Nazrul Anuar Nayan

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia | ukm · Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering

Learning through designing is the latest innovation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics teaching and learning in the 21^st century. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of EkSTEMiT module in fostering inventive thinking in the subject of electrochemistry. EkSTEMiT module was tested through a quasi-experimental de...

Pipeline corrosion is one of the leading causes of failures in the transmission of gas and hazardous liquids in the oil and gas industry. In-line inspection is a non-destructive inspection for detecting corrosion defects in pipelines. Defects are measured in terms of their width, length and depth. Consecutive in-line inspection data are used to det...

Flexible sensors have been extensively employed in wearable technologies for physiological monitoring given the technological advancement in recent years. Conventional sensors made of silicon or glass substrates may be limited by their rigid structures, bulkiness, and incapability for continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as blood pressure (BP...

Psychiatric disorders (PDs) interfere with one's functioning and greatly affect a person’s quality of life. Prompt diagnosis and intervention at the early stages of these illnesses are important. However, most people are oblivious or unaware of their mental health status as the symptoms may not be easily recognisable. Consequently, complications oc...

Carbon–steel pipelines have mostly been utilized in the oil and gas (OG) industry owing to their strength and cost-effectiveness. However, the detection of corrosion under coating poses challenges for nondestructive (ND) pipeline monitoring techniques. One of the challenges is inaccessibility because of the pipeline structure, which leads to undete...

Blood pressure (BP) monitoring can be performed either invasively via arterial catheterization or non-invasively through a cuff sphygmomanometer. However, for conscious individuals, traditional cuff-based BP monitoring devices are often uncomfortable, intermittent, and impractical for frequent measurements. Continuous and non-invasive BP (NIBP) mon...

At present, COVID-19 is spreading widely around the world. It causes many health problems, namely, respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Wearable devices have gained popularity by allowing remote COVID-19 detection, contact tracing, and monitoring. In this study, the correlation of photoplethysmogram (PPG) morphology between...

Fiducial points of photoplethysmogram (PPG), first derivative PPG (VPG), and second derivative PPG (APG) are essential in extracting numerous parameters to diagnose cardiovascular disease. However, the fiducial points were usually detected using complex mathematical algorithms. Inflection points from derivatives waveforms are not thoroughly studied...

Hyperuricemia is an alarming issue that contributes to cardiovascular disease.Uric acid (UA) level was proven to be related to pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness. A hyperuricemia prediction method utilizing photoplethysmogram (PPG) and arteriograph by using machine learning (ML) is proposed. From the literature search, there is no...

Fifth-generation mobile technologies introduce the concept of network slicing, which allows the creation of logical networks consisting of network services and the associated physical and virtual network functions. The early form of network slicing allowed for fixed resource allocation and static network function deployment. However, this approach...

Corrosion in carbon-steel pipelines leads to failure, which is a major cause of breakdown maintenance in the oil and gas industries. The acoustic emission (AE) signal is a reliable method for corrosion detection and classification in the modern Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system. The efficiency of this system in detection and classification...

Research into biometric identification technologies has evolved in recent years, as most secure facilities and applications are now based on digital technology. Among the available biometric identification technologies is eye detection. The relevance and impact of the use of eye detection in a variety of biometric authentication systems are very hi...

Monitoring the evolution of hydrogen gas on carbon steel pipe using acoustic emission (AE) signal can be a part of a reliable technique in the modern structural health-monitoring (SHM) field. However, the extracted AE signal is always mixed up with random extraneous noise depending on the nature of the service structure and experimental environment...

The demand for small, thin, and lightweight electronic devices is increasing. More advanced design and assembly processes of electronic packaging technology have developed to fulfill this need. The critical processes in semiconductor packaging in-volved in meeting the ever increasing demands of technology include wafer back grind-ing, dicing, and d...

Shannon energy-based algorithm has been implemented in peak detection method of various physiological signals including electrocardiogram, which is used to enhance significant peaks for accurate peak detection. Two significant methods of R-peak detection that apply Shannon energy are identified. However, direct comparison cannot be made due to the...

p>This paper presents a bibliographical survey of recently-published research on different techniques to extract feature from photoplethysmogram (PPG). These techniques and approaches have been implemented for better accuracy in detecting diseases. Moreover, several aspects in analyzing PPG waveform are discussed on the techniques in feature extrac...

p>The demand for producing small, thin, and light electronic devices is increasing. As a result, the design and assembly of electronic packaging technology have been developed. To meet the ever-increasing technology requirements, the critical process in the semiconductor packaging include wafer back grinding, sawing, and die attach. Given that the...

The fourth generation (4G) of the mobile broadband system has widely been considered as the basic technology for the evolution of public safety communications system from legacy narrowband technologies. While 4G provides the essential features for the realization of a public safety network, it has limited flexibility and scalability due to its reli...

p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of deaths worldwide. In 2017, CVD contributed to 13,503 deaths in Malaysia. The current approaches for CVD prediction are usually invasive and costly. Machine learning (ML) techniques allow an accurate prediction by utilizing the complex interactions among relevant risk factors. This study present...

Computational thinking (CT) is often associated with computer science and mathematics in general. However, the involvement of computer science according to gender is seen to be imbalanced. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the level of students’ CT skills by gender and their relationship to achievement in mathematics. The study employed surve...

Heart disease remains the main leading cause of death globally and around 50% of the patients died due to sudden cardiac death (SCD). Early detection and prediction of SCD have become an important topic of research and it is crucial for cardiac patient’s survival. Electrocardiography (ECG) has always been the first screening method for patient with...

The deployment of a broadband public safety (PS) mobile network can be undertaken in different ways. One method involves combining commercial networks with private ones to reduce their deployment cost and time to market. In shared commercial networks, priorities should be defined to differentiate traffic not only between consumers and PS users but...

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used in the hospital emergency rooms for detecting vital signs, such as heart rate variability and respiratory rate. However, the quality of the ECGs is inconsistent. ECG signals lose information because of noise resulting from motion artifacts. To obtain an accurate information from ECG, signal quality indexing (S...

Abnormal vital signs often predict a serious condition of acutely ill hospital patients in 24 hours. The notable fluctuations of respiratory rate (RR) are highly predictive of deteriorations among the vital signs measured. Traditional methods of detecting RR are performed by directly measuring the air flow in or out of the lungs or indirectly measu...

Organic materials were previously used as insulators in electrical technology. These materials, however, are currently used as conductors once their photoconductivity is confirmed and studied. From the literature, it has shown that the photoconductivity of trimethyl phenyl diamine (TPD) increases in the air and decreased in the atmosphere of the va...

Recently, the number of wearable devices increases due to demands. Therefore, a considerably light, thin and high complexity Integrated Circuit (IC) packaging is desirable. However, several critical challenges exist in implementing ICs in the packaging manufacturing industry. Die cracking and warpage due to high stress are the common failures. Thes...

Among the vital signs of acutely ill hospital patients, Respiratory Rate (RR) is a highly accurate predictor of health deterioration. The most common method for measuring RR in hospitals is transthoracic Impedance Pneumography (IP). The drawback of IP which measures impedance at the electrocardiogram electrodes is the injection of high-frequency al...

Background: Among vital signs of acutely ill hospital patients, respiratory rate (RR) is a highly accurate predictor of health deterioration. Objective: This study proposes a system that consists of a passive and non-invasive single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition module and an ECG-derived respiratory (EDR) algorithm in the working prot...

Recently, many studies have attempted to develop portable cardiac monitoring systems that can be used outside of a hospital setting. To achieve this objective, in this paper, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) design and the implementation of an embedded electrocardiography (ECG) system using System-on-Chip (ECG-SoC) technology are proposed. Th...

Before graphene can be applied to a device, it should first be transferred from the surface of the catalyst to the surface of the silicon substrate. The most commonly used transfer methods start with adhesion on a polymethyl methacrylate film. This film supports the graphene film and prevents folding while the copper catalyst is etched away in ferr...

This research compared three types of CCD camera calibration techniques namely Bouget’s Calibration Toolbox, Zhang’s Calibration Toolbox and Heikkilla’s Calibration Toolbox. Experimental data for both calibration and optimization were collected to further explain the experimental results. Statistical analyses such as T-Test and ANOVA were conducted...

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has emerged as an important method for the preparation and production of graphene for various applications. This study analyzes previous work on various parameters that affect the properties of graphene synthesized through the CVD method. These parameters include the growth temperature, the growth time, and the flow...

This paper presents a FPGA design and implementation of Electrocardiogram (ECG) biomedical embedded system (ECG-SoC). It performs ECG pre-processing and heart rate variability (HRV) feature extraction which suitable for remote homecare monitoring and rural health care application. The ECG-SoC is designed using hardware/software co-design technique...

Ultrasound devices provide either diagnostic or therapeutic purpose in biomedical application. To avoid unwanted power exposure to the patient for safety concern but at the same time maintaining optimum diagnostic and therapeutic effect, ultrasound power meter is used to measure and calibrate the output power and intensity of the ultrasound machine...

Solid-state nitrate ion sensor or nitrate-ChemFET (N-ChemFET) based on polymeric membrane materials was fabricated and developed for the determination of nitrate ion in aqueous solution. The membrane materials used consisted of methyl-methacrylate (MMA) and tetrahydrofurfuryl - Acrylate (THFA) as copolymers, tetraoctylammonium nitrate (TOAN) as an...

Breathing rate (BR) is highly predictive of health deterioration among vital signs measured in acutely ill hospital patients. This study proposes a single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition system and a BR estimation algorithm from ECG. The signal quality index algorithm was validated quantitatively by using the PhysioNet/ Computing in Cardio...

In this paper, the authors propose a novel static random access memory (SRAM) that employs the adiabatic logic principle. To reduce energy dissipation, the proposed adiabatic SRAM is driven by two trapezoidal-wave pulses. The cell structure of the proposed SRAM has two high-value resistors based on a p-type metal-oxide semiconductor transistor, a c...

Ramped-step voltage supplies are widely used in adiabatic switching. However, the set of analytical parameters available for understanding these voltage supplies is still limited. Our objective is to identify the parameters that have an effect on lowering power dissipation. Our results show that power dissipation can be significantly reduced using...

This paper proposes a sense amplifier for adiabatic memory using memristor. The proposed sense amplifier uses current rate sensing method. In simulation the proposed sense amplifier is to connect the content addressable memory (CAM) with adiabatic driving. From the results we show that the proposed circuit is correctly operated and its power dissip...

This paper presents a new dual-rail adiabatic logic which called 2PCDAL. Our proposed circuit is based on 2N2N2P structure. Unlike 2N2N2P which is driven by four-phase clocking, the proposed logic only needs two-phase clocking to operate. Compared with the proposed 2PCDAL and the other dual-rail quasi-adiabatic logic families of cell design, namely...

This paper reports a comparison of energy dissipation between different adiabatic logics in the subthreshold operation. In SPICE simulation we use a real industrial 0.18 μm BSIM3v3 model having a device parameter in the subthreshold region and then confirm the energy savings of quasi-adiabatic logic families, namely, 2N2N2P, 2PC2AL, CAL, ECRL, PAL,...

This paper presents the simulation results of a 4×4-bit array two phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL) multiplier using 0.18 μm standard CMOS technology. We also propose a new design of 2PASCL XOR which reduces the number of transistors as well as the power consumption. Analytical method to compare the lower current flow in adiabatic...

This paper evaluates four designs of XOR employing our previously presented two-phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL) circuit techniques. 2PASCL XOR, which demonstrates the lowest power dissipation, is used for the 4 × 4-bit array 2PASCL multiplier. From our simulation results, at transition frequencies of 1 to 100 MHz, the 4 × 4-bit a...

The present study evaluates four designs of XOR using our previously reported two-phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL) circuit techniques. 2PASCL XOR, which demonstrates the lowest power dissipation, is used for a 4 × 4 -bit array 2PASCL multiplier. Based on simulation results obtained using 0.18-μm standard CMOS technology, at transi...

This paper presents the simulation results of a 4×4-bit array 2PASCL multiplier and its layout design using 1.2 µm standard CMOS technology. From the SPICE simula-tion, at transition frequencies of 1 to 12 MHz, 4×4-bit array 2PASCL multiplier shows a maximum of 57% reduction in power dissipation to that of a static CMOS. Observations on the current...

This paper proposes a two-phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL) circuit that utilizes the principles of adiabatic switching and energy recovery. The low-power 2PASCL circuit uses two complementary split-level sinusoidal power supply clocks whose height is equal to . It can be directly derived from static CMOS circuits. By removing the...

This paper proposes a two-phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL) circuit that utilizes the principles of adiabatic switching and energy recovery. The low-power 2PASCL circuit uses two complementary split-level sinusoidal power supply clocks whose height is equal to Vdd. It can be directly derived from static CMOS circuits. By removing t...

This paper demonstrates some fundamental logic gates employing two phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL) circuit techniques. We design and simulate NOT, NAND, NOR, and XOR logic gates on the basis of the 2PASCL topology using SPICE implemented using 0.18 ¿m CTX CMOS technology. For NOT circuit, analytical and simulation values are com...

This paper demonstrates the low-energy operation of a two-phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL) on the basis of the results obtained in the simulation of a 4-bit ripple-carry adder (RCA) and D-flipflop employing 2PASCL circuit technology. Two-phase unsymmetrical power supply clocks are introduced to increase the logic transition level....

This paper demonstrates the low-energy operation of a two-phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL) on the basis of the results obtained in the simulation of a 4-bit ripple-carry adder (RCA) employing 2PASCL circuit technology. Energy dissipation in the 2PASCL RCA is 71.3% lesser than that in a static CMOS RCA at transition frequencies of...

In this paper, we propose a LC resonator circuit using Hara's active inductor for adiabatic logic. The proposed circuit consists of four MOS-transistors Colpitts oscillator and an active inductor. This circuit require no inductor and can be produced two-phase sinusoidal clocking. From the simulation results, we show that the proposed circuit was op...

This paper demonstrates the low energy operation of 4-bit ripple carry adder (RCA) employing two phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL) circuit techniques. We evaluate NOT, NAND, XOR and NOR logic gates on the basis of the 2PASCL topology using SPICE implemented using 0.18 ¿m CTX CMOS technology. For NOT circuit, analytical and simulat...

This paper presents a new quasi adiabatic logic family that uses a pair of complementary split-level sinusoidal power supply clocks for digital low power applications such as sensors. The proposed two phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL) circuit utilizes the principle of adiabatic switching and energy recovery. By removing the diode a...

The steady state photoconductivity in disordered tri-methylphenyl diamine (TPD) films has been studied at relatively high temperatures (200 - 300 K). Hopping transport of holes occurs through localized centers with a Gaussian energy distribution. The steady state photoconductivity is proportional to Gγexp[-(σ/(kT)2/2] (with y γ ≈ 0.5) where G is th...

The steady state photoconductivity in disordered tri-methylphenyl diamine (TPD) films has been studied at relatively high temperatures (200 – 300 K). Hopping transport of holes occurs through localized centers with a Gaussian energy distribution. The steady state photoconductivity is proportional to G γ exp[-(σ/(kT) 2 /2] (with γ ≈ 0.5) where G is...

Increasing demand for Multi Chip Module (MCM) Power devices in a Quad Flat Non-leaded (QFN) package outline drives the development of the LFCSPs-P (Lead Frame Chip Scale Package-saw-Power). Multi Chip Module offers host benefit including performance improvements such as shorter interconnect lengths between dies, lower power supply inductance and lo...

Increasing demand for low profile and low cost power packages for use in commercial applications drives the development of these packages with competitive cost advantage. The objective of this study is to compare the thermal and electrical performance of thinner version power packages. Both modeling and experimental works are resorted to analyze pa...