Naira Delgado

Universidad de La Laguna | ULL · Department of Cognitive, Social and Organisational Psychology

Background Empathizing with patients is an essential component of effective clinical care. Yet, a debate persists regarding how healthcare professionals’ emotions and performance are impacted when they engage in empathetic behaviors and attempt to discern patients’ mental states during clinical interactions. To approach this issue, this study explo...

The Spanish Trans Law has sparked great public debate, generating opposing and confrontational discourses on Twitter. As the debate can be influenced by contextual and individual factors, this study aimed to analyze the tweets posted on the day the preliminary draft of the law was presented and the day it was approved, exploring the prevailing atti...

Healthcare professionals play a vital role in conveying sensitive information as patients undergo stressful, demanding situations. However, the underlying neurocognitive dynamics in routine clinical tasks remain underexplored, creating gaps in healthcare research and social cognition models. Here, we examined whether the type of clinical task may d...

Background. Empathizing with patients is an essential component of effective clinical care. Yet, a debate persists regarding how healthcare professionals' emotions and performance are impacted when they engage in empathetic behaviors and attempt to discern patients' mental states during clinical interactions. To approach this issue, this study intr...

In this commentary, we develop a conceptual proposal aimed to explain why a discourse of praise and admiration for healthcare professionals´ limitless dedication can trigger a general indifference to the burnout and suffering they experience. Ultimately, this can lead to the justification of the lack of resources dedicated to preventing these probl...

Citation: García-Acosta, J.M.; Castro-Molina, F.J.; Delgado, N.; Díez-Fernández, O.; Rodríguez-Novo, N.; de Castro-Peraza, M.E.; Lorenzo-Rocha, N.D.; Torres-Jorge, J.M.; Fernández-Martínez, A.D.; Castellano-Fuenmayor, M.A. Virtual Reality and Simulation Videos as Effective Training Tools for Creating Safe and Inclusive Environments for Transgender...

Dehumanization has been characterized as common in medical settings, despite limited work directly examining this. In this context, everyday dehumanization is believed to be largely unconscious and unintentional, resulting from a variety of factors often related to structural and organizational aspects of healthcare. This article adopts the patient...

Social targets' eyes are a rich source of information: partners with dilated and constricted pupils are perceived positively and negatively, respectively. Here, we tested whether observed pupil size influences the ascription of humanity. In Study 1 (n = 198) participants were asked to attribute positive uniquely human and non-uniquely human traits...

Research on healthcare shows that the relationship between empathy and burnout is complex. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to clarify the link between different empathic components and burnout components in healthcare professionals. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systema...

The main goal of this research was to develop a new measure focused on a set of propositional beliefs linked to what people consider humanness to be, to evaluate global and overt expressions of dehumanization. Study 1 (N = 277) was aimed to build a scale that included 13 items (α = .94) and explore its dimensionality (EFA). Study 2 (N = 296) was ai...

Theoretical approaches to dehumanization consider civility to be an attribute of human uniqueness (HU). However, studies that explore the links between civility and humanness are scarce. More precisely, the present research tests whether there is a consistent relationship between civility and HU. Method and results: The first study (N = 192; Mage =...

The aims of the present research are (1) to provide empirical evidence on animalization and, especially, mechanization in childhood and (2) to determine if outgroup stereotypical characteristics influence the dehumanization strategy chosen by children. In Study 1 (Study 1A: N = 77, M age = 13.18; Study 1B: N = 140, M age = 12.28), we investigated w...

The environment determines the way in which people interpret social life. In fact, depending on the context, multiple potential attitudes can be evoked by an attitude object. The purpose of this research is to test whether the perception of uncivil behavior and its perpetrators is affected by the physical environment in which this behavior is frame...

Across two studies, we tested the relationship between the stereotype dimensions of sociability, morality, and competence and the two dimensions of humanness (human nature and human uniqueness). Study 1 considered real groups and revealed that sociability had greater power than morality in predicting human nature. For some groups, sociability also...

The promotion of entrepreneurial intention in educational contexts is a priority that is increasingly present in academic planning, especially at university level. Furthermore, social entrepreneurship has been gaining prominence not only as a formula for improving the welfare and equity of society as a whole, but also as a mechanism for professiona...

Desde un primer momento, la “Declaración de Bolonia” buscó lograr una total homologación universitaria ante la heterogeneidad de los sistemas educativos europeos. En este espacio, donde las prácticas profesionales se unen con la evaluación continua y la tutoría personalizada, la utilización del binomio Internet-TIC potencia los métodos de enseñanza...

Organizational dehumanization has detrimental consequences for workers’ well-being. Previous research has focused on organizational factors that trigger workers’ dehumanization or stress at work. However, less is known about the factors that can protect workers against the detrimental effects of dehumanization. In the present research, we performed...

The aim of this study is to validate the comprehensive model of crowding posited by Baum and Paulus (1987) and establish the weighting of each factor in the assessment of crowding and in satisfaction with tourist settings. 486 participants completed scales assessing crowding at and satisfaction with the last tourist setting visited. The structural...

Uncivil behavior involves an attack on social norms related to the protection of public property and respect for community life. However, at the same time, the low-frequency and relatively low-intensity damage caused by most of these behaviors could lead to incivilities being considered a typically human action. The purpose of this set of studies i...

The present study examined whether regulatory attitudes toward prostitution are related to agency attributed to prostitutes and moral outrage. A Spanish sample (N = 391, aged 18–53 years old) completed a questionnaire that included two separate parts. In the first part, participants answered a scale on regulatory attitudes toward prostitution; in t...

The objective of this study is to analyse the effect of perceived crowding and perceived restorative capacity on tourist satisfaction in different tourist environments. After visiting three tourist spaces, 1,958 tourists were surveyed. Three scales were used: (1) perceived restorative capacity of tourist environments; (2) perceived crowding; and (3...

It is generally accepted that empathy should be the basis of patient care. However, this ideal may be unrealistic if healthcare professionals suffer adverse effects when engaging in empathy. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of inferring mental states and different components of empathy (perspective-taking; empathic concern; personal...

To test the differential effect of gender and regional belonging, we used a method based on the ingroup over-exclusion effect but taking into account both the gender of the participants and the stimuli. Two experiments were conducted to study the role of gender of participants in the categorization of ambiguous faces as humans or animals. According...

The increasing neoliberalisation of universities demands that early-career academics (ECAs) accomplish extremely high levels of productivity. In this context, research excellence and parenthood are perceived as mutually exclusive. From a gender perspective, this study examined, in a Spanish ECA sample, the factors influencing decisions about the ti...

Prostitution is a complex phenomenon to study, because there is no scientifically reliable information to determine its exact extent. It is usually defined as the activity in which one person exchange sexual services for something of value, most frequently money. Its study can be approached from different viewpoints: as a public health issue; as a...

Background: Transgender people have a gender identity different from the one allocated to them at birth. In many countries, transsexualism and transgenderism are considered mental illnesses under the diagnosis of gender dysphoria. This pathologization impacts on human rights. Main content: The United Nations (UN) has denounced violations against tr...

Trans men are people who, based on their genitals, were assigned the status of female at birth. However, their identity and their way of living gender do not correspond to the socially established norms. In this paper, we discuss the different perspectives in relation to transgender people and their desire for parenthood. This review, and the basis...

Contextual performance is assumed to be related to professionals’ quality of working life and health. This research aims to compare the levels of contextual performance at work in different hospital units, and to analyse the relationship between contextual performance and burnout syndrome. A total sample of 222 participants from a tertiary hospital...

The objective of this research is compare the perception that health-care professionals have of the quality of their relationship with the organization and with their supervisors. For this, the scores of two professional groups (nurses and nursing assistants) were compared in five hospital services (UVI, Emergency, Internal Medicine, Operating Room...

The main purpose of this paper was to analyse the predictive role of personality, self-efficacy, and impression management on contextual performance in academic settings. A sample of 223 university students voluntarily answered a battery of tests on-line. Results showed that conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness, as well as self-effica...

Background: Social pain is considered a feature of humanity. The goal of this study was to confirm whether children, like adults, dehumanise out-group members attributing them less capacity to experience social pain than to in-group members. Methods: A total of 119 participants aged between 9 and 13 years responded to a questionnaire which colle...

People with Down syndrome experience a type of ambivalent stigmatisation, which combines stereotypes, emotional reactions, and both positive and negative attitudes. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between ambivalent attitudes towards people with Down syndrome, and the levels of intergroup trust and anxiety felt towards them. A...

Three studies were conducted to determine whether outgroups were dehumanized through animalization since childhood. Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), in Study 1 we found faster reaction times in the compatible condition (ingroup names and human words, outgroup names and animal words), compared with the incompatible condition (ingroup names...

Work performance is one of the most important dependent variables in Work and Organizational Psychology. The main objective of this paper was to explore the relationships between citizenship performance and task performance measures obtained from different appraisers and their consistency through a seldom-used methodology, intraclass correlation co...

Background: Research on infrahumanization shows there is a strong tendency to deprive outgroups of the ability to experience secondary emotions when compared to ingroups. However, it is not known whether this tendency is also applied to social groups towards which ambivalent attitudes are held, such as individuals with Down syndrome. Methods: In...

Background: Research on infrahumanization has revealed that individuals attribute more secondary emotions to the in-group than to the out-group, whose capacity to experience them is denied or restricted. When this bias has been examined in children, researchers have used the same taxonomy of affective terms as that used with adults. The aim of thi...

People form essentialist beliefs about social categories as a strategy to organize their world and to make sense of the similarities and differences between different categories. This research examines four dimensions of essentialist thinking (biological basis, immutability, clarity of discreteness and informativeness) across different sexuality-re...

Research on infrahumanization has shown that people reserve uniquely human characteristics, including secondary emotions, for their ingroup, and deny them to their outgroup. However, this hypothesis has been corroborated almost exclusively in adults. The present research objective is to determine whether children, like adults, infrahumanize members...

En el presente trabajo se parte de las evidencias, constatadas en la literatura, en relación con la eficacia de la educación emprendedora como instrumento para el fomento de la intención de emprender, así como de la influencia de la variable género en la puesta en marcha de nuevas iniciativas empresariales. Adoptando la perspectiva de la teoría de...

situación de crisis económica en nuestro país ha au-mentado el interés de las organizaciones en el estudio de la eficiencia y el desempeño laboral. Sin embargo, también se ha incrementado la resistencia a la evalua-ción por parte de los evaluados, e incluso de los evaluadores, que miran con desconfianza y preocupación su evaluación en estos momento...

our country has increased the interest of organizations in the study of efficiency and job performance. However, it has also increased the resistance to evaluation by appraisees and even evaluators, who regard appraisals with suspicion and concern in these difficult economic times. This resistance is mainly the result of the fact that performance e...

Infrahumanization research has verified that in intergroup contexts, there is a strong tendency to attribute secondary emotions, which are uniquely human, to the ingroup, while limiting that attribution in outgroups. Experiments have shown it to be as common as ingroup bias. However, it is not yet known what characteristics may mitigate this trend....

The malleability of the infrahumanization bias was tested varying the physical context in which the ingroup and the outgroup target were assessed. Using a sequential priming paradigm, Study 1 replicated the infrahumanization bias in a neutral context. Study 2 tested the hypothesis that there are contextual variations in infrahumanization. Specifica...

Infrahumanization studies have verified that most people attribute more secondary emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. However, these results may vary with changing contexts. The main objective of this study was to investigate the infrahumanization of Moroccans, depending on the context, after the 11-M attacks and seven years later. For th...

Infrahumanisation studies have shown that people use the ability to experience secondary emotions, compared to primary emotions, as a characteristic that discriminates outgroups. This result has been widely supported in an extensive range of research work. However, we still do not know if under certain conditions this tendency is mitigated. The aim...

Infrahumanization studies have verified that people attribute uniquely human characteristics to their ingroup and restrict this possibility to outgroups. The aim of this study is to determine whether pleasant or unpleasant physical contexts change the norms of outgroup infrahumanization. Therefore, participants were presented a task involving the v...

Infrahumanization studies have verified that people attribute uniquely human characteristics to their ingroup and restrict this possibility to outgroups. The aim of this study is to determine whether pleasant or unpleasant physical contexts change the norms of outgroup infrahumanization. Therefore, participants were presented a task involving the v...

Studies on infra-humanization have confirmed a greater attribu-tion of secondary emotions to the ingroup than to outgroups, independ-ently of the valence of these emotions. However, the variables leading to the choice of which outgroups are likely to be infra-humanized have re-ceived limited attention in the literature. This study is concerned with...

Estudios sobre infrahumanización han confirmado que existe una mayor atribución de sentimientos al endogrupo que al exogrupo independientemente de la valencia de estas emociones. Sin embargo, las variables que conducen a la elección de qué exogrupos pueden ser infrahumanizados han recibido escasa atención. A través de este estudio se pretende deter...

El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar si la atribución de rasgos estereotípicos depende del tipo de expresión facial emocional que exhiben los individuos. Para ello, realizamos una investigación con 443 participantes a los que se pidió que atribuyeran rasgos de competencia y sociabilidad a fotos de caras de hombres y mujeres expresando dif...

Two experiments examine whether exposure to generic violence can display infrahumanization towards out-groups. In Study 1, participants had to solve a lexical decision task after viewing animal or human violent scenes. In Study 2, participants were exposed to either human violent or human suffering pictures before doing a lexical decision task. In...

Una de las formas en que la norma social manifiesta su poder dentro de las relaciones intergrupales es modulando la expresión abierta del prejuicio hacia los exogrupos, permitiendo criticar a unos pero no a otros. Precisamente, uno de los objetivos de esta investigación es conocer la norma social sobre la expresión abierta de prejuicio hacia difere...

El sesgo de infrahumanización consiste en la tendencia a reservar para el endogrupo los rasgos exclusivamente humanos, como los sentimientos, rechazando su asociación con el exogrupo. Esta investigación se propone profundizar en el estudio de esta forma de prejuicio, analizando si el contenido de los sentimientos afecta a dicha atribución diferenci...

El concepto de entidad o grupalidad percibida, grado en que percibimos a un conjunto de personas como un grupo compacto, explica muchos aspectos diferenciales de la percepción grupal. Sin embargo, la relación entre entidad y amenaza percibida ha recibido escasa consideración. En esta investigación queremos comprobamos si los grupos que se categoriz...

Infrahumanization researchs have shown that people attribute their ingroup exclusively human features, for example, the ability to experience secondary emotions. This bias lead people to deny this ability to outgroup and, consequently, to infrahumanize them. However, it would have conditions in which the infrahumanization is intensified. The aim of...

Los estudios sobre infrahumanización han comprobado que las personas atribuyen a su grupo ciertas características típicamente humanas, como la capacidad de experimentar sentimientos. Este sesgo les lleva a privar al exogrupo de dicha capacidad y, en consecuencia, a infrahumanizarlo. Sin embargo, debe haber condiciones en las que la infrahumanizació...

En la presente investigación se estudia el efecto que tienen las identidades con distinto nivel de inclusividad en la actitud de rechazo hacia exogrupos relevantes. Para ello se parte de dos supuestos principales, primero, que las personas tienen múltiples identidades que pueden estructurarse de manera jerárquica y, segundo, que éstas tienen una fu...

In this paper we study the effects that identities with different levels of inclusion have on attitudes towards relevants outgroups. We start from two main assumptions. First, people have multiple identities, which can be structured hierarchically. Second, identities have a context-dependent nature. The two studies carried out showed, in support of...

Attribution theory has shown that the kind of explanation that people give about social reality modifies their affective and behavioral responses. Thus, when a person is considered to be responsible for finding himself in an unfavourable situation, the affective reactions are more negative, and the predisposition to help, as much as social accepta...