Nancy Mayo

McGill University | McGill · School of Physical and Occupational Therapy

Background: Anticholinergic drugs are commonly prescribed, especially to older adults. Anticholinergic burden scales (ABS) have been used to evaluate the cumulative effects of multiple anticholinergics. However, studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the association between anticholinergic burden assessed with ABS and adverse clinical o...

Purpose In research people are often asked to fill out questionnaires about their health and functioning and some of the questions refer to serious health concerns. Typically, these concerns are not identified until the statistician analyses the data. An alternative is to use an individualized measure, the Patient Generated Index (PGI) where people...

Background: Evidence regarding the risk of cognitive decline conferred by a low nadir CD4 cell count and increasing age in people living with HIV is mixed. The objective of this study was to assess the change in cognition over one year among older adults with well-controlled HIV infection and a history of low nadir CD4 cell count compared with the...

Background Gut damage allows translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and fungal β-D-glucan (BDG) into the blood. This microbial translocation contributes to systemic inflammation and risk of non-AIDS comorbidities in people living with HIV, including those receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). We assessed whether markers of gut damage...

Loneliness has been shown to be a predictor of poor health and early mortality in the general population. Older men living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at heightened risk of experiencing loneliness. Here, we aim to describe the lived experience of loneliness in older men living with HIV and identify targets for intervention. We used...

Background: The current measurement approach to frailty is to create an index of frailty status, rather than measure it. The purpose of this study is to test the extent to which a set of items identified within the frailty concept fit a hierarchical linear model (e.g., Rasch model) and form a true measure reflective of the frailty construct. Meth...

Purpose Our aim is to advance response shift research by explicating the implications of published syntheses by the Response Shift – in Sync Working Group in an integrative way and suggesting ways for improving the quality of future response shift studies. Methods Members of the Working Group further discussed the syntheses of the literature on de...

Purpose: To identify the contexts in which goal setting has been used in chronic disease management interventions and to estimate the magnitude of its effect on improvement of health outcomes. Methods: The strength of evidence and extent of potential bias in the published systematic reviews of goal setting interventions in chronic conditions wer...

This study aimed to inform a measurement approach for older persons who wish to engage in active living such as participating in a walking program. The Patient Generated Index, an individualized measurement approach, and directed and summative content analyses were carried out. A sample size of 204 participants (mean age 75 years; 62% women) was re...

Incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has increased as overall survival has improved due to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Arterial stiffness is a composite indicator of CVD risk independent of traditional risk factors. We therefore aimed to synthesize the evidence o...

(1) Background: The aim of this project was to develop a short, HIV-specific, health-related quality of life measure with a scoring system based on patient preferences for the different dimensions of the Preference-Based HIV Index (PB-HIV). (2) Methods: This study is a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Canadian Positive Brain Health Now coh...

Aim The overall aim of this study was to develop a method of measuring change in cognitive ability from the person’s perspective. Methods Cognitive change items came from an item pool that was used to develop the Communicating Cognitive Concerns Questionnaire (C3Q). The change items were administered to a test sample of 211 people with HIV + and a...

Goal Management Training® (GMT) teaches strategies to reduce cognitive load and improve focus in everyday tasks. The aim of this study was to ascertain feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy potential of GMT for people (≥50 years) with stable HIV infection scoring low on tests of cognitive ability. A two-sample, parallel, controlled trial was car...

PurposeTo estimate among people living with chronic HIV, to what extent providing feedback on their health outcomes will affect the number and specificity of patient-formulated self-management goals.MethodsA personalized feedback profile was produced for individuals enrolled in a Canadian HIV Brain Health Now study. Goal specificity was measured by...

Apathy, a clinical disorder characterized by low motivation, is prevalent in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It affects mental and physical health-related quality-of-life, medication adherence, and is associated with cognitive decline. However, the causes of apathy and the underlying brain mechanisms in HIV are unknown. Brain...

Objective To understand the impact of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS), health-related quality of life (HRQL) measures have been used. However, specific areas of concern of youths with MS are not known. The objective of this study was to contribute content for inclusion in a new condition-specific measure of the life impact of MS for children and...

BACKGROUND The number of wearable technological devices or sensors that are commercially available for gait training is increasing. These devices can fill a gap by extending therapy outside the clinical setting. This was shown to be important during the COVID-19 pandemic when people could not access one-on-one treatment. These devices vary widely i...

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to estimate the extent to which people aging with HIV meet criteria for successful aging as operationalized through HRQL and maintain this status over time. A second objective is to identify factors that place people at promise for continued successful aging, including environmental and resilience factors.Methods...

This chapter provides an overview of the evidence linking mobility to quality of life (QoL). The findings showed that the operationalization of QoL varied across studies covering measures of physical or mental health, general health perception, life satisfaction, participation, illness intrusiveness, health-related QoL (HRQL) and global quality of...

Introduction: Low motivation is frequent in older people with HIV, yet poorly understood. Effort-cost decision-making (ECDM) tasks inspired by behavioral economics have shown promise as indicators of motivation or apathy. These tasks assess the willingness to exert effort to earn a monetary reward, providing an estimate of the subjective "cost" of...

Purpose To identify older Canadians’ perception of the importance of expert-generated elements of walking quality, and the contributors to and consequences of perceived walking quality. Method Cross-sectional survey of 649 adults was conducted through a commercial participant panel, Hosted in Canada Surveys. Results Of the 649 respondents, 75% we...

Purpose Strongly framed research questions are clear as to the population (P), the exposures or interventions (E/I), comparison groups (C), outcomes (O), time when relevant (T), and what the investigator wants to know. A solid framework sets up the measurement model, analysis, and anticipated results. The purpose of this study was to estimate the e...

Objective: To estimate the extent to which comorbidity and lifestyle factors were associated with physical frailty in middle-aged and older Canadians living with HIV. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of 856 participants from the Canadian Positive Brain Health Now cohort. Methods: The frailty indicator phenotype was adapted from Fried's criteri...

Safety guidelines resulting from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic may reduce physical activity participation of older adults, particularly prefrail and frail individuals. The objective was to explore older adults’ experiences with physical activity during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, intervie...

Importance: Given the importance of apathy for stroke, we felt it was time to scrutinize the psychometric properties of the commonly used Starkstein Apathy Scale (SAS) for this purpose. Objectives: The objectives were to: (i) estimate the extent to which the SAS items fit a hierarchical continuum of the Rasch Model; and (ii) estimate the strength o...

Purpose The Working Group undertook a critical, comprehensive synthesis of the response shift work to date. We aimed to (1) describe the rationale for this initiative; (2) outline how the Working Group operated; (3) summarize the papers that comprise this initiative; and (4) discuss the way forward. Methods Four interdisciplinary teams, consisting...

Purpose The extant response shift definitions and theoretical response shift models, while helpful, also introduce predicaments and theoretical debates continue. To address these predicaments and stimulate empirical research, we propose a more specific formal definition of response shift and a revised theoretical model. Methods This work is an int...

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-021-02890-6

Research on the psychosocial impact of COVID-19 has found significant levels of distress among the general population, and among those especially vulnerable due to chronic social or health challenges. Among these are individuals aging with HIV infection, who are encountering COVID-19 as a new infectious threat to their health and wellbeing. In a lo...

Objective(1) To develop a personalized health outcome profile as a feedback tool to improve self-management in people living with chronic conditions such as HIV and (2) to evaluate the interpretability and usefulness of the feedback tool for setting specific goals.Methods The development of “My Personal Brain Health Dashboard” was inspired by the k...

Background Older adults living with HIV may be at increased risk of experiencing distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We took advantage of a cohort study in older adults living with HIV in Canada (+BHN) to study the psychological impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. A longitudinal study was conducted in which participants in...

Background Recent evidence has suggested an existence of a multiple sclerosis (MS) prodrome. Hence, some young adults with MS are very likely to have had symptoms in childhood or adolescence. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that people aged under 25 years with MS might have had pediatric-onset. In contrast, young people aged between 26 to 35...

Objective This study used converging methods to examine the neural substrates of cognitive ability in middle-aged and older men with well-controlled HIV infection. Methods Seventy-six HIV+ men on antiretroviral treatment completed an auditory oddball task and an inhibitory control (Simon) task while time-locked high-density EEG was acquired; 66 ha...

Incidence of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV has increased as overall survival has improved because of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Arterial stiffness is a composite indicator of cardiovascular disease risk independent of traditional risk factors. We aimed to synthesize the evidence on the relation of HIV and of cART...

Importance Postoperative recovery is difficult to define or measure. Research addressing interventions aimed to improve recovery after abdominal surgery often focuses on measures such as duration of hospital stay and complication rates. Although these clinical parameters are relevant, understanding patients’ perspectives regarding postoperative rec...

Given the importance of apathy for stroke, we felt it was time to scrutinize the commonly used Starkstein Apathy Scale (SAS) for psychometric evidence that it is fit for this purpose. The objectives were to: (i) estimate the extent to which the SAS items fit a hierarchical continuum of the Rasch Model; and (ii) estimate the strength of the relation...

Purpose Many neuromotor conditions affect children from a young age through to adulthood, impacting their quality of life (QOL). For QOL to be accurately measured in these children, pediatric QOL must first be conceptualized. Some theoretical models and definitions have been proposed to understand QOL, but they were not developed for the pediatric...

Objective: The ability to work is amongst the top concerns of people living with welltreated HIV. Cognitive impairment has been reported in many otherwise asymptomatic persons living with HIV and even mild impairment is associated with higher rates of occupational difficulties. There are several classification algorithms for HIV-Associated Neuroco...

Background : The age of onset of MS appears to influence the course of disease progression and people with younger age of onset might have a different disability trajectory. Objectives : To identify longitudinal patterns of disability progression, as measured by changes in the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), of young people in MS d...

Aim To identify generic measures used to measure quality of life (QoL) in pediatric multiple sclerosis research, estimate an overall score of children and adolescents with pediatric multiple sclerosis, and compare the scores to scores of typically developing children and adolescents. Method A systematic search was conducted on four databases. All...

Purpose People living with HIV may experience some degree of mild cognitive impairment. They are best placed to report on their cognitive symptoms, but no HIV-specific questionnaire exists to elicit these concerns. This study aimed to validate a set of items to form a measure Methods 48 items were tested on an initial sample of 204 people with HIV...

Objective This study used converging methods to define the structural and functional characteristics of the neural substrates underlying variation in cognitive ability in older men with well-controlled HIV infection. Methods Seventy-six HIV+ men treated with combination antiretrovirals completed attention and inhibitory control tasks tapping diffe...

Importance: Increased patient activation (PA) (ie, knowledge, skills, motivation, confidence to participate in care) may result in improved outcomes, especially in surgical settings. Objective: To estimate the extent to which PA is associated with 30-day postdischarge unplanned health care utilization after major thoracic or abdominal surgery....

PurposeIn the context of identifying consequences and evaluating interventions for rare diseases, health-related quality of life (HRQL) measures are often used. Conclusions about HRQL are difficult to make as the participants are likely drawn from different countries. A global estimate of HRQL with estimates of variation would permit pooling of dat...

Background Recent evidence has suggested an existence of a MS prodome, indicating that symptoms of neurodegeneration were present before the first clinical event. These early signs of MS are usually not recognized as a symptom of MS and some young adults with MS are very likely to have had these symptoms in their childhood or adolescence. It is thu...

Background There is a lack of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) with robust measurement properties to assess postoperative recovery and support patient-centered care after abdominal surgery. The aim of this study was to establish a conceptual framework of recovery after abdominal surgery to support the development of a conceptually relevant...

Objective To estimate, among people with multiple sclerosis, the extent to which a personally tailored exercise programme (MSTEP©) resulted in greater improvements in exercise capacity and related outcomes over 12 months in comparison with general exercise guidelines. Design Two-group randomized trial. Subjects Ambulatory and sedentary. Interven...

Background: Goal setting is a crucial element in self-management of chronic diseases. Personalized outcome feedback is needed for goal setting, a requirement for behavior change. This study contributes to the understanding of the specificity of patient-formulated self-management goals by testing the effectiveness of a personalized health outcome pr...

Background: Ecological validity is an important psychometric property when assessing function. How a person with multiple sclerosis (MS) performs in clinical settings and in natural environments can be quite different. Walking is the most frequently assessed and recommended way to maintain health in a progressive disease such as MS. The objective...

Objective: To estimate the extent to which staff-directed facilitation of early mobilization impacts recovery of pulmonary function and 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) after colorectal surgery. Summary background data: Early mobilization after surgery is believed to improve pulmonary function and prevent PPCs; however, adhere...

Background: People aging with HIV are at risk for loneliness, with stigmatization and economic marginalization added to the health challenges arising from chronic infection. This study provides evidence for the extent, contributors, and consequences of loneliness in people living with HIV, focusing on brain health and quality of life. Setting: C...

Objective To estimate the extent to which HIV-related variables, cognition, and other brain health factors interrelate with other HIV-associated symptoms to influence function, health perception, and QOL in older HIV+ men in Canada. Design Cross-sectional structural equation modelling (SEM) of data from the inaugural visit to the Positive Brain He...

Physical activity is an important health behaviour in reducing morbidity and mortality in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Accurate measurement of the characteristics of physical activity is essential to understanding the impact of COPD on physical activity. In a previous article, we reported on the cross-cultural adap...

Importance Frailty represents a multidimensional syndrome that is increasingly being used to stratify risk in surgical patients. Current frailty risk models are limited among those undergoing thyroid or parathyroid surgery. Objective To develop and compare preoperative risk indices to determine factors associated with short-term major postoperativ...

RÉSUMÉ Les facteurs de protection retrouvés chez des octogénaires atteints de sclérose en plaques (SP) vivant à domicile ont été comparés à ceux d’individus sans SP du même groupe d’âge et de personnes moins âgées atteintes de SP. Les données provenant des octogénaires atteints de SP ( n = 23) et d’un groupe de répondants plus jeunes avec cette mal...

Background: Confusion exists among neurosurgeons when choosing and implementing an appropriate study design and statistical methods when conducting research. We noticed particular difficulty with mislabeled and inappropriate case-control studies in the neurosurgical literature. Objective: To quantify and to rigorously review this issue for appro...

Introduction: A theory-based, task-oriented, community walking programme can increase outdoor walking activity among older adults to optimise functional independence, social participation and well-being. The study objective is to determine if there is a difference in the change in outdoor walking activity from baseline to 10 weeks, 5.5 months and...

Background: Mild cognitive impairment is common in chronic HIV infection and there is concern that it may worsen with age. Distinguishing static impairment from on-going decline is clinically important, but the field lacks well-validated cognitive measures sensitive to decline and feasible for routine clinical use. Measures capable of detecting im...

Objective: Investigate whether cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is more common in virologically-suppressed HIV-positive participants compared to HIV-negative controls and examine the potential synergistic effects of HIV and CSVD on brain structure and cognition. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of 119 treated, virologically-suppressed HIV-po...

Background: Aging and neurological conditions like Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) make people vulnerable for gait impairments, limit function, and restrict sustained walking needed for health promotion. Walking to meet physical activity guidelines requires adequate cadence which is difficult to achieve for gait vulnerable pop...

Objective:: To estimate the construct validity of the Preference-Based Stroke Index and its value added over a generic measure, the EuroQol-5D-3L at three months after stroke. Design:: This is a secondary analysis of an existing inception cohort. Pearson correlation coefficients were estimated to test construct validity and Generalized Estimatin...

BACKGROUND Evidence shows that gait training in older adults is effective in improving gait pattern but effects abate with cessation of training. During gait training therapists use a number of verbal and visual cues to place the heel first when stepping. This simple strategy changes posture from stooped to upright, lengthens the stride, stimulated...

Importance: Patients 65 years or older are the most frequent users of operative resources and are also the most vulnerable to postoperative adverse events (AEs). Frailty indices are increasingly being used for preoperative risk stratification within head and neck cancer surgery, but most models lack a multifactorial basis and cannot be directly ap...

Background: While evidence supports early compared to delayed cholecystectomy as optimal management of acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC), significant variability in practice remains. The purpose of this study was to identify variables associated with early cholecystectomy, to target opportunities to improve adherence to best practices. Methods:...

Objectives: To examine the course of recovery and resulting health-related quality of life (HRQL) after low-trauma hip fracture using two different definitions of recovery. Design: Inception cohort with eight assessments over one year. Setting: Participants were recruited from a tertiary-care hospital and followed in the community. Interventi...

Objective: The overall aim of this study is to create an item pool reflecting the cognitive concerns expressed by people with HIV as a first step toward developing such a measure. Method: Semiqualitative interviews with 292 people with HIV were carried out. Their concerns were mapped to neurocognitive domains to identify concern content areas an...