Nayana Patil Shaiwale

Maharashtra Institute of Technology · MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences and Technology

Glycation is the non-enzymatic covalent attachment of a sugar (carbohydrate) to a protein or lipid molecule. This process leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which bind to the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and facilitate further disease progression. Understanding the mechanisms for AGE formation in the progression of type 2...

Humans have been practicing biotechnology since a long time ago to prepare fermented food and beverages and to treat diseases. Onset of the microscopic era in the seventeenth century gave a momentum to the use of microbes in various applications. With rapid evolution of technologies, today biotechnology has become an indispensable part of various i...

Cloning vector is a DNA molecule acting as a vehicle to introduce foreign DNA into a desired host cell. Cloning vector enables amplification, and expression of the foreign DNA within the host cell. Over the years, multiple types of cloning vectors have been developed to cater to the need of experiments. This chapter elaborates on different types of...

In this chapter, an attempt has been made to discuss the most commonly used screening and selection techniques of recombinants. Once the gene is transferred to the host cell, the challenge lies in whether the gene of interest is present or not, and if it is present, it can express itself or not. Selection can be defined as creating an environment w...

With improvement in understanding of science and technological developments, there has been tremendous advancements in molecular cloning technologies. This has helped in the foraying of recombinant DNA technology into various fields, even those which play a major impact in day-to-day life. Healthcare sector, sustainable environment, and agriculture...

Restriction enzymes are special types of endonucleases that have become a very valuable tool to the molecular biologist. These are a part of the defence mechanism in certain bacteria and archaea and consist of restriction modification systems. Known as cutters for recombinant DNA technology, today restriction enzymes have become an inevitable tool...

As the structure of DNA is fundamentally the same in all living organisms, theoretically any segment of DNA from any organism can be introduced in any host resulting in recombinant DNA. But the trick lies in picking the right DNA fragment and inserting at the right place in a vector to successfully produce a recombinant plasmid. Molecular cloning i...

The delivery of a vector carrying the insert gene is one of the vital steps in DNA cloning so as to obtain multiple copies of recombinant DNA, analyze gene function, allows expression of proteins, or permits integration in host genome. The deliberate introduction of foreign DNA into cells is called transfection. For transferring of these DNA, sever...

Through the previous chapters, we are now well versed with the broad spectrum of advances in the Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT) and wide applications of RDT in all the domains of our lives. The recombinant DNA technology has application in medical and diagnostics, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and industry as well as environmental sciences. A qui...

Targeted customization of genome has given us the ability to study gene function, make highly specific correction in genes or even introduce or insert DNA sequence. A variety of enzymes, transcription factors, and DNA-binding motifs have been engineered to achieve precision and tight regulation of modifying genome or gene expression. The key player...

With the advent of DNA manipulation techniques, it is possible to generate identical copies of desired genes. These copies are introduced into a suitable vector for proliferation and can also be modified in vitro, altering the expression and function to obtain the required product. These cloning methods undergo advancements continuously and therefo...

Background: Control of cellular processes by epigenetic modification of cytosine in DNA is widespread among living organisms, but, is hitherto unknown in the extremely radioresistant microbe D. radiodurans. Methods: C-5 methyl cytosines (m(5)C) were detected by immuno-blotting with m(5)C-specific antibody. Site of cytosine methylation by DR_C002...

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are promising candidates for numerous applications in consumer products. This will lead to increased human exposure, thus posing a threat to human health. Both these types of NPs have been studied for their cell toxicity, immunotoxicity, and genotoxicity. However, effects of these NPs...

There has been rapid progress in exploring microorganisms for green synthesis of nanoparticles since microbes show extraordinary diversity in terms of species richness and niche localization. Microorganisms are easy to culture using relatively inexpensive and simple nutrients under varied conditions of temperature, pressure, pH, etc. In this work,...

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification involved in the ability of an organism to respond to stress and adaptation. It has been implicated in development, differentiation, oncogenesis, chromatin remodelling, nutrigenomics, and appears to play a pivotal role in many regulatory and adaptive functions. It is therefore important to anal...