. Integrative self-knowledge (ISK) is the construct of focus in this study. The primary goal of the current study was to investigate the mediating role of ISK in the relati...

This study examined measurement invariances of the 14-item Muslim Attitudes Toward Religion (MAR) and the 15-item Muslim Experiential Religiousness (MER) scales in 4 Muslim samples in China (N = 191), Iran (N = 346), Malaysia (N = 236), and Pakistan (N = 320). Results supported weak invariance (equal indicator loadings) for both MAR and MER and par...

Gastrointestinal (Digestive) disorders, as one of the most frequent physical complaints in the human population, are a well-known example of the association of anxiety with physical health. It is estimated that about 7 to 12 percent of all referrals to physicians are due to digestive disorders and symptoms. The main objective of this study was to i...

This first analysis of the Religious Fundamentalism Scale in Iran further examined findings that conservative religious commitments have positive adjustment implications outside the West. Religious Fundamentalism in a sample of 385 Iranian university students displayed direct relationships with Muslim religiosity and spirituality and correlated pos...

Self-compassion is natural, trainable and multi-faceted human capacity. To date there has been little research into the role of culture in influencing the conceptual structure of the underlying construct, the relative importance of different facets of self-compassion, nor its relationships to cultural values. This study employed a cross-cultural de...

Studies have shown that repressors tend to respond to self‐report tools in a positive fashion which distorts the findings of studies based on questionnaires. The present study aimed to examine the way repressors respond to “Self‐relevant” scales (which assess variables related to adaptive self‐function) in comparison to “Health‐relevant” scales (wh...

Previous research indicates that spirituality expressed in tradition-specific terms may initiate, invigorate, and integrate Muslim religious commitments, suggesting a 3-I Model of Religious Spirituality. In a test of this model, Islamic seminarians, university students, and office workers in Iran (N = 604) responded to Muslim Experiential Religious...

This study examined the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) using secondary data drawn from 20 samples (N = 11,685)—7 English and 13 non-English—including 10 community, 6 student, 1 mixed community/student, 1 meditator, and 2 clinical samples. Self-compassion is theorized to represent a system with 6 constituent components: self-kin...

Poetic and mystical consciousness may be related, and transliminality may be a thread that ties mystical with poetic but not with religious experience. In the present project, Iranian poets and nonpoets responded to measures of mystical experience, transliminality, religious commitment, and psychological adjustment. Poets scored higher on mystical...

Negative relationships between Post-Critical Beliefs in Iran imply that Muslim perspectives are closed-minded, but positive correlations between Religious Reflection factors point instead toward a Muslim open-mindedness. The hypothesis of this study was that this contrast reveals the Post-Critical Belief of Symbolism to be a questionable index of M...

Background: MAIA is designed to assess the awareness of bodily sensations without the interference of cognitive factors. The aim of current study was to adapt the original scale and to investigate its preliminary psychometric properties in Iranian students. Materials and Methods: The type of current research was descriptive-applied and cross-sectio...

Self-criticism is often associated with major depression disorder and some psychological problems. Whether patient or normal, everybody knows the evaluation sense and does criticism in a routine basis, however the rate of this habit is different in each individual. This study examines the impact of self-criticism on well-being and vulnerability’s l...

This study examines the relationship between self-compassion, mental health and work ethics and the mediational role of self-compassion in relation to work stress and mental health. 114 employees of the Hyper-Star were recruited via convenience sampling and responded to the scales of Self-Compassion (SC), Anxiety-Depression (AD), Self-esteem (SE),...

172 ‫ی‬ ‫سیاهه‬ ‫کوتاه‬ ‫فرم‬ ‫به‬ ‫تهران‬ ‫دانشگاه‬ ‫دانشجوی‬ ،‫واینبرگر‬ ‫سازگاری‬ .‫دادند‬ ‫پاسخ‬ ‫بارتون‬ ‫مرضی‬ ‫عالئم‬ ‫فهرست‬ ‫و‬ ،‫بهوشیاری‬ ‫مقیاس‬ ‫یافته‬ ‫ها‬ : ‫و‬ ‫سرکوبگری‬ ‫کنندگی‬ ‫تعدیل‬ ‫نقش‬ ‫مراتبی‬ ‫سلسله‬ ‫رگرسیون‬ ‫تحلیل‬ ‫نتایج‬ ‫به‬ .‫داد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫را‬ ‫بهوشیاری‬ ‫پریشانی‬ ‫شرایط‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫این‬ ‫جسمانی‬ ‫عالئم‬ ،‫با...

The relationship of social desirability with physical and mental health has a contradictory result. The aim of present study was to exhibit how social desirability as a personality trait associated with physical and mental health and how it misused. Method: The design included two study. In the first study, a sample of 220 students (95 males and 12...

Weber’s association of a work ethic with Protestantism has been extended to religions, including Islam, more generally. Managers and staff in a bank and department store in Tehran responded to Muslim religiousness measures along with the multidimensional work ethics profile (MWEP). The MWEP is a 7-factor instrument that records Weber’s interpretati...

This study examined religious-spiritual types in Iran by comparing seminary and university students on self-compassion, self-forgiveness, and other measures of religious and psychological functioning. Islamic seminarians (N = 198) more frequently self-identified as both religious and spiritual or as religious only. University students (N = 302) mor...

Iranian teachers (N = 250) responded to Muslim attitude and spirituality measures in a project testing the hypothesis that Muslim personality functioning will reflect beliefs in the beneficence of society and a consequent need to restrain personal desires. Muslim attitudes were especially noteworthy in displaying negative relationships with disturb...

This study examined the religious and psychological implications of religious coping in Iran. University students (N = 224) responded to the Brief Positive and Negative Religious Coping Scales along with measures of Religious Orientation, Integrative Self-Knowledge, Self-Control, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, Self-Esteem, Guilt, Shame, and Self-Cri...

Defense mechanism, Anxiety, and core Feelings conceptualization and psychodiagnosis based on Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy

With Religious Schema Scales in the West, Truth of Texts and Teachings correlates negatively with the commitment to interreligious dialogue recorded by Xenosophia. This measure of fundamentalism also predicts problematic religious and psychosocial functioning. The present project examined Religious Schema Scales in university students and Islamic s...

Philosophical and empirical foundation of Integrative Self-Knowledge

Muslim religious coping may include distress mobilisation effects that explain why adaptive and maladaptive forms of religious coping correlate positively rather than nonsignificantly, as they usually do in the West. In this study, 147 Iranian university students responded to Islamic Positive Religious Coping (IPRC) and Punishing Allah Reappraisal...

Current literature demonstrates a negative relationship between repression, physical heath, and psychological adjustment. In contrast, several recent studies indicated that repression and suppression of emotion might separate traits that had different relationships with adjustment and health, especially when combined with different personality trai...

This study extended the analysis of attachments to God to Islam. Shiite Muslim university students from Iran (N = 243) responded to the Attachment to God Inventory, religious orientation scales, and an array of mental health variables that included empirical markers of an Iranian Muslim personality ideal called the “Perfect Man” (Ensān-e Kāmel). An...

The current pain management interventions are emphasizing on conscious regulation of pain-related behaviors and emotions. In contrast, novel interventions like priming-based ones suggest that behavior-and emotion-regulation happens without conscious selection. Based on the perceptual symbol systems theory, this study investigated the impact of non-...

The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the comparison of anger management, anxiety and perceived stress in patients with cancer and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). The two groups of subjects consisted of patients with cancer (n = 120) and patients with CHD (n = 118) who were selected by using a convenience sampling method and by the...

This project applied a bifactor model, which specifies a general factor that accounts for the common variance among all scale items, and group factors that reflect additional common variance among clusters of items. This general factor is designated as “M” because of a presumption in the research literature that its origins are to be found in metho...

ABSTRACT Married Iranian couples (N = 210) responded to the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale along with a measure of marital satisfaction, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) Big Five, and an index of interpersonal problems. Integrative self-knowledge correlated positively with marital satisfaction, positively with all but the extraversi...

Research in the West identifies transliminality as a largely problematic form of consciousness that is a common thread running through mystical and religious experience. In a non-Western cultural context, Iranian university and Islamic seminary students responded to measures of transliminality, mystical experience, religious commitment, and psychol...

In the more individualistic West, guilt promotes and shame interferes with empathic sensitivity. This investigation sought to determine if similar results would appear in the presumably more interdependent cultural context of Iran. Iranian university students ( N = 220) responded to guilt and shame scales along with measures of other-oriented empat...

Abstract Iranian seminarians and general university students responded to a Muslim Experiential Religiousness measure of Islamic spirituality. This instrument correlated positively with the Attitude toward Islam Scale, two types of Islamic Religious Reflection, Afterlife Motivation, and Basic Needs Satisfaction. Muslim Experiential Religiousness...

Previous research examining Iranian university students suggested that an Extrinsic Cultural Religious Orientation may be more important than an Extrinsic Social Religious motivation in maintaining Muslim religious commitments. The present project demonstrated that a similar conclusion seemed applicable to the largely Christian commitments of Ameri...

Self-regulation presumably rests upon multiple processes that include an awareness of ongoing self-experience, enduring self-knowledge and self-control. The present investigation tested this multi-process model using the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Integrative Self-Knowledge and Brief Self-Control Scales. Using a sample of 1...

Spirituality based on a Muslim perspective centers on loving submission and closeness to God. A 15-item Muslim Experiential Religiousness Scale operationalized this definition of spirituality in a sample of 627 Iranian university and Islamic seminary students. Muslim Experiential Religiousness correlated positively with Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pers...

Spirituality can be described as a search for the sacred. A recent Iranian research program operationalized an Islamic search for the sacred in a Muslim Experiential Religiousness Scale. Based upon Qur᾿ānic perspectives, this instrument expressed Muslim spirituality in terms of efforts of the faithful to submit to and get closer to God in a loving...

Iranian university (N = 153) and Islamic seminary (N = 143) students responded to a Muslim Experiential Religiousness measure of spirituality. This instrument correlated positively with Integrative Self-Knowledge, Self-Control, Mindfulness, and Satisfaction With Life. Muslim Experiential Religiousness also displayed direct associations with Muslim...

Investigations into Muslim psychology sometimes rely on measures emphasizing religious attitudes, with the Muslim Attitudes toward Religion (MAR) scale being an example. To capture the experiential aspects of Islamic religiosity, a recently developed Muslim Experiential Religiousness (MER) scale recorded an experienced submission to, love of, and c...

In numerous studies conducted in Western societies, shame as measured by the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA) has correlated with maladjustment whereas the TOSCA Guilt Scale has predicted adjustment. The present investigation sought to determine if such linkages would also appear in the Muslim cultural context of Iran. Iranian university stude...

Summary This investigation analyzed Islamic spirituality as measured by a Muslim Experiential Religiousness Scale. Iranian university and seminary students (N = 351) responded to this instrument along with the Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness (PMIR) and Perceived Stress and Self-Esteem scales. Muslim Experiential Religiousness correla...

This study examined how mindfulness and integrative self-knowledge were related to health-related issues. Men in general population (n = 103) and coronary heart disease samples (n = 101) completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, the Integrative Self-knowledge Scale, the Type 2 subscale of the Interpersonal Reactions Inventory, the Perceived...

The present study investigated the effect of inducing self-compassion and self-esteem on regulating shame and guilt by the experimental method. Eighty students of University of Tehran (26 males, 54 females) completed the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Shame-Proneness and Guilt-Proneness subscales of Tes...

The present study investigated the effect of inducing self-compassion and self-esteem on regulating shame and guilt by the experimental method. Eighty students of University of Tehran (26 males, 54 females) completed the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Shame-Proneness and Guilt-Proneness subscales of Tes...

Comparative rationality analysis formally examines the incommensurable social rationalities that theoretically exist within religions and the social sciences according to the ideological surround model (ISM) of the psychology of religion. This study extended these procedures to a new cultural context: 220 Iranian university students responded to th...

Although a Buddhist construct, self-compassion may have implications for understanding psychological adjustment cross-culturally. In Iranian Muslims, the Self-Compassion Scale correlated positively with integrative self-knowledge, self-esteem, and basic need satisfactions and negatively with depression and anxiety. Negative linkages with depression...

This study examined whether faith and intellect-oriented religious reflection would be polarised in Iranian Muslins as they appear to be in American Christians. Iranian students at a university in Tehran and at an Islamic seminary in Qom responded to Faith and Intellect-Oriented Islamic Religious Reflection measures along with scales recording vari...

This study used a self-regulation framework to analyze psychological characteristics of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer patients in the previously unexamined cultural context of Iran. Consistent with research conducted elsewhere, Iranian CHD patients reported higher and cancer patients reported lower anger. CHD patients also were higher in...

According to the Harmony of Purpose model, teleological coherence is a unifying principle of immunological, neurological, and psychological functioning. The specific assumption is that these systems work together to promote the "telos," goals, or ends of the individual by differentiating between self and non-self. An Integrative Self-Knowledge Scal...

The factor structures of the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) and NEO-FFI Big Five questionnaires were examined via confirmatory factor analyses. Analyses of IPIP data for five samples and NEO data for one sample showed that a CFA model with three method bias factors, one influencing all items, one influencing negatively worded items, and...

According to the ideological surround model of research, a more “objective” psychology of religion requires efforts to bring etic social scientific and emic religious perspectives into formal dialog. This study of 245 Iranian university students illustrated how the dialogical validity of widely used etic measures of religion can be assessed by exam...

The aim of this study is to survey of validity and reliability of substance abuse subtle screening inventory (SASSI - 3). 680 students from universities of Tehran and 102 addicted patients of clients of substance abuse treatment centers in Tehran were included. Chronbach's alpha for SASSI-3 obtained 0.74. This relatively high level of Chronbach's a...

Self-knowledge is a Muslim psychological ideal, but social theory suggests that the dynamics of narcissism and self-esteem may challenge the stability of Muslim society. In Iranian university students, an Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale displayed relationships with narcissism, self-esteem, and empathy that reflected relative mental health; and the...

Especially in Muslim communities, extrinsic motivations for being religious may include the use of religion to promote societal well‐being. Iranian university students responded to statements designed to express an extrinsic cultural religious orientation. Four factors described this motivation, including Family and Social Order, Disorder Avoidance...

Introduction & Objective: The previous studies investigating alexithymia in psychotic patients indicated that such patients have difficulty in identifying and expressing their feelings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent of alexithymia in patients with psychotic disorders, non psychotic disorders, and normal people.Materials & M...

Previous research has established that awareness of self-experience is a stress resistance resource. The present study conducted an analysis of measures that record different aspects of self-awareness (private self-consciousness, mindfulness, and integrative self-knowledge) to explain this stress-resistance effect in a sample of Iranian university...

In theory, mindfulness has a role to play in resolving intercultural conflicts. This suggestion rests upon the relatively untested presumption that mindfulness operates similarly across cultures. In a test of this presumption, university students from two countries that are often in conflict at the governmental level, Iran (N = 723) and the United...

In three Iranian samples, the brief Post-Critical Beliefs Scale is administered along with an array of psychological and religious measures. In efforts to explore the potential of the dialogical model, researchers administered Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Quest Religious Orientation measures to both Iranian and Pakistani Muslim samples. These investig...

In this study, the self-reported mystical experience of Muslims was correlated with constructs relevant to positive psychology. Iranian university students responded to the Extrovertive, Introvertive, and Religious Interpretation factors of the Mysticism Scale; to the Basic Need Satisfaction and Mindfulness measures associated with Self-Determinati...

This study sought to clarify the importance and cross-cultural relevance of associations between generalized perceived stress and depression. Also tested was the hypothesis that perceived stress would correlate more strongly with anxiety than with depression, whereas control would be more predictive of depression than of anxiety. Relationships betw...

The authors used Iranian (N = 723) and American (N = 900) samples to develop an Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale for measuring a temporally integrated understanding of processes within the self. They administered this new instrument, the Mindfulness Scale (K. W. Brown & R. M. Ryan, 2003), the Reflective and Experiential Self-Knowledge Scales (N. Gh...

In a previous study of Iranian Muslims, two scales measuring religious commitments based on a desire to avoid hell and to reach heaven predicted maladjustment. The responding of Iranian university students in this investigation revealed that these two forms of desire could be reduced to a single factor that was adequately operationalized in a brief...

An Integrative Self-Knowledge (ISK) Scale measures tendencies to engage in a cognitive process of uniting past, present, and desired future self-experience into a meaningful whole. In the present project, 288 Iranian university students responded to the ISK and Big Five scales and rated their dormitory roommates on these characteristics as well. Th...

One approach to promoting a Muslim psychology of religion involves a dialogical model of research. This model would bring Western social scientific understandings of religion and mental health into dialogue with Muslim perspectives. Concerns about bias in applying Western assumptions and methods to Muslim religiousness could be addressed through an...

Iranians responded to Quest and Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scales in order to assess their validity and factor structure within a Muslim context. A sample of 251 Iranian university students received Persian versions of these instruments along with Intrinsic Religious Orientation, Interpersonal Reactivity, Constructive inking, Need for Cognitio...

This study examined relationships of self-reported Mysticism with dispositional Depression and Anxiety in Iranian Muslims. The sample contained 80 women and 51 men undergraduates who volunteered to participate (M age=20.5 yr., SD= 2.0). Participants responded to the Hood Mysticism Scale and to the Costello and Comrey Depression and Anxiety Scales....

This study examined the validity of Experiential and Reflective Self-knowledge Scales in a sample of Iranian factory workers. Both scales were administered to 321 male and 12 female workers (M age= 35.6 yr., SD= 8.9) along with the Basic Need Satisfaction at Work Scales, the Work Climate Questionnaire, and measures of Perceived Stress and Self-este...

In a study designed to assess the psychological implications of religious types in Muslim society, Iranian university students (N = 191) responded to the Allport and Ross (1967) Religious Orientation Scales along with measures of alexithymia, emotional intelligence, self-consciousness, and psychological adjustment. The Intrinsic type displayed grea...

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and the incremental validity of recently developed Reflective and Experiential Self-knowledge Scales. Along with measures of the Five Factors and of psychological adjustment, 201 male Iranian managers responded to the Self-knowledge Scales along with tests relevant to emotional intelligence, inc...

This study examined the incremental validity of Hardiness scales in a sample of Iranian managers. Along with measures of the Five Factor Model and of Organizational and Psychological Adjustment, Hardiness scales were administered to 159 male managers (M age = 39.9, SD = 7.5) who had worked in their organizations for 7.9 yr. (SD=5.4). Hardiness pred...

This study examined the validity and incremental validity of the Constructive Thinking Inventory in a sample of Iranian managers. These 159 men were 39.9 yr. old (SD=2.5) and volunteered to participate in a project in which they responded to the Constructive Thinking Inventory, the Big Five Factors, the Costello and Comrey Depression and Anxiety Sc...

Like psychology, philosophy apparently operates from a commitment to the belief that self-knowledge should be a goal of disciplinary and personal development. Iranian teachers and students of philosophy responded to a Philosophical Orientations Scale created for this study that assessed the possible content of a high school philosophy course, along...