Nick Drydakis

Anglia Ruskin University | ARU · Economics and International Business

In Greece, given the precarious nature of the sex work industry, sex workers health and wellbeing is of concern. However, relevant research remains limited. This study examined whether sex workers’ self-reported physical and mental health deteriorated across time points during the economic recession in Athens, Greece. The study focused on 13 areas...

PurposeΤhe study examines whether adverse working conditions for immigrants in Greece bear an association with deteriorated physical health and increased levels of depression during 2018 and 2019.MethodsA panel dataset resulted from the collaboration with centers providing free Greek language courses to immigrant population groups. Random Effects m...

The study replicates the first European field experiment on gay men’s labor market prospects in Greece. Utilizing the same protocol as the original study in 2006–2007, two follow-up field experiments took place in 2013–2014 and 2018–2019. The study estimated that gay men experienced occupational access constraints and wage sorting in vacancies offe...

This meta-analysis utilizes 24 papers published between 2012 and 2020 that focus on earnings differences by sexual orientation. The papers cover the period between 1991 and 2018, and countries in Europe, North America, and Australia. The meta-analysis indicates that gay men earned less than heterosexual men. Lesbian women earned more than heterosex...

Using panel data on immigrant populations from European, Asian and African countries the study estimates positive associations between the number of mobile applications in use aiming to facilitate immigrants’ societal integration (m-Integration) and increased level of integration (Ethnosizer), good overall health (EQ-VAS) and mental health (CESD-20...

This study examines the labour market disparities faced by same-sex couples across nine countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, France, Mexico, Thailand, the United States of America and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela), extending the focus of previous studies by looking beyond developed countries. Consistent with the existing literatur...

Information and communications technology (ICT) can boost existing socio-economic inequalities if the former is socially exclusive. Long-standing barriers prevent minoritized populations from accessing ICT, thus leading to a vicious circle between digital divide and poor development. The digital divide can be most important when assessing United Na...

Purpose The study aimed to assess whether transgender women, who were students at a university in London, England, faced hiring discrimination when seeking employment. Design/methodology/approach Three comparable university classmates—a cisgender woman, a cisgender man and a transgender woman—studying Engineering applied to the same job openings....

There is limited research assessing how AI knowledge affects employment prospects. The present study defines the term 'AI capital' as a vector of knowledge, skills, and capabilities related to AI technologies , which could boost individuals' productivity, employment, and earnings. Subsequently, the study reports the outcomes of a genuine correspond...

Acceptance of one’s gender identity and congruence between one’s gender identity and outward appearance are associated with less adverse mental health symptoms, and greater life and job satisfaction. However, trans people are subject to human rights violations, hate crimes, and experience higher unemployment and poverty than the general population....

The study examines the socioeconomic determinants of physical health among populations experiencing food insecurity and receiving free meals in soup kitchens in the Prefecture of Attica, Greece. Data were collected from the same six soup kitchens in 2012, 2017 and 2021, resulting in a dataset of 1533 observations. The study revealed that periods ch...

Background: Limited qualitative research indicates that beggar children might be victims of forced labor, and/or modern slavery. However, research quantifying the manifestations and health-related implications of forced child begging is missing in the literature. Because forced child begging might be physically, mentally, socially and morally harmf...

Purpose During the Great Recession, the increase in Greece's unemployment rate was the highest in the European Union (EU). However, there exists no multi-variate study which has assessed the association between parental unemployment and adolescents' grades. The present study aimed to examine whether parental unemployment is associated with deterior...

Purpose The study examines whether age intersects with gender and race during the initial stage of the hiring process and affects access to vacancies outcomes and wage sorting. Design/methodology/approach In order to answer the research question, the study collects data from four simultaneous field experiments in England. The study compares the la...

This study examines whether an association exists between parental unemployment and health-related quality of life and mental health for adolescents aged 15–18 in Athens, Greece. The gathered dataset covers the same upper high schools in two periods, 2011–2013 and 2017–2019. The study finds that parental unemployment bears an association with decre...

Given the assigned health inequalities faced by sexual minorities , it is fitting to assess whether m-health could be associated with better health-related outcomes for these sexual minorities. The present study examines associations between m-physical and m-mental health apps and sexual minorities' physical and mental health status in Greece. The...

Introduction: This study presents associations between the perceived social rejection of sexual minorities and tobacco, alcohol and cannabis consumption and unprotected sexual intercourse in the capital of Greece, Athens. This is the first Greek study to evaluate the concept of the minority stress theory on sexual minorities' substance use and unp...

The lack of awareness of digital services and outcomes is a concern in business environments since small firms need to improve their digital competencies. The present exploratory study investigated whether business apps training was associated with entrepreneurs’ and firms’ digital advancements. The business apps training was offered to migrant ent...

The study utilises the International Labor Organization’s SMEs COVID-19 pandemic business risks scale to determine whether Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications are associated with reduced business risks for SMEs. A new 10-item scale was developed to capture the use of AI applications in core services such as marketing and sales, pricing and ca...

Report to the European Commission. Extended Abstract. The Cypriot growth rate of the Gross Disposable Income of Households (GDIH) per capita was 0.96% in 2010–2019/20, whereas the EU-27 growth rate was 1.8%, therefore the Cypriot growth rate of GDIH per capita was 87.5% lower than for the EU-27. In Cyprus in 2010–2019/20, compensation of employees,...

This paper reviews studies on LGBT workplace outcomes published between 2015 and 2020. In terms of earnings differences, in the US, Canada, Europe, and Australia, gay men were found to experience earnings penalties of 7% in comparison to heterosexual men, bisexual men experienced earnings penalties of 9% in comparison to heterosexual men, and bisex...

IntroductionThe study examines associations between social rejection, family acceptance, economic recession, and physical and mental health outcomes for sexual minorities in Greece. This is the first Greek study to evaluate the concept of minority stress theory for sexual minorities. In addition, this is among the first international studies to exa...

Sexual Orientation and Earnings: Between 1991 and 2018, in Europe, North America, and Australia: i) Gay men earned 6.8% less than heterosexual men. ii) Bisexual men earned 10.3% less than heterosexual men. iii) Bisexual women earned 5.1% less than heterosexual women. iv) Lesbian women earned 7.1% more than heterosexual women v) In data sets a...

COVID-19 has affected all countries globally. We explore associations between the change in new COVID-19 registered cases per million population and various macroeconomic and well-being indicators in 38 European countries over a 2-month period (1st April-31st May 2020). A statistically significant (p = 0.002) negative association was estimated betw...

The paper initiates a research agenda to study new developments of the effects of sexual orientation and gender identity on the labour market performance of individuals. It presents a selection of the small previous literature to establish the important spectrum of topics and identify important challenges to compare them to the papers in the specia...

For trans people (i.e., people whose gender is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth), evidence suggests that transitioning (i.e., the steps a trans person may take to live in the gender with which they identify) positively affects extraversion, ability to cope with stress, optimism about the future, positivity towards life, self-repo...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical patterns regarding trans people’s self-esteem-oriented evaluations during observations of positive workplace actions. The case of a 2015 UK workplace guide is utilized to fulfil the aims. The guide provides suggestions to employers for recruiting and retaining trans people. Design/methodolo...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine associations between: family support during the school-age period, and school-age bullying (short-term associations); and family support during the school-age period and workplace bullying (long-term associations) for lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults in Britain. Design/methodology/approach The...

Report to the European Commission Extended Abstract. Cyprus is among the most unequal EU countries in terms of net worth, with a Gini coefficient for net wealth (defined as the sum of real assets, including housing, and financial assets, net of total liabilities) exceeding 0.7. Disparities in ownership of the main residence generally contribute the...

The rollback of the welfare state in countries such as the UK, coupled with population ageing, have contributed to a situation in which responsibility for older people’s wellbeing is placed more heavily on the individual. This is exemplified in the notion in popular and policy circles that individuals should plan for later life, particularly financ...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical patterns regarding trans people’s self-esteem-oriented evaluations during observations of positive workplace actions. The case of a 2015 UK workplace guide is utilized to fulfil the aims. The guide provides suggestions to employers for recruiting and retaining trans people. Design/methodol...

Using a data set that contains information on retrospective school‐age bullying, as well as on workplace bullying in the respondents’ present job, the outcomes of this study suggest that bullying, when it is experienced by sexual orientation minorities tends to persist over time. According to the estimations, it seems that school‐age bullying of LG...

Purpose Economic pluralism proposes that economists and social planners should consider alternative theories to establish a range of policy actions. Neoclassical, Feminist and Marxian theories evaluate well-grounded causes of wage discrimination. However, a reluctance to consider less-dominant theories among different schools of economic thought r...

Purpose The current study aims to examine whether masculine personality traits in women generate better job market prospects, as compared to feminine personality traits. Design/methodology/approach We utilized a field experiment (correspondent test) to capture the way in which firms respond to women who exhibit masculine and feminine personality...

Addressing population ageing requires a rise in the activity rates of older workers. In this study, a field experiment for the period 2013–2015 in the UK suggests that age discrimination persists at alarming levels. It shows that when two applicants engage in an identical job search, the older applicant would gain fewer invitations for interviews r...

Through a field study we measure differences in employment outcomes between natives, non-natives, and natives with an ethnic-minority background. It is suggested that the joint effect of productivity uncertainties and distastes against ethnic-minority groups should be higher for non-natives than for natives with an ethnic-minority background. Howev...

Governments encourage people to work longer in order that pension promises are sustainable as populations age. This approach presupposes that older workers are welcome in the market. This study undertakes a correspondence test to investigate whether ageism is prevalent in the UK at the initial stage of the hiring process. This study adds to the lit...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether masculine personality traits in women generate better job market prospects, as compared to feminine personality traits. Design/methodology/approach – The authors utilized a field experiment (correspondent test) to capture the way in which firms respond to women who exhibit masculine and fe...

While trans employees have become more widely recognized in society, our understanding of their work experiences remains underdeveloped. In the current study, we investigate whether transitioning is associated with job satisfaction in England, Wales and Scotland. Using longitudinal data collected before and after sex reassignment surgery associatio...

The current study examines the association between sex reassignment surgery (i.e., genital reconstruction surgery) and job satisfaction. For a period of 3 years (2012–2014), 23 biological male employees and 17 biological female employees who underwent sex reassignment surgery were periodically interviewed in the city of London (UK). By collecting l...

Utilizing data for comparable BSc graduates in economics who have studied in different universities that had set the same entry standards, we compare job seekers’ employment prospects when they search by themselves for jobs by submitting CVs to the same firms. The outcomes suggest that graduates who studied in universities that are ranked in better...

Recessions are complex events that affect personal health and behavior via various potentially opposing mechanisms. While recessions are known to have negative effects on mental health and lead to an increase in suicides, it has been proven that they reduce mortality rates. A general health policy agenda in relation to recessions remains ambiguous...

We examine the association between brain types and wages using the UK Behavioural Study data set for the period 2011-13. By applying empathizing-systemizing theory, the estimations suggest that, for men and women, systemizing traits are associated with higher wage returns than empathizing traits and that a Type S brain (entailing greater skills in...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate whether job applicants who have obtained a BSc in economics from 15 UK universities face different labour market prospects. The author examines whether university entry standards and Russell Group membership affect UK economics applicants’ occupational access and entry-level annual salaries when un...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate whether sexual activity is associated with wages, and also to estimate potential interactions between individuals’ characteristics, wages and sexual activity. Design/methodology/approach – The central hypothesis behind this research is that sexual activity, alike health indicators and mental well-...

Deviations from heteronormativity affect labour market dynamics. Hierarchies of sexual orientation can result in job dismissals, wage discrimination and the failure to promote gay and lesbian individuals to top ranks. In this article, I report on a field experiment (144 job-seekers and their correspondence with 5549 firms) that tested the extent to...

This study investigates the differences in four aspects of job satisfaction between gay males/lesbians and heterosexuals. Gay males and lesbians are found to be less satisfied, according to all job satisfaction measures considered. Moreover, gay males and lesbians whose orientation was known at their workplace had higher job satisfaction than gay m...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-term correlates of bullying in school with aspects of functioning in adult employment outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Bullying is considered and evaluated as a proxy for unmeasured productivity, and a framework is provided that outlines why bullying might affect employment outcomes...

This study provides evidence on the relationship between lesbian women and their hiring prospects by employing the Correspondence Test for Greece. The data analyzed supports the findings of previous experiments and indicates that hiring discrimination against lesbians is present. More importantly, entry wage differentials assigned are not consisten...

We consider industries where the equally skilled workers/members of firm-specific monopoly unions can be grouped according to different reservation wages. We show that, in absence of active antidiscrimination policy, discriminatory wage contracts across groups of employees may emerge, in equilibrium, under either oligopoly or a perfectly competitiv...

We use data from the 2008–2009 Athens Area Study (AAS) to provide the first evidence on the relationship between men's sexual orientation and wages in the Greek capital, Athens. Gay and bisexual men are found to receive significantly lower monthly wages than heterosexual male workers after accounting for demographic and occupational characteristics...

Using a field experiment for the period 2008–2009, we examine the impact of ethnicity on women’s labour market outcomes four years after the national adoption of the European Racial and Employment Equality Directives. The estimations lead to the observation that ethnic women face a lower chance of occupational access than comparable Greek women, wh...

This study evaluates the effect of ethnic identity on the employment level of immigrants in Greece. Treating ethnic identity as a composite of key cultural elements the estimations suggest that employment is positively associated with assimilation and integration and negatively associated with separation and marginalization. In all cases, assimilat...

Purpose This study seeks to investigate the differences in three aspects of job satisfaction – total pay, promotion prospects, and respect received from one's supervisor – between male heterosexual and gay employees in Athens, Greece. Design/methodology/approach To determine whether a job satisfaction gap exists, the job satisfaction of gay employ...

Purpose – Sexual orientation and employment bias is examined in Cyprus by implementing an experiment for the period 2010-2011. The design is aimed at answering three main questions. Do gay males and lesbians face occupational access constraints and entry wage bias than comparable heterosexuals? Do gay males and lesbians benefit from providing more...

This study investigates the impact of ethnic identity on Albanian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Georgian, and Russian wages in Greece. Treating ethnic identity as a composite of language, cultural habits, ethnic-self identification, societal interaction, and future citizenship plans, the estimations suggest that assimilation and integration are positively...

The current paper is a means of demonstrating our knowledge about macroeconomic theories, and its key variables, phenomena, and history. Given the key role that the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU) has in the macroeconomic theory as well as its role in determining employment theories, it is raised the need for a thorough eval...

The present research explores union preferences through a survey of the Greek national federations (secondary-level unions) for the period 2008–2009. The evidence presented here suggests that the monopoly-union model does not properly evaluate union–firm reality in Greece. Moreover, the right-to-manage model holds when firms ought to increase emplo...

The current study employs a field experiment to assess the degree of discrimination against female Albanians in Greek housing markets. We divide rental housing into three categories by rent and designate the different levels of rent as working-, middle-, and upper-class. Albanians are significantly less likely to be asked to visit advertised rental...

In this study by utilizing the 2008 Athens Area Study (AAS) data set, I examine to what extent inequalities in the Greek labour market between health-impaired and healthy employees may be attributed to differences in productivity and/or discrimination. A group of health-impaired male and female employees who self-reported that their productivity is...