Nicola S Logan

Aston University · School of Optometry

A range of optical interventions have been developed to slow the progression of myopia. This review summarizes key studies and their outcomes. Peer-reviewed, randomized controlled clinical trials of at least 18 months duration were identified. Randomized clinical trials were identified and summarised: 13 for spectacles, 5 for overnight orthokeratol...

Purpose: ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence language model, which uses natural language processing to simulate human conversation. It has seen a wide range of applications including healthcare education, research and clinical practice. This study evaluated the accuracy of ChatGPT in providing accurate and quality information to answer questions...

Purpose: Surveys in 2015 and 2019 identified a high level of eye care practitioner concern/activity about myopia, but the majority still prescribed single vision interventions to young myopes. This research aimed to provide updated information. Methods: A self-administered, internet-based questionnaire was distributed in 13 languages, through prof...

Purpose: To describe nonpathological myopia-related characteristics of the human eye. Methods: Based on histomorphometric and clinical studies, qualitative and quantitative findings associated with myopic axial elongation are presented. Results: In axial myopia, the eye changes from a spherical shape to a prolate ellipsoid, photoreceptor, and...

Purpose: To evaluate the experience of children wearing soft contact lenses (CLs) during a trial of MiSight® 1 day (omafilcon A, CooperVision, Inc.), a dual-focus myopia-control daily disposable CL. Methods: A 3-year, double-masked, randomised trial (Part 1) comparing experiences with MiSight 1 day and a single-vision control (Proclear® 1 day, o...

Significance: Consistent with closed loop models of regulated eye growth, a successful dual-focus (DF) myopia control contact lens focused a significant proportion of light anterior to the central retina in eyes of treated children viewing near and distant targets. Purpose: This study examined the optical impact of a DF contact lens during near...

Purpose: To establish whether axial growth and refractive error can be modulated in anisohyperopic children by imposing relative peripheral hyperopic defocus (RPHD) using multifocal soft contact lenses. Methods: This study is a prospective, controlled paired-eye study with anisohyperopic children. Axial growth and refractive error were observed...

Purpose: Topography of the in vivo anterior segment is of relevance in understanding its role in myopia and in the development of ocular surgical procedures. Using 3D magnetic resonance (MR) images of the human eye, regional variations in surface area (SA) and bulbosity of four anterior segment regions were investigated in association with refract...

Significance: One of the first clinically observed changes in the retina with progressing myopia is in the form of optic disc crescents. If such a change is predictive of myopia progression, it could aid in myopia management interventions to target those at greatest risk of progression and subsequent ocular morbidity. Purpose: To investigate the...

Purpose: To establish whether axial growth and refractive error can be modulated in hyperopic children by imposing relative peripheral hyperopic defocus using multifocal soft contact lenses. Methods: A prospective controlled study with hyperopic participants allocated to a control or test group. Control group participants were corrected with sin...

Significance: Treatment of myopic children with a dual-focus soft contact lens (DFCL; MiSight 1 day) produced sustained slowing of myopia progression over a six-year period. Significant slowing was also observed in children switched from control to treatment lenses (3 years in each lens). Purpose: Evaluate the effectiveness of DFCLs in sustainin...

Professor Nicola Logan offers an overview of the various myopia management strategies and reviews the evidence base behind them (C78774, one distance learning CET point suitable for optometrists, contact lens opticians and dispensing opticians)

The role of accommodation in myopia development and progression has been debated for decades. More recently, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in accommodation and the consequent alterations in ocular parameters has expanded. This International Myopia Institute white paper reviews the variations in ocular parameters that occur with accom...

The prevalence of myopia has markedly increased in East and Southeast Asia, and pathologic consequences of myopia, including myopic maculopathy and high myopia-associated optic neuropathy, are now some of the most common causes of irreversible blindness. Hence, strategies are warranted to reduce the prevalence of myopia and the progression to high...

The International Myopia Institute's (IMI) mission is to advance research, education, and management of myopia to decrease future vision impairment and blindness associated with increasing myopia. Its approach is to bring together scientists, clinicians, policymakers, government members, and educators into the field of myopia to stimulate collabora...

Significance . Results of this randomized, double-masked clinical trial demonstrate the effectiveness of the MiSight soft contact lens in slowing myopia progression over multiple years. Purpose . The purpose of this study was to quantify the effectiveness of MiSight daily disposable soft contact lens in slowing the progression of juvenile-onset myo...

Purpose To measure regional variations in anterior scleral resistance (ASR) using a ballistic rebound tonometer (RBT) and examine whether the variations are significantly affected by ethnicity and refractive error (RE). Methods ASR was measured using a RBT (iCare TA01) following calibration against the biomechanical properties of agarose biogels....

Importance: Atropine eyedrops are a promising treatment for slowing myopia progression in East Asian children. However, its effects on children in Australia, including those of non-Asian background, have not been well-studied. Background: The Western Australia Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia (WA-ATOM) study aims to determine the efficacy an...

This systematic review investigates the association between un‐, under‐ and over‐correction of myopic refractive error and myopia progression in children and adolescents (up to 18 years of age). The literature search included three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL]), and reference lists...

Purpose: A survey in 2015 identified a high level of eye care practitioner concern about myopia with a reported moderately high level of activity, but the vast majority still prescribed single vision interventions to young myopes. This research aimed to update these findings 4 years later. Methods: A self-administrated, internet-based questionna...

Background/aims To report the protocol of a trial designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety and mechanism of action of low-dose atropine (0.01%) eye-drops for reducing progression of myopia in UK children. Methods Multicentre, double-masked, superiority, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. We will enrol children aged 6–12 years with myopia of −0...

Background: The Myopia Outcome Study of Atropine in Children (MOSAIC) aims to explore the efficacy, safety, acceptability and mechanisms of action of 0.01% unpreserved atropine for myopia control in a European population. Methods: MOSAIC is an investigator-led, double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial (RCT) investigating the eff...

Background: The Myopia Outcome Study of Atropine in Children (MOSAIC) aims to explore the efficacy, safety, acceptability and mechanisms of action of 0.01% unpreserved atropine for myopia control in a European population. Methods: MOSAIC is an investigator-led, double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial (RCT) investigating the eff...

Significance: Results of this randomized, double-masked clinical trial demonstrate the effectiveness of the MiSight soft contact lens in slowing myopia progression over multiple years. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify the effectiveness of MiSight daily disposable soft contact lens in slowing the progression of juvenile-onset my...

The evidence-basis based on existing myopia control trials along with the supporting academic literature were reviewed; this informed recommendations on the outcomes suggested from clinical trials aimed at slowing myopia progression to show the effectiveness of treatments and the impact on patients. These outcomes were classified as primary (refrac...

With the growing prevalence of myopia, already at epidemic levels in some countries, there is an urgent need for new management approaches. However, with the increasing number of research publications on the topic of myopia control, there is also a clear necessity for agreement and guidance on key issues, including on how myopia should be defined a...

Purpose To gauge the extent to which differences in the refractive error axial length relationship predicted by geometrical optics are observed in actual refractive/biometric data. Methods This study is a retrospective analysis of existing data. Right eye refractive error [RX] and axial length [AXL] data were collected on 343 6‐to‐7‐year‐old child...

Significance: Poor peripheral visual acuity in myopia may reflect, in part, photoreceptor misalignment with the exit pupil of the eye. We speculate that if such misalignment causes sufficient visual deprivation and/or disrupts retinal feedback processes, it may influence eye growth itself. Purpose: It is known that myopic eyes have a reduced per...

Background: Hyperopia occurs due to insufficient ocular growth and a failure to emmetropize in childhood. In anisohyperopia, it is unclear why one eye may remain hyperopic while the fellow eye grows toward an emmetropic state. Animal studies have shown that manipulating peripheral defocus through optical means while simultaneously providing correc...

Previous attempts at determining retinal surface area and surface area of the whole eye have been based upon mathematical calculations derived from retinal photographs, schematic eyes and retinal biopsies of donor eyes. 3-dimensional (3-D) ocular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows a more direct measurement, it can be used to image the eye in v...

Purpose: Myopia is a global public health issue; however, no information exists as to how potential myopia retardation strategies are being adopted globally. Methods: A self-administrated, internet-based questionnaire was distributed in six languages, through professional bodies to eye care practitioners globally. The questions examined: awarene...

The aim of this review was to quantify the global variation in childhood myopia prevalence over time taking account of demographic and study design factors. A systematic review identified population-based surveys with estimates of childhood myopia prevalence published by February 2015. Multilevel binomial logistic regression of log odds of myopia w...

Ethnic and geographical differences in prevalence of childhood myopia seem to have changed over time. We aimed to quantify the variation in prevalence of childhood myopia over time, accounting for demographic and study design factors.

Anterior segment optical coherent tomography (AS-OCT, Visante; Zeiss) is used to examine meridional variation in anterior scleral thickness (AST) and its association with refractive error, ethnicity and gender. Scleral cross-sections of 74 individuals (28 males; 46 females; aged between 18-40 years (27.7±5.3)) were sampled twice in random order in...

Purpose: To explore risk factors for myopia in 12-13-year-old children in Northern Ireland (NI). Methods: Stratified random sampling was performed to obtain representation of schools and children. Cycloplegia was achieved using cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1%. Distance autorefraction was measured using the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000. Height and weight we...

Background/aims To determine which biometric parameters provide optimum predictive power for ocular volume. Methods Sixty-seven adult subjects were scanned with a Siemens 3-T MRI scanner. Mean spherical error (MSE) (D) was measured with a Shin-Nippon autorefractor and a Zeiss IOLMaster used to measure (mm) axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth...

Purpose: To compare posterior vitreous chamber shape in myopia to that in emmetropia. Methods: Both eyes of 55 adult subjects were studied, 27 with emmetropia (mean spherical error [MSE] ≥ -0.55; <+0.75 D; mean +0.09 ± 0.36 D) and 28 with myopia (MSE -5.87 ± 2.31 D). Cycloplegic refraction was measured with a Shin Nippon autorefractor and anteri...

Purpose: Anterior segment optical coherent tomography (AS-OCT) is used to further examine previous reports that ciliary muscle thickness (CMT) is increased in myopic eyes. With reference to temporal and nasal CMT, interrelationships between biometric and morphological characteristics of anterior and posterior segments are analysed for British-Whit...

PURPOSE. We describe the profile and associations of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in a population-based sample of children. METHODS. The Northern Ireland Childhood Errors of Refraction (NICER) study used a stratified random cluster design to recruit a representative sample of children from schools in Northern Ireland. Examinations included c...

To investigate the utility of uncorrected visual acuity measures in screening for refractive error in white school children aged 6-7-years and 12-13-years. The Northern Ireland Childhood Errors of Refraction (NICER) study used a stratified random cluster design to recruit children from schools in Northern Ireland. Detailed eye examinations included...

To describe the methodology, sampling strategy and preliminary results for the Aston Eye Study (AES), a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of refractive error and its associated ocular biometry in a large multi-racial sample of school children from the metropolitan area of Birmingham, England. A target sample of 1700 children aged 6-...

Recent studies indicate that ocular and scleral rigidity is pertinent to our understanding of glaucoma, age related macular degeneration and the development and pathogenesis of myopia. The principal method of measuring ocular rigidity is by extrapolation of data from corneal indentation tonometry (K(o) ) using Friedenwald's transformation algorithm...

To study the prevalence of and relation between refractive and corneal astigmatism in white school children in Northern Ireland and to describe the association between refractive astigmatism and refractive error. Stratified random clustering was used to recruit 1053 white children, 392 aged 6-7 years and 661 aged 12-13 years. Eye examinations inclu...

To evaluate the haemodynamic features of young healthy myopes and emmetropes, in order to ascertain the perfusion profile of human myopia and its relationship with axial length prior to reaching a degenerative state. The retrobulbar, microretinal and pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF) of one eye of each of twenty-two high myopes (N = 22, mean spher...

To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) calculations performed manually using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The CT was imaged in vivo at each of two visits on 11 healthy volunteers (mean age, 35.72 ± 13.19 years) using the spectral domain OCT. CT was manually measured after applying ImageJ proce...

To describe the prevalence of refractive error (myopia and hyperopia) and visual impairment in a representative sample of white school children. The Northern Ireland Childhood Errors of Refraction study, a population-based cross-sectional study, examined 661 white 12-13-year-old and 392 white 6-7-year-old children between 2006 and 2008. Procedures...

There is a paucity of data describing the prevalence of childhood refractive error in the United Kingdom. The Northern Ireland Childhood Errors of Refraction study, along with its sister study the Aston Eye Study, are the first population-based surveys of children using both random cluster sampling and cycloplegic autorefraction to quantify levels...

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A methodology for noninvasively characterizing the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of the complete human eye is not currently available for research into ocular diseases that have a structural substrate, such as myopia. A novel application of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition and analysis technique is presented that, for the first time,...

The prevalence of myopia is known to vary with age, ethnicity, level of education, and socioeconomic status, with a high prevalence reported in university students and in people from East Asian countries. This study determines the prevalence of ametropia in a mixed ethnicity U.K. university student population and compares associated ocular biometri...

The optometric profession in the UK has a major role in the detection, assessment and management of ocular anomalies in children between 5 and 16 years of age. The role complements a variety of associated screening services provided across several health care sectors. The review examines the evidence-base for the content, provision and efficacy of...

It is well documented that myopia is associated with an increase in axial length or, more specifically, in vitreous chamber depth. Whether the transverse dimensions of the eye also increase in myopia is relevant to further understanding of its development. The posterior retinal surface was localized in two-dimensional space in both eyes of young ad...

purpose. It is well documented that myopia is associated with an increase in axial length or, more specifically, in vitreous chamber depth. Whether the transverse dimensions of the eye also increase in myopia is relevant to further understanding of its development. methods. The posterior retinal surface was localized in two-dimensional space in bot...

High myopia in childhood is associated with important ocular and systemic conditions. However in the UK, high myopia in early childhood is not specifically identified in current ophthalmology, optometry, or orthoptic protocols for screening, referral, or investigation. An ongoing study in the West Midlands, UK, is investigating high myopia presenti...

It is well documented that myopia is associated with an increase in axial length of the posterior vitreous chamber. Whether equatorial or transverse dimensions are likewise affected in myopia is relevant to further understanding of the development of ametropia. We have utilised a computing method to determine retinal contour from real eye measureme...

It is well documented that myopia is associated with an increase in axial length of the posterior vitreous chamber. Whether equatorial or transverse dimensions are likewise affected in myopia is relevant to further understanding of the development of ametropia. We have utilised a computing method to determine retinal contour from real eye measureme...