Ndue Kanari

University of Lorraine | UdL · GeoRessources Laboratory

The chlorination of oxides of major concern in cassiterite concentrate with various chlorinating agents is investigated in light of their thermodynamic feasibilities to extract and recover their valuable metal components. Mechanisms responsible for the processes and their Gibbs free energy changes as a function of temperature to selectively separat...

This review details both the conventional and emerging methods of extracting tin from cassiterite. The emerging methods reviewed include sulphuric acid leaching of SnO, cooling crystallization of SnO, sulphide leaching, alkaline leaching, and dry chlorination. From these methods, the conventional approach (direct reduction smelting) stands out as t...

Mining waste is an obvious source of environmental pollution due to the presence of heavy metals, which can contaminate soils, water resources, sediments, air, and people living nearby. The F-(Ba-Pb-Zn) deposit of Hammam Zriba located in northeast Tunisia, 8 km southeast of Zaghouan was intensively exploited from 1970 to 1992. More than 250,000 m3...

Resourcing Tomorrow Creating Value for Society

This Special Issue (SI) offered the opportunity to present the latest scientific developments and findings in the field of processing of end-of-life materials and solid industrial wastes. Due to the large quantity of wastes generated and to their complex elemental and mineralogical composition, the approaches, methods and processes proposed for the...

Processing spodumene for lithium is challenging as it requires a high temperature transformation of the natural α-monoclinic form to β-tetragonal form, usually followed by acid baking and digestion. This three-step extraction process requires significant heat energy, acid, process complexity and residence time, leading to both operating and capital...

Bauxite Residue (BR) is an industrial waste generated by the extraction of alumina through the Bayer process. It is usually stored in specially constructed sedimentation ponds. Long term storage notoriously leads to severe environmental issues due to its high alkalinity which affects neighboring communities. It contaminates phreatic and surface wat...

Spodumene concentrate from the Pilbara region in Western Australia was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) to identify and quantify major minerals in the concentrate. Particle diameters ranged from 10 to 200 microns and the degree of li...

Given the current depletion of the world's natural resources, the strong demand and the induced future deposit of primary mineral resources carrying metals (such as molybdenum, vanadium and chromium), one of the solution to this problem is the recycling of metals from by-products (such as steel slags) containing them. Steel slags are major by-produ...

The mass production of synthetic plastics began in the last century and today they have become one of the most abundant man-made materials. The disposal or the beneficiation of end-of-life plastics represent a great challenge for society especially in the case of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This study is focused on the use of PVC waste as a useful ag...

The grown demand of current and future development of new technologies for high added value and strategic metals, such as molybdenum, vanadium, and chromium, and facing to the depletion of basic primary resources of these metals, the metal extraction and recovery from industrial by-products and wastes is a promising choice. Slag from the steelmakin...

The most economically important iron-chromium bearing minerals is chromite. In natural deposits, iron(II) is frequently substituted by magnesium(II) while chromium(III) is replaced by aluminum(III) and/or iron(III) forming a complex chromium bearing material. The majority of mined chromite is intended for the production of ferrochrome which require...

This review adds to the public domain literature on the extraction of lithium from mineral ores. The focus is on the pyrometallurgical pre-treatment of spodumene. Information on the phase transformation from α to β, the heat treatment methods as well as the behavior of various compounds in the roasting processes are evaluated. Insight into the chem...

During the treatment of copper anode slime (CAS) under an air atmosphere, several aspects of the interactions of its main components (CuAgSe, Cu2−xSeyS1−y, Ag3AuSe2) with oxygen were described in Part I. As a comparative and complementary study, this work deals with the thermal behavior of CAS under air in the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) b...

The investigation presented here features the design of a cleaner and greener chemical process for the conversion of industrial wastes into super-oxidizing materials. The waste of interest is the iron sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O) mainly generated through the sulfate route used for titanium dioxide industrial production. The products of thi...

Development of our modern society requests a number of critical and strategic elements (platinum group metals, In, Ga, Ge. . .) and high value added elements (Au, Ag, Se, Te, Ni. . .) which are often concentrated in by-products during the extraction of base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn. . .). Further, recycling of end-of-life materials employed in high techn...

The extraction of tin through smelting of cassiterite (SnO 2) has generated considerable amounts of slag in the main production areas of SouthEast Asia, Africa, and South America. Tantalum and niobium naturally occur in cassiterite deposits and are concentrated in the slag during the smelting process. Tin slags have often been disposed as industria...

The extraction of tin through smelting of cassiterite (SnO 2) has generated considerable amounts of slag in the main production areas of SouthEast Asia, Africa, and South America. Tantalum and niobium naturally occur in cassiterite deposits and are concentrated in the slag during the smelting process. Tin slags have often been disposed as industria...

Abstract Iron sulfate, in particular FeSO4·7H2O, is derived from titanium dioxide production and the steel pickling process. Regarding TiO2 manufacturing, the amount of the resultant FeSO4·7H2O can be as high as 6 tons per ton of produced TiO2, leading to a huge amount of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, which is considered an environmental and econom...

The reaction tests of copper concentrates and several metallic sulfides with chlorine are carried out using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and isothermal conditioning in a horizontal reactor. The effects of the gas flow rate, temperature and chlorine content of the gaseous mixture (Cl2+N2) on the reaction rate are investigated. Starting materials...

Diverse industries produce fly ashes as thermal power plants, waste incinerators, and some recycling processes. Though some of these products can be raw materials for diverse applications, their composition can be hazardous due to their content in heavy metals. In addition, mixing fly ashes with the products of neutralization of fumes complicates t...

ABSTRACT: Antimony is a metal (classified critical raw material by the EU) present in some plastic polymers as a synergist of brominated flame retardant. In some parts of Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), concentration of Sb can reach 1 – 3%. To recover Sb, classical metalurgical treatments have been explored from co-incinerated...

Antimony is a metal (classified critical raw material by the EU) present in some plastic polymers as a synergist of brominated flame retardant. In some parts of Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), concentration of Sb can reach 1-3%. To recover Sb, classical metalurgical treatments have been explored from co-incinerated sorted plast...

This paper proposes a general reflection on the management of human activities solid and liquid residues, including their beneficiation and elimination. A special emphasize is given to toxicity considerations. Although it concerns also non-mineral materials (organic polymers, papers, glasses, wood compounds), the management of residual materials of...

This paper is focused on the reactivity of Cl2 towards MgO in presence of a reducing (CO) and oxidizing (O2) agent at temperatures up to 1025 °C. Kinetics parameters are determined by thermogravimetry under isothermal conditions. The overviewed results showed that the carbochlorination (Cl2+CO) occurred at temperatures lower than oxychlorination (C...

Because of the physical, chemical and environmental risks related to industrial wastes and the high consumption of finite natural resources in the construction industry, this paper presents an ecological and sustainable way to manufacture ceramic products using calamine hydrometallurgical processing wastes. This process generates a by-product calle...

The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing residual materials as a result of huge production of the Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE), its market expansion and technological progress in its conception. The complex compositions of WEEE (precious, strategic and rare elements, ferrous and non-ferrous met...

The general scope of this paper is to explore the formulation and the production, by thermochemical transformations, of expanded lightweight granulates incorporating residual materials as kaolinitic waste, sewage sludge, schist fines and wasted glass. The possible application fields are light concretes, road engineering, water treatment and hydropo...

This work deals with the extraction of phosphorus chlorinated compounds from phosphate materials using chlorination with gaseous chlorine. An industrial sample of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, after transformation into calcium pyrophosphate (Ca2P2O2), is subjected to reactions with Cl-2+CO+N-2 and Cl-2+C+N-2 at temperatures ranging from 625 to 950...

A long time ago, the properties of rubber-kaolinite composite materials have been described as a function of the amount of mica-like components and order-disorder properties of the kaolinite. If the mica negative contribution could be simply identified as due to the easy 001 cleavage of coarser illites, the contribution of crystalline order of kaol...

This work is focused on the preparation of alkali ferrates, especially sodium ferrate, using ferrous sulfate as iron bearing material and chlorine as oxidant. Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate is mainly generated during titanium oxide extraction from ilmenite through the sulfate route; it is considered as a waste for this industry. Obtained alkali ferra...

This paper summarizes the results obtained during potassium ferrate (K2FeVIO4) synthesis which is a high added value material. This compound that contains iron in the rare hexavalent state is becoming a substance of growing importance for the water and effluent treatment industries. This is due to its multi-functional nature (oxidation, flocculatio...

A representative sample of LD slag provided from French steel industry was treated by different physical separation techniques especially used in mineral processing. The results of characterisation study show that the LD slag may contain up to 35 % of iron compounds. The X-ray diffraction reveals the presence of the following crystallized mineral p...

Although vehicles represent a main key of our modern society, they affect our environment via the energy and resource consumption, waste generation during their manufacturing as well as greenhouse gas emissions all along their use. Further, hazardous residues are produced at the end-of-life vehicles “ELV”. After collection and dismantling, the rema...

This study aims at using wastes of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) as alternative reducing agents in iron metallurgy. Thermal behaviors, in air atmosphere, of PVC waste and pure PVC were studied between 225 and 900 °C. Mixtures of hematite with both the PVC samples, were isothermally treated between 300 and 1050 °C for different durations. Solid reaction...

Poster présenté au congrès Euromat 2011

The kinetics of chlorination of hematite by Cl2 + O2 have been investigated in the temperature range from 600 to 1025 °C by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effects of Cl2/O2 ratio, gas velocity, temperature and partial pressure of reactive gases on the reaction rate were determined.The reaction rate of Fe2O3 chlorination increased stead...

The present paper describes detailed kinetics investigations on some selected chlorine-solid reactions through thermogravimetric measurements. The solids studied in this article include chemical pure oxides and sulfides as well as their natural bearing materials. The chlorinating agents employed are gaseous mixtures of Cl₂+N₂...

Preliminary tests of the chlorination of two iron oxides (wüstite and hematite) in various chlorinating gas mixtures were performed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under non-isothermal conditions. Wüstite started to react with chlorine from about 200 °C generating ferric chloride and hematite as the final reaction products. The presence of a re...

Energy intensive classical metallurgical processes, the depletion of high-grade ores and primary sources push the scientific and technical communities to treat lean and complex ores as well as secondary metal resources for the recovery of valuable metals. Chlorination technique could be a suitable technology for this purpose. This paper summarizes...

This paper presents the optimisation on the design of the lining of an electric arc furnace that produces refined ferromanganese by applying the nodal wear model. This model is a new tool that systematises the wear/corrosion analysis applied to industrial furnaces linking the basic theoretical knowledge of the physical chemistry of wear/corrosion p...

A new process for the synthesis of the potassium ferrate(VI) salt was developed at the University of Nancy, France under an EEC program; started in 2001. This program had an objective of synthesizing a large quantity of ferrate in order to feed large scale applications in the field of water treatment such as drinking water, municipal waste water, a...

Procédé de préparation de granulés de ferrate (VI) comprenant l'enrobage de particules solides d'un hydroxyde de métal alcalin et/ou alcalino-terreux par des particules solides d'un ou de plusieurs sels ou oxydes de Fe(II) et/ou Fe(III), suivie par la conversion dans un réacteur à lit fluide du ou des sels ou oxydes de Fe(II) et/ou Fe(III) en ferra...

This study deals with the reduction of Fe3O4 by H2 in the temperature range of 210–950 °C. Two samples of Fe3O4 produced at 600 and 1200 °C, designated as Fe3O4(600) and Fe3O4(1200), have been used as starting material.Reduction of Fe3O4(600) by H2 is characterized by an apparent activation energy ‘Ea’ of 200, 71 and 44 kJ/mol at T < 250 °C, 250 °C...

This study deals with the reduction of Fe2O3 by H2 in the temperature range of 220–680 °C. It aims to examine the rate controlling processes of Fe2O3 reduction by H2 in the widest and lowest possible temperature range. This is to be related with efforts to decrease the emission of CO2 in the atmosphere thus decreasing its green house effect.Reducti...

This paper summarizes the INTECT process devoted to the recovery of valuable elements from electric arc furnace dust 'EAFD' "in - situ". Acidic leaching of EAFD, separation of solid/liquid, cementation of obtained ZnCl2 solution, precipitation of hydroxy-carbonate, calcinations of Zn-5(CO3)(2)(OH)(6) to obtain ZnO were successful tasks on the labor...

This study focused on the potential to transform a waste, hydrated iron sulfate, into a useful product. The waste was generated from titanium dioxide production and from the surface treatment of steel. Its disposal is restricted by environmental regulations, and consequently, it has to be recycled and/or treated. The described recycling was achieve...

To apply a decision-making scheme using a statistical classification while conforming to the meaning of representativeness as defined by the US EPA, we propose an equation defining the representativeness of a sample. To utilize this equation, the batch must be homogenized. This requires analyzing the constitution and distribution heterogeneities. T...

This study is devoted to the thermal decomposition of two zinc carbonate hydroxide samples up to 400°C. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), boat experiments and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were used to follow the decomposition reactions. The initial samples and the solid decomposition products were analyzed by scanning electr...

Kinetics of Fe2O3 reactions with Cl2 and Cl2+O2 gas mixtures were investigated up to 1025 °C using thermogravimetric technique. Effects of gas flow rate, temperature and partial pressure of Cl2, O2 and Cl2+O2 on the reaction rate were evaluated. Data were processed to predict the reaction mechanism. The values of the apparent activation energy ‘Ea’...

Boehmites (gamma-Al2O3 ·xH2O) are the oxide – hydroxides of aluminum and find extensive use for manufacting high surface area catalysts, coatings, alumina and alumina derived materials. The present paper describes a novel hydrothermal precipitation route to obtain high surface area boehmites and their thermal transformation sequences to alpha-Al2O3...

This paper explores the possibility of using treated bark to remove oily compounds from water. Bark was first biologically or chemically treated and saturated with transition metal ions (TMI) to avoid the release of soluble organic compounds from the bark in the treated effluents. Several experimental parameters affecting the oil removal efficiency...

Vehicles, essential to society, are continually increasing in use. However, throughout their life cycle vehicles impact the environment in several ways: energy and resource consumption, waste generation during manufacturing and use, and disposal at the end of their useful lives. About 75 percent of end-of-life vehicles, mainly metals, are recyclabl...

About 52 million tons of steel are annually produced in the EU by recycling of ferrous scraps through the Electric Arc Furnace ‘EAF’ generating 0.5 to 1 million tons of dust ‘EAFD’. This material can be considered as a by-product of the steel industry and has been assigned the hazardous waste (K061) by the EPA because it contains Pb, Cd, ….. Due to...

Jarosite is a solid waste of the zinc industry. It contains about 10 % of heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, As, Sb… and 30 % of iron. It is classified as a hazardous waste. Due to tight environmental regulations in the European Union, waste disposal of jarosite will not be an acceptable solution in the near future. Consequently, it has to be tre...