Nasir Saeed

• Doctor of Engineering
• Professor (Associate) at United Arab Emirates University (UAEU)

In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), localization of primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs) can enable several key capabilities such as location aware routing and power control mechanisms for SUs. Therefore, SUs in a network must accurately locate PUs in order to efficiently use spectrum holes without interfering to the PUs. Accurate localiza...

An energy efficient localization algorithm with high accuracy for cognitive radio networks is proposed in this paper. The key idea underlying this proposed algorithm is to provide the optimal transmission range for secondary users (SUs) to minimize the power consumption of the overall cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Since energy efficiency is a ke...

This paper provides recent advances in the area of Internet of Underground Things (IoUT) with emphasis on enabling communication technologies, networking issues, and localization techniques. IoUT is enabled by underground things (sensors), communication technology, and networking protocols. This new paradigm of IoUT facilitates the integration of s...

This paper proposes a received signal strength (RSS) based localization framework for energy harvesting underwater optical wireless sensor networks (EH-UOWSNs), where the optical noise sources and channel impairments of seawater pose significant challenges on range estimation. In UOWSNs energy limitation is another major problem due to the limited...

Localization is a fundamental task for optical internet of underwater things (O-IoUT) to enable various applications such as data tagging, routing, navigation, and maintaining link connectivity. The accuracy of the localization techniques for O-IoUT greatly relies on the location of the anchors. Therefore, recently localization techniques for O-IoU...

The increasing frequency of maritime activities has fueled a growing demand for advanced wireless communication systems, making accurate channel estimation a crucial technology. Traditional channel estimation algorithms often face limitations when dealing with noise factors. To address this issue, we propose an enhanced channel estimation algorithm...

integration of wireless power transfer (WPT) provides a promising solution to address energy limitations in IoT, 5G, and 6G applications. Despite extensive efforts, distributing multiple wireless charging vehicles (WCVs) and scheduling their charging for efficient energy replenishment in wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) remains a consi...

Semantic segmentation of aerial images is essential for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications in disaster management, particularly for identifying the flood-affected areas. Traditional techniques face challenges in capturing global semantic information due to their limited receptive fields, and high computational requirement. To address these...

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasingly pivotal in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operations within smart cities, enhancing trust and transparency in AI-driven systems by addressing the 'black-box' limitations of traditional Machine Learning (ML) models. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of UAV navigatio...

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are crucial for the development and operation of smart cities, addressing key challenges in efficiency, productivity, and environmental sustainability. This paper comprehensively reviews the transformative potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in optimizing ITS. Initially, we provide an extensive overvie...

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are crucial for the development and operation of smart cities, addressing key challenges in efficiency, productivity, and environmental sustainability. This paper comprehensively reviews the transformative potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in optimizing ITS. Initially, we provide an extensive overvie...

Hybrid Polymer Optical Fiber and Visible Light Communication (POF-VLC) systems are emerging as a promising solution for high-speed, interference-free connectivity, especially in environments where traditional RF communication is constrained. This paper investigates key nonlinear impairments in POF-VLC systems, such as chromatic dispersion (CD), sel...

Underwater Acoustic Internet of Things Networks (UAIoTNs) can furnish excellent technical support and information services for applications involving marine observation and detection, marine disaster prevention and mitigation, and maritime search and rescue, in which accurate positioning information is the fundamental requirement. The combination o...

In UAV-based localization systems utilizing Time of Arrival (ToA) measurements, Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) conditions present a persistent challenge by introducing significant errors that degrade localization accuracy. Traditional techniques rely heavily on prior knowledge of NLoS error statistics or measurement noise characteristics. These dependenc...

Power splitting based simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (PS-SWIPT) appears to be a promising solution to support future self-sustainable Internet of Things (SS-IoT) networks. However, the performance of these networks is constrained by radio frequency signal strength and channel impairments. To overcome this challenge, intelligen...

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is already considered a viable multiple access scheme in fifth-generation networks. However, the stochastic behaviour of a wireless channel becomes a key performance limiting factor. To combat this, and with the advancement of metasurface technology, NOMA networks are being integrated with intelligent reflectin...

Backscatter Communication (BackCom) technology has emerged as a promising paradigm for the Green Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, offering advantages such as low power consumption, cost-effectiveness, and ease of deployment. While traditional BackCom systems, such as RFID technology, have found widespread applications, the advent of ambient back...

The emerging field of smart agriculture leverages the Internet of Things (IoT) to revolutionize farming practices. This paper investigates the transformative potential of Long Range (LoRa) technology as a key enabler of long-range wireless communication for agricultural IoT systems. By reviewing existing literature, we identify a gap in research sp...

Edge computing is one of the key driving forces to enable beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G networks. To cope with the unprecedented increase in traffic volumes and computation demands of future networks, multiaccess (or mobile) edge computing (MEC) is considered a promising solution that provides cloud computing capabilities within the radio access network....

Integrated satellite, aerial, and terrestrial networks (ISATNs) represent a sophisticated convergence of diverse communication technologies to ensure seamless connectivity across different altitudes and platforms. This paper explores the transformative potential of integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) into ISATNs, leveraging advanced Artificial...

Cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology has the potential to greatly extend network coverage and elevate overall system performance. The NOMA-based coordinated direct and relay transmission (CDRT) scheme takes full advantage of successive interference cancellation results to effectively reduce interference from forward signals...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as a transformative technology across diverse sectors, offering adaptable solutions to complex challenges in both military and civilian domains. Their expanding capabilities present a platform for further advancement by integrating cutting-edge computational tools like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Ma...

Underwater monitoring and exploration benefit from Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). However, the lifetime of IoUT networks is limited due to batteries that require frequent replacement, which is costly and unfeasible in a hostile environment. To maximize IoUT device lifetimes and reduce system costs, we propose on-demand wake-up radios, activa...

Underwater acoustic Internet of Things Networks (UAIoTNs) play a crucial role in oceanographic and environmental monitoring, necessitating precise localization for optimal func-tionality. However, the underwater setting introduces significant challenges, encompassing the stratification effect arising from underwater heterogeneity, uncertainty in an...

This study investigates the secrecy performance of a rate-splitting multiple-access system inspired by cognitive radio principles, where the primary user takes on the role of a potential eavesdropper seeking to intercept the secondary user's message. The on-off scheme is utilized to guarantee the transmission of the primary user. We provide closed-...

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) operate within a highly intricate and dynamic environment characterized by complex spatial and temporal dynamics at various scales, further compounded by fluctuating conditions influenced by external factors such as social events, holidays, and weather conditions. Navigating the intricacies of modeling the i...

In oceanographic and environmental monitoring, achieving precise localization and sensing through Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) within the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) networks is paramount. However, ISAC-based IoUT systems present distinctive challenges, including depth-dependent propagation speed, asynchronous clock synchron...

Localization for multi-target systems (MTS) in anchor-free scenarios is receiving increasing attention, particularly for MTS, such as the Internet of Vehicles and swarms. This paper proposes a state-of-the-art fusion model based on the odometer and ranging measurements to address the anchor-free localization problem for MTS. Regarding varying measu...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as a transformative technology across diverse sectors, offering adaptable solutions to complex challenges in both military and civilian domains. Their expanding capabilities present a platform for further advancement by integrating cutting-edge computational tools like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Ma...

This paper explores the potential near-field beamforming (NFBF) in integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems with extremely large-scale arrays (XL-arrays). The large-scale antenna arrays increase the possibility of having communication users and targets of interest in the near field of the base station (BS). The paper first establishes th...

The emerging field of smart agriculture leverages the power of the Internet of Things (IoT) to revolutionize farming practices. This paper investigates the transformative potential of Long Range (LoRa) technology as a key enabler of long-range wireless communication for agricultural IoT systems. By critically reviewing existing literature, we ident...

Integrated satellite, aerial, and terrestrial networks (ISATNs) represent a sophisticated convergence of diverse communication technologies to ensure seamless connectivity across different altitudes and platforms. This paper explores the transformative potential of integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) into ISATNs, leveraging advanced Artificial...

Accurate localization holds paramount importance across many applications within the context of smart cities, particularly in vehicular communication systems, the Internet of Things, and Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) technologies. Nonetheless, achieving precise localization remains a persistent challenge, primarily attributed to the p...

Microgrids play a crucial role in the developmentof smart energy grids in developed countries and in addressingenergy poverty in developing countries. However, accuratelymodeling the uncertainties associated with renewable distributedgeneration technologies (RDGs) proves challenging due to theirstochastic nature, particularly when considering the n...

Received signal strength (RSS)-based localization has emerged as a popular approach in integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems due to its affordability and simplicity. However, in real-world scenarios involving unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), RSS measurements can be influenced by biases, leading to a degradation in localization accurac...

The performance of the statistical classifiers being employed determines how precisely an electronic prosthesis moves its target. The performance of the classifier is correlated with the quality of the acquired data, and it degrades in the presence of incomplete data. Missing data must therefore be recovered in order to enhance classifier performan...

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are the primary enabling technology for the Internet of underwater things (IoUT), with which all underwater objects can interact and communicate. In UWSNs, localization is vital for military or civilized applications since data collected without location are meaningless. However, accurate localization usi...

This letter proposes a semantic importance-aware communication (SIAC) scheme using pre-trained language models (e.g., ChatGPT, BERT, etc.). Specifically, we propose a cross-layer design with a pre-trained language model embedded in/connected by the cross-layer manager. The pre-trained language model is utilized to quantify the semantic importance o...

This paper explores the potential of near-field beamforming (NFBF) in integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems with extremely large-scale arrays (XL-arrays). The large-scale antenna arrays increase the possibility of having communication users and targets of interest in the near field of the base station (BS). The paper first establishes...

The sixth generation (6G) communication networks are featured by integrated sensing and communications (ISAC), revolutionizing base stations (BSs) and terminals. Additionally, in the unfolding 6G landscape, a pivotal physical layer technology, the Extremely Large-Scale Antenna Array (ELAA), assumes center stage. With its expansive coverage of the n...

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) ability to learn, correct errors, and transform a large amount of raw data into beneficial medical decisions for treatment and care has increased in popularity for enhanced patient safety and quality of care. Therefore, this paper reviews the critical role of ANNs in providing valuable insights for patients’ health...

p>This paper aims to explore integrating various ML techniques into ISAC systems, covering various applications. These applications span intelligent vehicular networks, encompassing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and autonomous cars, as well as radar applications, localization and tracking, millimeter wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THz) communicatio...

p>This paper aims to explore integrating various ML techniques into ISAC systems, covering various applications. These applications span intelligent vehicular networks, encompassing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and autonomous cars, as well as radar applications, localization and tracking, millimeter wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THz) communicatio...

The next generation of wireless communication systems will integrate terrestrial and nonterrestrial networks, targeting the coverage of the undercovered regions, especially those connected to marine activities. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based connectivity solutions offer significant advances to support conventional terrestrial networks. However...

With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) are becoming essential for many applications. One of the most emblematic IoT/M2M applications is smart buildings. The current Building Automation Systems (BAS) are limited by many factors, including the lack of integration of I...

The recent progress in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) technology has significantly advanced UAV-based applications for military, civil, and commercial domains. Nevertheless, the challenges of establishing high-speed communication links, flexible control strategies, and developing efficient collaborative decision-making algorithms for a swarm of UAV...

Localisation of machines in harsh Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) environment is necessary for various applications. Therefore, a novel localisation algorithm is proposed for noisy range measurements in IIoT networks. The position of an unknown machine device in the network is estimated using the relative distances between blind machines (BMs)...

With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) are becoming essential for many applications. One of the most emblematic IoT/M2M applications is smart buildings. The current Building Automation Systems (BAS) are limited by many factors, including the lack of integration of I...

The recent progress in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) technology has significantly advanced UAV-based applications for military, civil, and commercial domains. Nevertheless, the challenges of establishing high-speed communication links, flexible control strategies, and developing efficient collaborative decision-making algorithms for a swarm of UAV...

Recently, the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) has led to a significant influx of smart services and applications. This research paper addresses the deployment and implementation of IoT/M2M technologies in the smart city, one of its most popular applications. The proposed solution presents a complete...

This letter proposes a novel semantic communication scheme with ordered importance (SCOI) using the chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT). In the proposed SCOI scheme, ChatGPT plays the role of a consulting assistant. Given a message to be transmitted, the transmitter first queries ChatGPT to output the importance order of each word. Ac...

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) necessitates low-latency and ultra-reliable communication to support various applications. Besides, the data generated in IIoT must be geo-tagged to take location-aware timely actions. Therefore, this paper proposes an accurate and energy-efficient localization scheme for localizing the devices in IIoT. We i...

Long-range (LoRa) technology is most widely used for enabling low-power wide area networks (WANs) on unlicensed frequency bands. Despite its modest data rates, it provides extensive coverage for low-power devices, making it an ideal communication system for many internet of things (IoT) applications. In general, LoRa is considered as the physical l...

Water covers 71% of the Earth’s surface, where the steady increase in oceanic activities has promoted the need for reliable maritime communication technologies. The existing maritime communication systems involve terrestrial, aerial, and space networks. This paper presents a holistic overview of the different forms of maritime communications and pr...

div> Future small satellites require the development of reconfigurable antennas. Designing such antennas, especially single port patch antennas with circular polarization (CP) is a challenging task. Therefore, we propose both right-hand/left- hand circularly polarized (RHCP/LHCP) antenna which can reconfigure. The proposed antenna follows patch t...

div> Future small satellites require the development of reconfigurable antennas. Designing such antennas, especially single port patch antennas with circular polarization (CP) is a challenging task. Therefore, we propose both right-hand/left- hand circularly polarized (RHCP/LHCP) antenna which can reconfigure. The proposed antenna follows patch t...

This letter proposes a robust target localization technique for acoustic underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) that simultaneously experience the stratification effect and the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) bias. Specifically, we develop the range difference (RD)-based majorization minimization expression and its theoretical analysis, which leads t...

This work offers an overview of the effective communication techniques for space exploration of ground, aerial, and underwater vehicles. We not only comprehensively summarize the trajectory planning, space exploration, optimization, and other challenges encountered but also present the possible directions for future work. Because a detailed study l...

Location awareness is crucial for underwater applications; without it, gathered data would be essentially useless. However, it is impossible to directly determine the location of an underwater target because GPS-reliant methods cannot be utilized in the underwater environment. To this end, the underwater target localization technique has become one...

With the advancements in underwater wireless communications, internet of underwater things (IoUT) realization is inevitable to enable many practical applications, such as exploring ocean resources, ocean monitoring, underwater navigation, and surveillance. The IoUT network comprises battery-operated sensor nodes, and replacing or charging such batt...

In this research, an intelligent control architecture for an experimental Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) bearing unconventional inverted V-tail design, is presented. To handle UAV’s inherent control complexities, while keeping them computationally acceptable, a variant of distinct Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm, namely Deep Deterministi...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are important tool for various applications, including enhancing target detection accuracy in various surface-to-air and air-to-air missions. To ensure mission success of these UAVs, a robust control system is needed, which further requires well-characterized dynamic system model. This paper aims to present a consoli...

The next generation of wireless communication systems will integrate terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks targeting to cover the undercovered regions, especially connecting the marine activities. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) based connectivity solutions offer significant advances to support the conventional terrestrial networks. However, the...

Smart services based on the Internet of Everything (IoE) are gaining considerable popularity due to the ever-increasing demands of wireless networks. This demands the appraisal of the wireless networks with enhanced properties as next-generation communication systems. Although 5G networks show great potential to support numerous IoE based services,...

Estimating the location of a target in search-and-rescue operations is quite challenging when the target is not responding. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the passive target localization problem using mobile unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), where multiple mobile UAVs receive the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements from the sour...

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, where the steady increase in oceanic activities has promoted the need for reliable maritime communication technologies. The existing maritime communication systems involve terrestrial, aerial, and satellite networks. This paper presents a holistic overview of the different forms of maritime communications an...

The number of disasters has increased over the past decade where these calamities significantly affect the functionality of communication networks. In the context of 6G, airborne and spaceborne networks offer hope in disaster recovery to serve the underserved and to be resilient in calamities. Therefore, this paper surveys the state-of-the-art lite...

The number of disasters has increased over the past decade where these calamities significantly affect the functionality of communication networks. In the context of 6G, airborne and spaceborne networks offer hope in disaster recovery to serve the underserved and to be resilient in calamities. Therefore, this paper surveys the state-of-the-art lite...

The fifth generation (5G) and beyond networks promote new business opportunities not only for mobile network operators but also for industrial verticals. However, most currently deployed 5G networks are public mobile networks developed for generalized purposes, limiting their adoption for various industrial fields demanding specialized quality of s...

Long Range (LoRa) is the most widely used technology for enabling Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) on unlicensed frequency bands. Despite its modest Data Rates (DRs), it provides extensive coverage for low-power devices, making it an ideal communication system for many Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In general, LoRa radio is considered...

Fifth-generation and beyond networks target multiple distributed network application such as Internet of Things (IoT), connected robotics, and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). In the absence of a central management unit, the device need to search and establish a route towards the destination before initializing data transmission. In this...

Recently, there has been growing research on developing interference-aware routing (IAR) protocols for supporting multiple concurrent transmission in next-generation wireless communication systems. The existing IAR protocols do not consider node cooperation while establishing the routes because motivating the nodes to cooperate and modeling that co...

Recently, there has been growing research on developing interference-aware routing (IAR) protocols for supporting multiple concurrent transmission in next-generation wireless communication systems. The existing IAR protocols do not consider node cooperation while establishing the routes because motivating the nodes to cooperate and modeling that co...

Machine-to-machine (M2M) and the internet of things (IoT) have brought a massive surge of smart connected devices that will enable new services and applications. In this paper, we present the implementation of these emerging technologies in the “Smart building”, one of its most popular usages. Our proposed solution represents a complete system for...

The number of disasters has increased over the past decade where these calamities significantly affect the functionality of communication networks. In the context of 6G, airborne and spaceborne networks offer hope in disaster recovery to serve the underserved and to be resilient in calamities. Therefore, our paper reviews the state-of-the-art liter...

This paper investigates multiple parallel federated learning in cellular networks, where a base station schedules several FL tasks in parallel and each task has a group of devices involved. To reduce the communication overhead, over-the-air computation is introduced by utilizing the superposition property of multiple access channels (MAC) to accomp...

Following recent advancements in Terahertz (THz) technology, THz communications are currently being celebrated as key enablers for various applications in future generations of communication networks. While typical communication use cases are over medium-range air interfaces, the inherently small beamwidths and transceiver footprints at THz frequen...

Localization of sensor nodes in the internet of underwater things (IoUT) is of considerable significance due to its various applications, such as navigation, data tagging, and detection of underwater objects. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a hybrid Bayesian multidimensional scaling (BMDS) based localization technique that can work on a fully...

Artificial neural network (ANN) ability to learn, correct errors, and transform a large amount of raw data into useful medical decisions for treatment and care have increased its popularity for enhanced patient safety and quality of care. Therefore, this paper reviews the critical role of ANNs in providing valuable insights for patients' healthcare...