N.I. Sanzharova

All_Russian Institute of Rdiology and Agroecologe, Obninsk

In this work, the application of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy for assessing the irradiation of fish is described. Pink salmon was chosen as the research object and irradiated at 3 and 6 kGy doses. A linear correlation was observed between the increase in EPR signal intensity and the radiation dose. It was demonstrated that the fish...

One of the most promising and gentle methods for reducing the number of microorganisms in food and agricultural raw materials is treatment with ionizing radiation. The work aimed to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial treatment with gamma radiation on quality indicators and anthocyanin content in dark raisins. The object of the study was dark rais...

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the components that make up fish preserves on the total microbial load, as well as the effectiveness of processing preserves with ionizing radiation to reduce the number of microorganisms that seed the product to a safe level and for increase its shelf life. The object of the study was fish preserv...

In a laboratory experiment, the effect of pre-sowing low-energy (160 keV) electron radiation at doses of 1, 3, and 5 kGy at a dose rate of 500 Gy/pulse was studied. on sowing qualities, morphometric parameters of barley seedlings of the Vladimir spring variety, their susceptibility to fungal diseases against a natural infectious background, as well...

The influence of gamma-radiation in the dose range from 50 to 1,000 Gy and dose rates of 100, 500 and 950 Gy/h on the viability of different species of insect pests, such as Calandra granaria L. (adult and larval stages) and Trogoderma granarium (larval stage), was studied. It was found out that when exposed to radiation in the range from 50 to 450...

The vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in peat bog soils in the remote period after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident (ChNPP, 1986) was investigated. The study was conducted on bog meadows in the Bryansk region of Russia. Soil samples were taken at 4 locations: 2 sites on lowland bogs and 2 sites on transitional bogs. Fifteen years after the a...

The article presents methodological approaches to the organization of radioecological monitoring in the regions where nuclear power plants are located. The analysis of the monitoring results at the Beloyarsk, Kursk, Leningrad and Rostov NPPs showed that the contribution of the natural radiation background to the public exposure dose is within a nar...

The effect of electron irradiation of barley seeds of the Vladimir variety on the development of plants, disease incidence and productivity in controlled greenhouse conditions has been studied. It was found that the effectiveness of the effect of seed treatment with low-energy electronic radiation in the dose range of 30–150 kGy on the morphometric...

The specificity of fish preserves determines the increased risk of microbiological contamination and the relevance of using radurization to reduce it. The paper shows the results of comparing the effectiveness of various types of ionising radiation (γ-radiation of the ⁶⁰ Co radioisotope, electron radiation with an electron energy of 4.8 MeV, bremss...

The paper presents results of long-term monitoring of radioecological situation in the area sur-rounding the Leningrad NPP (LNPP), that covers the periods before the Chernobyl accident (1980-1985), during and immediately after the accident (1986-1992) and the late period (2013-2014). After the Chernobyl accident the enhanced radioactivity level in...

The study represents the main types and technical characteristics of irradiation sources currently used for processing of foodstuffs. An absorbed irradiation dose is considered in the context of the technological goals of such treatment. The article discusses the standard dosimetry systems for irradiation treatment of foods, as well as the criteria...

The research presents the data of long-term observations of the impact of the Kursk Nuclear Power Plant operation on the radioecological situation in the region of its location. The dynamics of the content of natural and artificial radionuclides in the components of agricultural ecosystems was studied due to the data based on the information from t...

The problems of radioactive contamination of biosphere with the ²³⁸ U in recent years have attracted a large number of experts in various fields of knowledge. Natural radionuclides are an integral part of the biosphere. They are concentrated everywhere: in rocks, in soil, water, air and food. Various types of phosphorus fertilizers and other natura...

Environmental contamination by ²³⁸U occurs in the resting places of rocks with high uranium content in the points, where the ground waters come out on the Earth surface. ²³⁸U enters the atmosphere because of volcanic outbursts, forest fires, meteoric dust and soil transfer by the wind. A significant fraction of environmental contamination is formed...

The results of a study of the content of natural radionuclides (NR) ( ²²⁶ Ra, ²³² Th, ⁴⁰ K) and technogenic ¹³⁷ Cs in soil samples formed on the most common types of soil-forming rocks of the North-West: lakeglacial (non-boulder and tape clay), glacial and water-glacial deposits are presented. Soil sections laid in the Pskov, Novgorod and Leningrad...

Field data on behaviour of artificial polydisperse radioactive silica particles in the components of the cattle food chain are presented. The model fused radioactive particles reproduced the spherical shape of particles in the local deposition during nuclear tests, including their specific gravity and polydispersity. It is shown that the compositio...

The paper displays the results of the study of the effect of pre-sowing irradiation of spring barley of the Vladimir variety with a low-energy electron beam in a wide dose range from 1 to 8 kGy and a dose rate of 500 Gy/imp on seed infestation by root rot and sowing qualities. It has been shown that the development of the disease depends on both th...

Long-term environmental behaviour of radioactive particles released during the Chernobyl accident and deposited in sandy topsoil in Ivankiv district of Kyiv Region (Ukraine), in radioactive trench waste materials from the Red forest, and in bottom sediments from the Cooling pond has been assessed. The efficiency of the models describing the dissolu...

Purpose: Justification of the necessity to establish and maintain a system of radioecological monitoring of agricultural ecosystems in the vicinity of nuclear power plants at all stages of the life cycle of a radiation-hazardous facility. Material and methods: The paper presents methodological approaches (sanitary-hygienic and environmental) to rad...

The paper considers the results on the efficiency of application of ionising radiation for grain disinfestation. It is shown that gamma-irradiation of confused flour beetle (imago stage) inhabiting on the barley grain, in a dose range 0.7–1.0 kGy caused the 100% mortality of the pest in 15 days after irradiation at a dose rate 0.5 kGy/h. The simila...

Large-scale contamination of agricultural lands resulted from global fallout and accidents on Southern Urals («Mayak” PA 1957) and Chernobyl NPP (1986) required the development, testing and application of remediation measures purposed to prevent the entrance of ⁹⁰Sr into human diet. A wide range of remediation methods was developed in agriculture....

Methodological approaches to the organization of state and departmental systems for monitoring of the environment in nuclear and radiation hazardous facilities (NF) vicinity are presented in order to ensure the radiation and ecological safety of population and biota. The necessity of conducting radioecological monitoring at all stages of the life c...

Currently available computational capabilities (multi-core PCs, supercomputers, radiation transport codes) allowing solving radiation transport problems typically offer the possibility to preset periodical structures, for instance, nuclear reactor core cells. This possibility opens the way to the precision (voxel) domain modeling in the problems of...

Purpose: This work aims first to improve the reliability of absorbed dose calculation in critical organs of cattle during internal irradiation immediately after radiation accidents by a) improving the compartmental model of radionuclide metabolism in animal body; b) the use of precision computing technologies for modeling as the domain, and the act...

The influence of cadmium on the morphometric and biochemical indicators of the development of lettuce of the Moscow greenhouse variety, on productivity and also on metal accumulation in plant biomass during cultivation on sod-podzolic soil polluted with this toxicant in the doses range from 2 to 100 mg/kg was studied. It was shown that cadmium has...

Data on the concentrations of natural (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K) and artificial (¹³⁷Cs) radionuclides and on the physicochemical properties of chernozems sampled in different years are presented. In 1952, upon the creation of the Penza-Kamensk state shelterbelt, three deep (up to 3 m) soil pits were examined within the former arable field under two-yea...

There are many areas around the world contaminated with radiocaesium to different extents due to global fallout from nuclear weapons testing, radiation accidents or inadequate waste disposal practices. In recent decades, a wide range of options for remediation of these areas have been developed, tested and implemented to mitigate the potential dose...

The article presents analysis of the national regulatory framework for radiation safety of public and environment protection near facilities and sites outside the facilities contaminated with natural and artificial radionuclides due to their past operation and main problems of harmonization of international and national regulations. The national sy...

Data on the current statues of agricultural lands in Bryansk, Kaluga, Orel and Tula regions con-taminated with radiocesium as a result of the Chernobyl accident are presented in the article. Only 17% of agricultural companies located in 11 affected rayons of the four regions are currently en-gaged in agribusiness on lands with density of radiocesiu...

Authors review principles of classification of nuclear facilities retired from operation and radioactively contaminated territories by a degree of their potential danger to the public and environment, as well as challenges related to safe decommissioning of the facilities and remediation of radioactively contaminated sites. Classification of the si...

The methodology and procedure for cadastral valuation of land in the areas contaminated with radionuclides are presented. The efficiency of rehabilitation measures applied to decrease crop contamination to the levels satisfying sanitary-hygienic norms is discussed. The differentiation of cadastral value of radioactively contaminated agricultural la...

Methodological approaches to the organization of counter measures are considered taking into account the landscape features of the radioactively contaminated territories. The current status and new requirements to the organization of counter measures in the contaminated agricultural areas are analyzed. The basic principles, objectives and problems...

The article examines issues of rehabilitation of facilities and territories contaminated by the man-made and natural radionuclides as a result of past activities of enterprises of nuclear and non-nuclear industries. Rehabilitated facilities and territories contaminated with radionuclides as a result of past activities of enterprises must meet crite...

A comparative evaluation of the effect of ionizing radiation on the biota in the regions of the Leningradskaya and Beloyarskaya NPPs based on radioecological monitoring is made. The dose loads on the representative organisms of the biota are calculated. The indices of the radiation action on these organisms are evaluated taking account of the dose...

Information is given on the future development of nuclear power engineering and the need to ensure environmental safety. The complexity of the emerging problems requires a wide international integration of scientific investigations. Also described are ecological projects that have been implemented by the IAER after the Chernobyl NPP accident, as we...

Extensive studies on transfer of radionuclides to animals were carried out in the USSR from the 1950s. Few of these studies were published in the international refereed literature or taken into account in international reviews. This paper continues a series of reviews of Russian language literature on radionuclide transfer to animals, providing inf...

Levels of phytotoxic effects of cadmium on the values of growth, development, and productivity of field beans and cadmium accumulation in the crop yield for plants grown on typical chernozem affected by the metal pollution at rates of 2 to 100 mg/kg have been found.

Regularities of the manifestation of cadmium phytotoxicity on growth indices (height, leaf surface area, and plant biomass) as well as yield and nutritional value of broad bean cultivar Orletskie growing on sod-podzolic sandy loam soil polluted by the metal in doses of 2–100 mg/kg are established.

Under model experiment conditions, the mechanisms of chemical interaction of 90Sr with soil organic matter were established. The radionuclide was introduced in soil examples of main soil-types widespread on the European territory of the Russian Federation. It was found that from 40 to 60% of the radionuclide extracted in exchangeable chemical form....

The basic and general remediation principles of agricultural lands affected by technological contamination are presented. One of the perspective method of soil fertility rising is ap-plication of natural clays and minerals. This is the most effective measure on contaminated lands. We can reduce the uptake of 137Cs in 3-5 times because of retention...

Radioactive contamination of the environment following the Chernobyl accident still provide a substantial impact on the population of affected territories in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Reduction of population exposure can be achieved by performing remediation activities in these areas. Resulting from the IAEA Technical Co-operation Projects with...

An extensive programme of experiments on transfer of radionuclides to aquatic species was conducted in the former USSR starting from the early 1950s. Only a few of these studies were made available in the English language literature or taken into account in international reviews of radionuclide behaviour in marine ecosystems. Therefore, an overview...

Around 130 publications reporting studies on radionuclide transfer to freshwater biota species conducted in the former USSR were reviewed to provide the concentration ratio values. None of these studies were available up to now in the English language reviews or publications. The values derived have been compared with the CR values used for freshwa...

Main objectives of the present work were to develop an internationally agreed methodology for deriving optimized remediation strategies in rural areas that are still affected by the Chernobyl accident, and to give an overview of the radiological situation in the three affected countries, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Study settlements were defined b...

There is increasing interest in radiological assessment of discharges of naturally occurring radionuclides into the terrestrial environment. Such assessments require parameter values for the pathways considered in predictive models. An important pathway for human exposure is via ingestion of food crops and animal products. One of the key parameters...

Data on radionuclide transfer to domestic chickens and ducks obtained from research performed in the former Soviet Union were reviewed to provide transfer coefficient values (Ff) to poultry and edible egg contents. The majority of the data are from experiments with (90)Sr and (137)Cs, reflecting the importance of these radionuclides after global fa...

Results of the project IAEA "Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety" (EMRAS) on revision of parameters of radionuclide migration in agroecosystems are presented. Methodical approaches to a grouping of the initial information are stated. The databases on parameters of radionuclide transfer in agricultural plants for various climatic zones, and...

The paper considers the results of field researches on studying the basic laws of 137Cs migration on slopes landscapes. The characteristic of horizontal and of vertical 137Cs migration is given depending on an element of a relief, geomorphological conditions and properties of soil. Critical kinds of slopes with the most intensive streams of radionu...

Over 150 publications reporting studies conducted in the former USSR were reviewed to provide transfer coefficients (F(f)) to the muscle of domestic animals from experiments using chronic administration, often for long timescales in large scale experiments. Only a few of these studies were made available in the English language literature or taken...

In particular, in 1994 the IAEA published Technical Reports Series No. 364, Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Temperate Environments. Over the years, it has proved to be a valuable reference for radioecologists, modellers and authorities in Member States, and has been quoted in numerous impact assessments....

Field-grown maize hybrids were assessed for variability in (137)Cs accumulation in vegetative parts of young and mature maize shoots and grains during 2 years with contrasting climatic conditions. Trials were carried out at different sites in the Tula region of Russia, which is characterized by a highly homogenous soil classified as Luvic Chernozem...

The distribution and migration of radionuclides released into the environment following the Chernobyl accident in 1986 are described. The Chernobyl disaster resulted in the consumption of farm products containing radionuclides as a source of irradiation of the population due to the prevalence of a rural type of human nutrition in the affected regio...

A wide range of different countermeasures has been used to mitigate the consequences of the Chernobyl accident for agriculture in affected regions in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The paper comprehensively brings together key data on countermeasure application over twenty years for all three countries and critically evaluates the response to the acc...

The results of the contamination monitoring of the agricultural land and products in 2000-2005 in the regions of Russia affected by the Chernobyl accident are presented. The contribution is assessed of foodstuffs to the formation of internal exposure doses to the population during the long-term after the accident. Prediction is made of the change i...

Analyzed information which describes a wide spectrum of the consequences of radioactive contamination of natural ecosystems by the Chernobyl accident. The main regularities of radionuclide migration in the environment was been considered and scales of radiation damage to biota assessed. The area where signs of direct damage to biota are visible is...

An overview of original information available from Russian language papers on radionuclide transfer to milk is provided. Most of the data presented have not been taken into account in international reviews. The transfer coefficient (F(m)) values for radioactive isotopes of strontium, caesium and iodine are in good agreement with those previously pu...

An extensive programme of experiments was conducted in the former USSR on transfer of radionuclides to a wide range of different agricultural animals. Only a few of these studies were made available in the English language literature or taken into account in international reviews of gastrointestinal uptake. The paper gives extended information on R...

A computer-based analysis of thin sections has been applied to study pore space in the plow horizons of loamy soils in European Russia and Ukraine. Differences in the morphology of soil macro-and mesopores are shown. It is argued that agrogenic impacts result in the convergence of the shape and orientation of macropores in plowed loamy soils of the...