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Publications (36)
Pathogens produce effector proteins to manipulate their hosts. While most effectors act autonomously, some fungal effectors act in pairs and rely on each other for function. During the colonization of the plant vasculature, the root-infecting fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) produces 14 so-called Secreted in Xylem (SIX) effectors. Two of these effect...
Plant pathogens employ secreted proteins, among which are effectors, to manipulate and colonize their hosts. A large fraction of effectors is translocated into host cells, where they can suppress defense signaling. Bacterial pathogens directly inject effectors into host cells via the type three secretion system, but it is little understood how euka...
Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is best known as a host‐specific vascular pathogen causing major crop losses. Most Fo strains, however, are root endophytes potentially conferring endophyte‐mediated resistance (EMR). EMR is a mechanistically poorly understood root‐specific induced resistance response induced by endophytic or nonhost pathogenic Fo strains. L...
Plant pathogens use effector proteins to promote host colonization. The mode of action of effectors from root invading pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), is poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether Fo effectors suppress pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI), and whether they enter host cells during infection. ‐ Eight candidate effectors...
Environmental adaptation of organisms relies on fast perception and response to external signals, which lead to developmental changes. Plant cell growth is strongly dependent on cell wall remodeling. However, little is known about cell wall-related sensing of biotic stimuli and the downstream mechanisms that coordinate growth and defense responses....
Environmental adaptation of organisms relies on the fast perception and response to external signals, which leads to developmental changes. Plant cell growth is strongly dependent on cell wall remodeling. However, little is known about cell wall-related sensing of biotic stimuli and the downstream mechanisms that coordinate growth and immune respon...
Pathogens use effector proteins to manipulate their hosts. During infection of tomato the fungus Fusarium oxysporum secretes the effectors Avr2 and Six5. Whereas Avr2 suffices to trigger I-2-mediated cell death in heterologous systems, both effectors are required for I-2-mediated disease resistance in tomato. How Six5 participates in triggering res...
Fig. S1 ΔspAvr2
R45H complements the virulence defect of a FolΔAvr2 strain.
Fig. S2 Side‐by‐side representations of the structures of Avr2 and its structural homologs: human Speckle‐type POZ protein, human TRAF6 and human SIAH1.
Fig. S3 Overlays of the structure of Avr2 with structural homologs; Ptr‐ToxA, human Speckle‐type POZ protein, human TRA...
Plant pathogens employ effector proteins to manipulate their hosts. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), the causal agent of tomato wilt disease, produces effector protein Avr2. Besides being a virulence factor, Avr2 triggers immunity in I‐2 carrying tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Fol strains that evade I‐2 recognition carry point mutations...
Plants actively perceive and respond to perturbations in their cell walls which arise during growth, biotic and abiotic stresses. However, few components involved in plant cell wall integrity sensing have been described to date. Using a reverse-genetic approach, we identified the Arabidopsis thaliana leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MIK2 as an i...
The role of MIK2-LIKE in responses triggered by cellulose biosynthesis inhibition and control of root growth angle.
(A) Phylogenetic tree based on homology in the C-terminal domain of MIK2 proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana (A.t.), Arabidopsis lyrata (A.l.) and Brassica rapa (B.r.). Regions homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana MIK2 amino acids 620–1045...
ISX-induced CESA3 internalization in mik2-1 and the1-1 mutant background.
(A,B) Confocal images of GFP-CESA3 in cesa3je5, cesa3je5
mik2-1, or cesa3je5
the1-1 genetic background. Four-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings were mock treated or treated with 0.1 μM ISX for 2 h. Panel A displays the cell surface, while panel B displays a cross section through t...
Mik2 and the1 have distinct effects on cell wall structure in the root tip.
(A) Quantification of the orientation of cellulose microfibrils relative to the direction of cell elongation in root tips of 7-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings. Values of 3 independent experiments were combined. Error bars represent standard error of n = 10 roots. (B,C) FT-IR...
The role of atlure receptor complex components in response to cellulose biosynthesis inhibition and control of root growth angle.
(A) Immune marker gene expression in 13-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings determined by qRT-PCR. Seedlings were mock treated, or treated with 0.6 μM ISX for 9 h. Expression of the immune marker gene CYP81F2 was normalized re...
MIK2, MIK2-LIKE and THE1 expression in different organs.
Expression of MIK2, MIK2-LIKE, and THE1 in different organs [80].
(TIF)
MIK2 is not required for hypocotyl growth reduction in prc1-1 genetic background.
Five-day-old seedlings grown in an upright position in the dark on MS agar medium supplemented with 1% sucrose. Hypocotyl length was quantified. Error bars represent standard error of n = 18 biological replicas. Different letters indicate statistically significant dif...
Biochemical analysis of cell wall composition in Col-0, mik2-1, the1-1, and mik2-1 the1-1 plants.
Levels of cellulose, pectin (galacturonic acid (GA)), and monosaccharides derived from hemi-cellulose or pectin, in roots of 7-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings. Values are expressed per mg root tissue. Depicted is the average of four independent experimen...
Root tip morphology in mik2-1, the-1 and mik2-1 the1-1.
mik2-1, the1-1 and mik2-1 the1-1 mutants do not display any apparent defects in phloem continuity or root meristem morphology. (A) Confocal microscopy pictures of the root meristem of 7-day-old seedlings of the indicated genotypes stained with propidium iodide (red). Protophloem is visible as...
Dry weight of mik2-1, the1-1 and mik2-1 the1-1 after mock or NaCl treatment.
Dry weight of Arabidopsis plants treated with or without NaCl, as described in Fig 4B. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes (Left panel: ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test (p < 0.05), right panel: Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA on ranks followed...
Characterization of MIK2.
(A) Gene models for MIK2 indicating the positions of the T-DNA insertions (yellow triangles), and the primers (green arrows) used for detection of MIK2.1 and MIK2.2. (B,C) MIK2.1 and MIK2.2 (B) and immune marker gene (C) expression in 13-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings determined by qRT-PCR. MIK2.1 is the more abundant splic...
The role of THE1 in control of root growth angle, salt tolerance and resistance to F. oxysporum.
(A) Nine-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings grown in an upright position (under a 10° angle relative to the direction of gravity) on MS agar medium with 1% sucrose. Root angle relative to the vertical growth axis, and root length were quantified. Error bars...
Assessment of susceptibility of the mik2-1 mutant to bacterial and fungal pathogens.
(A) Growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Col-0 and mik2-1 mutant plants. The hypersusceptible mutant fls2c was included as a control. Plants were sprayed with a P. syringae bacterial suspension (OD600 = 0.02), and material was harvested two days late...
Plants interact with a huge variety of soil microbes, ranging from pathogenic to mutualistic. The Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) species complex consists of ubiquitous soil inhabiting fungi that can infect and cause disease in over 120 different plant species including tomato, banana, cotton and Arabidopsis. However, in many cases Fo colonization remains...
Plants recognize a wide range of microbes with cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. Transmembrane pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate immune responses upon recognition of cognate ligands characteristic of microbes or aberrant cellular states, designated microbe-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patte...
Recognition of molecular patterns characteristic of microbes or altered-self leads to immune activation in multicellular eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the leucine-rich-repeat receptor kinases FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR) recognize bacterial flagellin and elongation factor EF-Tu (and their elicitor-active epitopes flg22...
Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) leads to the generation of MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI), which restricts the invasion and propagation of potentially infectious microbes. It has been described that the perception of different bacterial and fungal MAMPs causes the repression of flavonoid induction upon light stress or su...
Expression, glycosylation status and localization of a mutated AtCRT3 in crt−/− mouse fibroblasts. A. Analysis of glycosylation status of AtCRT3 and CRT1a transfected into crt−/− mouse fibroblasts, before and after treatment with N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) for 1 h under native conditions, and probed with HA-tag antibodies. -, without PNGase F and +...
Real-time PCR analysis of different genes for putative ER chaperones in the Atcrt mutants. The relative expression values of the different genes are displayed as 40 minus the normalized deltaCT value. * denote the N/A assay for AtCRT1a in the Atcrt1a and Atcrt1a crt1b mutants.
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Cellular Ca2+ content in AtCRT3 expressing fibroblast lines. A. The Ca2+ content was determined by incubation with 45Ca2+ followed by addition of ionomycin to determine total cellular Ca2+ levels. The background values (counts min-1 in supernatant before addition of thapsigargin or ionomycin) were subtracted. Results represent the average ± SE of t...
Expression analyses of AtCRT1a, CRT1b, and CRT3. A. Microarray signal values for AtCRT1a plotted against values for AtCRT1b over 2332 microarray datasets obtained from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Science Center (NASC; http://arabidopsis.info/). B. Expression analysis of AtCRT1a and CRT3 in different Arabidopsis tissues using a semi-quantitative RT-P...
Calreticulin (CRT) is a ubiquitous ER protein involved in multiple cellular processes in animals, such as protein folding and calcium homeostasis. Like in animals, plants have evolved divergent CRTs, but their physiological functions are less understood. Arabidopsis contains three CRT proteins, where the two CRTs AtCRT1a and CRT1b represent one sub...
Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), conserved structures typical of a microbial class, triggers immune responses in eukaryotes. This is accompanied by a diverse set of physiological responses that are thought to enhance defense activity in plants. However, the extent and mechanisms by which MAMP-induced events contribute t...
Pattern recognition receptors in eukaryotes initiate defence responses on detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns shared by many microbe species. The Leu-rich repeat receptor-like kinases FLS2 and EFR recognize the bacterial epitopes flg22 and elf18, derived from flagellin and elongation factor-Tu, respectively. We describe Arabidopsis '...
