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Publications (376)
Cement production is responsible for approximately 7% of anthropogenic CO2-equivalent (CO2e) emissions, while characterised by low margins and the highest carbon intensity of any industry per unit of revenue. Hence, economically viable decarbonisation strategies must be found. The costs of many emission reduction strategies depend on geographical f...
The (bio-)pharmaceutical industry is facing crossroads in an effort to ramp up its global capacity, while working to meet net-zero targets and to ensure continuous drug supply. Beyond geopolitical challenges faced worldwide, (bio-)pharmaceutical processes have been historically very complex to design, optimise and integrate in a global distribution...
The simultaneous administration of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines is being carried out for the first time in the UK and around the globe in order to mitigate the health, economic, and societal impacts of these respiratory tract diseases. However, a systematic approach for planning the vaccine distribution and administration aspects of the vaccin...
Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) are an emerging class of therapeutic the development of which is primarily based on genetically engineering genes, cells, or tissues. Owing to their promising clinical outcomes in the treatment of rare and life-threatening diseases, ATMPs, have been gaining increasing interest from the global scientific a...
Olefins production in the UK is the most emission-intensive sector of the chemical industry. Bringing thermocatalytic and electrocatalytic processes together, this paper compares nine process routes for green ethylene production...
BACKGROUND: While decision aids have been proven effective to facilitate patient-centered discussion about evidence-based health information in practice and enable shared decision making (SDM), a chasm remains between the promise and the use of these SDM tools in practice.
AIMS: To promote evidence-based patient-centered care in primary care by usi...
The current energy crisis has resulted in natural gas prices at an unprecedented level in many parts of the world, with significant consequences for the price of food and fertiliser. In this context, and with the projected reduction in the costs of renewables and electrolysers, green hydrogen is becoming an increasingly attractive option. In this s...
The fast‐growing interest in cell and gene therapy (C>) products has led to a growing demand for the production of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and viral vectors for clinical and commercial use. Manufacturers, regulators, and suppliers need to develop strategies for establishing robust and agile supply chains in the otherwise empirical field of C>. In th...
This paper uses a whole-system approach to examine different strategies related to the future role of the gas grid in a low-carbon heat system. A novel model of integrated gas, electricity and heat systems, HEGIT, is used to investigate four key sets of scenarios for the future of the gas grid using the UK as a case study: (a) complete electrificat...
Energy systems modellers often resort to simplified system representations and deterministic model formulations (i.e., not considering uncertainty) to preserve computational tractability. However, reduced levels of detail and neglected uncertainties can both lead to sub-optimal system designs. Herein, we present a novel method that quantitatively c...
Viral vectors are advanced therapy products used as genetic information carriers in vaccine and cell therapy development and manufacturing. Despite the first product receiving market authorization in 2012, viral vector manufacturing has still not reached the level of maturity of biologics and is still highly susceptible to process uncertainties, su...
This paper presents the HEGIT (Heat, Electricity and Gas Infrastructure and Technology) modelfor optimal infrastructure planning for decarbonising heating in buildings. HEGIT is an optimisa-tion model based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming. The model co-optimises the integratedoperation and capacity expansion planning of electricity and gas grid...
While decomposition techniques in mathematical programming are usually designed for numerical efficiency, coordination problems within enterprise‐wide optimization are often limited by organizational rather than numerical considerations. We propose a “data‐driven” coordination framework which manages to recover the same optimum as the equivalent ce...
Rapid global COVID-19 pandemic response by mass vaccination is currently limited by the rate of vaccine manufacturing. This study presents a techno-economic feasibility assessment and comparison of three vaccine production platform technologies deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) adenovirus-vectored (AVV) vaccines, (2) messenger RNA (mRNA) v...
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapies have received increasing attention, showing promising results in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and aggressive B cell lymphoma. Unlike typical cancer treatments, autologous CAR T cell therapies are patient-specific; this makes them a unique therapeutic to manufacture and distribute. I...
The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the critical role of vaccine manufacturing in managing infectious disease outbreaks and pandemics. Enhancing RNA manufacturing capability, distribution and flexibility will now be central in future epidemic preparedness and emergency response strategies. This insight showcases the adaptation of Quality by Design...
This paper addresses the decarbonisation of the heavy-duty transport sector and develops a strategy towards net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in heavy-goods vehicles (HGVs) by 2040. By conducting a literature review and a case study on the vehicle fleet of a large UK food and consumer goods retailer, the feasibilities of four alternative vehi...
This paper uses a whole system approach to examine system design and planning strategies that enhance the system value of electrifying heating and identify trade-offs between consumers’ investment and infrastructure requirements for decarbonising heating in buildings. We present a novel integrated model of heat, electricity and gas systems, HEGIT,...
As electricity prices continue to rise, it is essential that UK non-domestic consumers develop smart energy management practices. However, most of these consumers lack awareness of the spatial–temporal dynamics of electricity prices and their tariff components. To help overcome these barriers and contribute to energy price digitalisation, this pape...
The decarbonisation of the transportation sector is key to meeting the climate goals. Whilst the electrification of road passenger transportation is proving to be a viable low-carbon solution in many contexts, a viable pathway towards a decarbonised aviation sector remains opaque. In this context, so-called e-fuels produced via the combination of H...
Energy systems modellers often resort to simplified system representations and deterministic model formulations (i.e., not considering uncertainty) to preserve computational tractability. However, reduced levels of detail and neglected uncertainties can both lead to sub-optimal system designs. In this paper, we present a novel method that quantitat...
Background
Trial recruitment of Black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) is key for interventions that interact with socioeconomic factors and cultural norms, preferences, and values. We report on our experience enrolling BIPOC participants into a multicenter trial of a shared decision-making intervention about anticoagulation to prevent stro...
Electrification using heat pumps is anticipated to play a major role in decarbonising heating in buildings. The extensive electrification of heating, however, poses challenges on both the supply and demand sides, especially in countries where fossil fuel-based boilers are prevalent and the use of electricity for heating in buildings is very limited...
In this paper, we take a whole system approach to quantify the implications of decarbonising heating in buildings for the operation and investment planning of the electricity and gas grids in the context of different scenarios for the future of the gas grid. We analyse and compare the technology portfolio mix and the level of investment required in...
Wastewater treatment (WWT) is a very important issue affecting both the environment and public health in the twenty-first century. The increasing earth’s population together with the growing urbanism leads to the need of redesigning effective WWT. In this paper, the problem of optimal Waste Water Treatment Network
Design (WWTND) is addressed. To th...
While decomposition techniques in mathematical programming are usually designed for numerical efficiency, coordination problems within enterprise-wide optimization are often limited by organizational rather than numerical considerations. We propose a ‘data-driven’ coordination framework which manages to recover the same optimum as the equivalent ce...
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes about 500,000 annual deaths globally, and no vaccines are currently available. The Group A Carbohydrate (GAC), conserved across all GAS serotypes, conjugated to an appropriate carrier protein, represents a promising vaccine candidate. Here, we explored the possibility to use Generalized Modules for Membrane Antige...
Many businesses are looking for ways to improve the energy and carbon usage of their buildings, particularly through enhanced data collection and control schemes. In this context, this paper presents a case study of a food-retail building in the UK, detailing the design, installation and cost of a generalisable model predictive control (MPC) framew...
Hydrogen has been identified as one of the key elements to bolster longer-term climate neutrality and strategic autonomy for several major countries. Multiple road maps emphasize the need to accelerate deployment across its supply chain and utilization. Being one of the major contributors to global CO 2 emissions, the transportation sector finds in...
Delivering low-carbon heat will require the substitution of natural gas with low-carbon alternatives such as electricity and hydrogen. The objective of this paper is to develop a method to soft-link two advanced, investment-optimising energy system models, RTN (Resource-Technology Network) and WeSIM (Whole-electricity System Investment Model), in o...
Delivering low-carbon heat will require the substitution of natural gas with low-carbon alternatives such as electricity and hydrogen. The objective of this paper is to develop a method to soft-link two advanced, investment-optimising energy system models, RTN (Resource-Technology Network) and WeSIM (Whole-electricity System Investment Model), in o...
RNA-based products have emerged as one of the most promising and strategic technologies for global vaccination, infectious disease control, and future therapy development. The assessment of critical quality attributes (CQAs), product-process interactions, relevant process analytical technologies, and process modeling capabilities can feed into a ro...
In the low-carbon transition process of urban energy systems, synergistic planning with different sectors faces challenges in terms of modeling complexity, optimization accuracy and computational cost due to inconsistent granularity of models and methods. This study proposes a hierarchical coupled optimization method for cross-sectoral synergistic...
We highlight the key pillars of urban energy systems which would leverage on AI and digital technologies for a low carbon future. We summarise a couple of real world applications where optimisation, intelligent control systems and cloud-based infrastructure have played a transformative role in improving system performance, cost-effectiveness and de...
Pumped thermal energy storage offers a high energy density, potentially resulting in a relatively low cost per unit of energy stored. In this study, two novel energy storage systems were developed. The first system was developed by integrating pumped thermal energy storage and chemical looping technologies, whereas the second was formed by merging...
The envisioned role of hydrogen in the energy transition - or the concept of a hydrogen economy - has varied through the years. In the past hydrogen was mainly considered a clean fuel for cars and/or electricity production; but the current renewed interest stems from the versatility of hydrogen in aiding the transition to CO2 neutrality, where the...
Islands are constrained by geographical conditions in terms of energy delivery. Due to weak connections with the mainland and the power grid, the diversity of island energy demand leads to high economic costs and environmental pollution issues. This study proposes a 100% renewable island energy system, which integrates with power-to-gas, combined c...
A key challenge in maximizing the effectiveness of model-based design of experiments for calibrating nonlinear process models is the inaccurate prediction of information that is afforded by each new experiment. We present a novel methodology to exploit prior probability distributions of model parameter estimates in a bi-objective optimization formu...
Background
Guidelines promote shared decision‐making (SDM) for anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. We recently showed that adding a within‐encounter SDM tool to usual care (UC) increases patient involvement in decision‐making and clinician satisfaction, without affecting encounter length. We aimed to estimate the extent to which u...
The predictive capability of any mathematical model is intertwined with the quality of experimental data collected for its calibration. Model-based design of experiments helps compute maximally informative campaigns for model...
Vaccine production platform technologies have played a crucial role in rapidly developing and manufacturing vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of disease agnostic platform technologies, such as the adenovirus-vectored (AVV), messenger RNA (mRNA), and the newer self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine platforms is expected to further increas...
To evaluate risks and characterise the responses of a rainwater harvesting system under different rainfall types, this paper presents a model agnostic evaluation framework where a k-means clustering approach is supplemented with a statistical Partial Least Squares model. Four response modes were identified for a studied system. Using these response...
Coordinating decision-making capacities using optimization is a key factor in the success of chemical companies. However, this coordination is often inhibited by expensive, legally-constrained, or proprietary subproblem models. We propose two variations on how model-based (surrogate) derivative-free optimization (DFO) methods can be used to coordin...
Autologous cell therapies are based on bespoke, patient-specific manufacturing lines and distribution channels. They present a novel category of therapies with unique features that impose scale out approaches. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells are an example of such products, the manufacturing of which is based on the patient’s own cells. Thi...
This work develops a multi-product MILP vaccine supply chain model that supports planning, distribution, and administration of viral vectors and RNA-based vaccines. The capability of the proposed vaccine supply chain model is illustrated using a real-world case study on vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in the UK that concerns both viral vectors (e.g....
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a type of patient-specific cell immunotherapy demonstrating promising results in the treatment of aggressive haematological malignancies. Autologous CAR T cell therapies are based on bespoke manufacturing lines and distribution nodes that are exclusive to the production and delivery of a single ther...
Recent clinical outcomes of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) highlight promising opportunities in the prevention and cure of life threatening diseases. ATMP manufacturers are asked to tackle engineering product and process-related challenges, whilst scaling up production under demand uncertainty; this highlights the need for tools suppor...
A class of data-driven control methods has recently emerged based on Willems’ fundamental lemma. Such methods can ease the modeling burden in control design but can be sensitive to disturbances acting on the system under control. In this article, we propose a restructuring of the problem to incorporate segmented prediction trajectories. The propose...
Vaccination plays a key role in reducing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic. However, a comprehensive approach that allows the planning of vaccination campaigns and the estimation of the resources required to deliver and administer COVID-19 vaccines is lacking. This work implements a new fr...
Urban energy systems often contain multiple optimization sub-objectives with different dimensions. They often need to be normalized in many multi-objective optimization problems. This process may result in the loss of trade-off characteristics of each sub-objectives. This paper introduces a novel indicator, relative optimization potential, to quant...
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapies are a type of patient-specific cell immunotherapy demonstrating promising results in the treatment of aggressive blood cancer types. CAR T cells follow a 1:1 business model, translating into manufacturing lines and distribution nodes being exclusive to the production of a single therapy, hindering vo...
As supermarkets are known to be very energy intensive, improvements made to their efficiency can enable operators to reduce not only carbon emissions but also costs, in line with corporate and legislative targets. This study presents a novel benchmarking method to appraise emission and cost performances across a portfolio, enabling building manager...
For hydrogen to play a meaningful role in a sustainable energy system, all elements of the value chain must scale coherently. Advocates support electrolytic (green) hydrogen or (blue) hydrogen that relies on methane reformation with carbon capture and storage; however, efforts to definitively choose how to deliver this scaling up are premature. For...
Eliminating the use of natural gas for non-domestic heat supply is imperative as part of net-zero targets. Techno-economic analyses of competing options for low-carbon heat supply is essential for decision makers developing decarbonisation strategies. This paper investigates the impact various heat supply configurations can have in UK supermarkets...
Rapid global COVID-19 pandemic response by mass vaccination is currently limited by the rate of vaccine manufacturing. This study presents a techno-economic feasibility assessment and comparison of three vaccine production platform technologies deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) adenovirus-vectored (AVV) vaccines, (2) messenger RNA (mRNA) v...
A class of data-driven control methods has recently emerged based on Willems' fundamental lemma. Such methods can ease the modelling burden in control design but can be sensitive to disturbances acting on the system under control. In this paper, we extend these methods to incorporate segmented prediction trajectories. The proposed segmentation enab...
ELEGANCY was an ERA-Net Cofund ACT project with the aim to help fast-tracking the decarbonization of Europe's energy system via hydrogen and CCS. This has been achieved by overcoming or highlighting specific scientific, technological and economic/legal barriers and by undertaking five national case studies adapted to the conditions in the partner c...