Nadine Levratto

Université Paris Nanterre | UPX · EconomiX UMR 7235

Given the state of our knowledge and the questions that are emerging in scientific and political circles regarding the relationships between entrepreneurship and its local context, it is worthwhile to investigate the geography of entrepreneurship with reference to the comprehensive notion of territory that is proposed in regional science. This Spec...

What does the geographical pattern of the Covid-19 pandemic look like across European regions and cities and how has it evolved since the beginning of the pandemic? Are there specific territorial and/or socio-economic characteristics that can entail a higher risk of death/more severe course of disease and/or higher probabilities of negative socio-e...

À partir d’une approche élargie de l’internationalisation des entreprises, cet article propose d’étudier ce phénomène en utilisant un modèle en deux étapes : estimer les déterminants de l’internationalisation, puis les facteurs expliquant la diversité des formes d’internationalisation. L’analyse empirique repose sur les données d’Enterprise Surveys...

Background COVID-19, like all pandemics, has territorial specificities that needs to be considered: the impact of the COVID-19 crisis strongly differs not only across countries, but also across regions, districts and municipalities within countries. There are several factors that, potentially, can contribute to the differentiated impact of COVID-19...

Often presented as a global pandemic spreading all over the world, the Covid-19 disease, however, hit not only countries but also regions differently. The objective of this paper is to focus on the spatial heterogeneity and to contribute to the understanding of the channels of spread of the Covid-19 epidemic focusing on the regional socio-economic...

Local taxes and employment growth in territories: Empirical analysis on French municipalities Local taxation and capital expenditure from local governments are important levers available to local authorities for promoting territorial development and economic growth. Local taxes are sometimes criticized for hampering firms’ competitiveness that may...

Proposition de session spéciale, 57e Colloque de l'ASRDLF, Avignon, 1-3 septembre 2021. Site du colloque: https://asrdlf2021.org/

Scope The sudden appearance and exponential development of severe forms of COVID-19 and the pressure induced on health care systems, have led almost all European governments to put in place – more or less strictly – measures to limit economic and social activities. For the first time in recent history, voluntary measures have generated an economic...

Le soutien à la création et au développement de petites entreprises est un élément central des politiques économiques de la plupart des pays (Blackburn, 2016). L’une des préoccupations récurrentes de cette famille de politiques, quel que soit le pays considéré, est la difficulté que ces entrepreneurs peuvent rencontrer pour accéder à des prêts banc...

This paper investigates the role of the regional context with regard to the influence of human capital and knowledge spillovers on SMEs’ financial soundness. Our empirical setting is based on a multilevel analysis of panel data, which allows superior treatment of hierarchical data. The analysis is applied to SMEs belonging to the manufacturing sect...

Cet article s'intéresse aux déterminants socio-économiques des hospitalisations et des taux de décès liés à la Covid-19 d'une part et à la surmortalité observée cette année par rapport aux précédentes, d'autre part. Il propose une approche territoriale de ces questions grâce au recours à des données calculées au niveau des départements français. L'...

This paper investigates the role of local context, with regard to the effect of local financial development and banking concentration, on a firm’s probability of bankruptcy at the post-creation stage. Our empirical setting is based on the logit multilevel model that better allows the treatment of data referring to different levels of aggregation (f...

This paper attempts to shed light on the nexus of relationships existing between failure, bankruptcy, institutional context, and local characteristics on one hand and entrepreneurship, firm survival, and performance on the other. The aim is to provide a larger vantage point from which to read the research included in this issue with the overall amb...

This Special Issue seeks high-quality submissions that provide significant contributions, whether theoretical or empirical, to favour a clearer understanding of entrepreneurship at a regional and a sub-regional level. Expression of interest with a one-page abstract to be posted by February 29, 2020, to ent.territ@gmail.com

59th ERSA Congress - Cities, regions and digital transformations: opportunities, risks and challenges - 27-30 August 2019, Lyon, France – Special session S18 – Call for papers "Entrepreneurship and local development: symbiosis and/or dissonance?"

This paper investigates the role of regional context with regard to human capital and knowledge spillover effects in SMEs’ financial soundness. Our empirical setting is based on the multilevel analysis for panel data, which better allows for the treatment of hierarchical data. It is applied to firms belonging to the industrial sector and operating...

The purpose of this research is to study the role of spatial agglomeration economies as drivers of firm exit in France over the period 2009–2013 by focusing on two regional variables (local financial development and local specialization). The spatial autocorrelation detected in the data leads us to apply spatial econometric techniques (Spatial Dyna...

Spatial distribution of firm's exit This paper seeks to highlight the spatial diffusion effects of firm exit in France over the period 2008-2013. To do this, we refer to the literature on the influence of localization and proximity on business performance. We mobilize the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (Esda) tools to estimate whether and to wha...

* Les petites entreprises (PE) jouent un rôle primordial dans le développement des économies des pays développés et en développement. * Elles constituent une source majeure de création d’emplois, de revenus et de richesse. * Elles ont besoin de moyens et de méthodes pour améliorer leur survie et leurs performances. * Les particularités des PE (fort...

Business angels enjoy a strong reputation for being more efficient than other investors among policy makers, practitioners, and scholars. However, due to the limited availability of specific financial data, previous research has barely assessed the impact of angels on companies’ performance. This paper seeks to bridge this gap by providing evidence...

À partir d’une définition extensive de l’internationalisation des entreprises qui permet d’en cerner les différentes facettes, ce papier propose d’étudier ce phénomène sur la base d’un modèle en deux étapes permettant d’abord d’estimer les déterminants de l’engagement à l’international, puis les facteurs expliquant les différentes modalités d’inter...

À partir d’une définition extensive de l’internationalisation des entreprises qui permet d’en cerner les différentes facettes, ce papier propose d’étudier ce phénomène sur la base d’un modèle en deux étapes permettant d’abord d’estimer les déterminants de l’engagement à l’international, puis les facteurs expliquant les différentes modalités d’inter...

Ce travail propose de discuter dans quelle mesure le financement des entreprises par les Business Angels contribue à l'innovation à partir d’une base de données unique de 432 entreprises françaises financées par l’un des membres du réseau France Angels (Fédération française des réseaux de Business Angels) au cours de la période 2004-2011. La popula...

Nadine Levratto, Denis Carré and Luc Tessier examine whether local aspects (the qualification of the workforce, the importance of the manufacturing industry, factors impacting the business climate, among others) influence employment changes at the establishment level. Exploiting data for a panel of French establishments operating in the manufacturi...

The economies of the Maghreb, an area comprising Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, are dominated by small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs), have strong investment potential, and are underexploited. Yet few studies have examined the effect of internationalization on SMEs in this region. Taking into account the influence of economic liberalization and...

This paper aims at bringing evidence on firm survival after bankruptcy. Instead of considering survival as a binary variable we take into account the duration of the reorganization procedure. We follow a sample of French firms throughout their restructuring process and document factors influencing the reorganization outcome. Based on the existing t...

The degree of density or business concentration, socio-productive profiles or even contiguity phenomena are as much factors which carry weight in relation to territorial performance. This chapter concerns with phenomena relating to the diversity of trajectories for territorial development, emphasizing the role of coordination methods for the variou...

To analyze the internal operation of entrepreneurial ecosystems and to show the overall architecture of it, this chapter bridges the two fields of economic analysis which generally remain separate. On the one hand, the authors use works from industrial economics, and more particularly the economics of the firm, to pinpoint the determinants of growt...

The aim of this paper is to apprehend the information uncertainty inherent to stocks of U.S. firms around their filing for reorganization procedure. To this end, a Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model is proposed to analyze information uncertainty (volatility is used as a proxy) around the filing announcement for...

In today's rapidly changing business landscape, entrepreneurship is growing and actively promoted by policy makers. Several reports explore the influence of entrepreneurship on the economy and put some emphasis on its positive influence GDP per capita, unemployment and exports. However, entrepreneurship does not go per se and it is now broadly admi...

Le 22 octobre 2015 L'emploi et la compétitivité des entreprises sont devenus les enjeux prioritaires des politiques économiques. C'est pourquoi les gouvernements successifs ont mis en place un ensemble de mesures visant, pour l'essentiel, à alléger la charge fiscale et le coût du travail des entreprises. Cette note explore une autre voie, en donnan...

In order to reduce labor costs and stimulate job creation, many governments implement a large set of devices mainly consisting in reduced rates of social contributions. The evaluation of their effect is still controversial. Unlike previous research, our purpose is to appraise to what extent firm growth reacts to a decrease in the cost of labor per...

This paper seeks to shed some light on the influence that the characteristics of the local context in a given area and in adjacent ones exert on the entrepreneurial process. In order to make a distinction between purely local factors and the role played by the neighborhood, we mobilize the so-called Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis which determine...

Is the Corsican economy a part of the Mediterranean world? An analysis from a quantile regression on panel data over the period 2004-2010 This text aims at proposing a comparative analysis of the trajectories of companies located in Corsica, and in similar departments of the Mediterranean coast. Through this study we raise the question of the speci...

Prior to being a simple concept, the entrepreneurial failure is a multidimensional phenomenon. To contribute to its comprehension, this paper proposes to develop a synthetic vision of failure in order to escape a behavioral and partial approach from the phenomenon while taking account of the context, the characteristics of the company, and the prof...

This paper seeks to determine if and to what extent the territory can be considered as an explanatory factor of the firms' creation. This possibility is backed up by the fact that the territory is first of all support of infrastructures, resources and organizations. It is also the place where more invisible elements and an entrepreneurial atmospher...

Targeted reductions in employers' social security contributions are conceived as a key policy instrument used to facilitate job creation when labour cost is so high that it may deter companies from hiring new employees. Among the different measures implemented in France, the set of instruments implemented in the West Indian "Départements" is the mo...

The law of modernization of the economy voted August 4th, 2008 introduced a new statute of individual entrepreneur, the auto-entrepreneur, whose one of the main goals was to support the competitiveness of the national economy by promoting entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to raise some questions and to discuss the model of the entrepre...

Le developpement de nouvelles politiques qualifiees de systemiques en faveur des entreprises (politique des poles de competitivite, des grappes d’entreprises, etc.) nous parait devoir impliquer des modeles d’evaluation en coherence. De fait, les approches ignorant les contextes sectoriels et territoriaux, ou encore les evaluations developpees a par...

'Crisis, Innovation and Sustainable Development is a fascinating exploration at the frontiers of economics and ecology. It combines topical surveys of current work with deep reflection on the repressed role of nature in the history of economics. A work of great range and value, especially for all concerned with the strategy of economic policy going...

Economic theory conjectures complementarities between the ranking of creditors in formal insolvency proceedings and the use of collateral in bank loan contracts as well as the existence of relational compared to arm's length lending. In this paper we seek evidence for these hypotheses taking France and Germany as examples which differ significantly...

Purpose This paper aims to highlight a typology of small firms which, beyond the criteria of size or industrial field, makes it possible to distinguish the quality of firms according to their internal organisation and the type of market on which they act with the objective of reducing the capital gap and credit rationing. Design/methodology/approa...

Territorial dynamics, agglomeration and location of firms Among the large number of economic indicators able to measure the performance of firms and territories, this paper proposes to investigate and apply the technical devices resulting from the application of the "shift-share" model. This approach makes it possible to assess the "regional effect...

The Law on Economic Modernization of 4 August 2008 introduced a new form of individual entrepreneur, the auto-entrepreneur, the goal being to enhance the competitiveness of the French economy by promoting the entrepreneurial spirit. This paper proposes to discuss the auto-entrepreneur model with reference to the fundamentals of the theory of the fi...

This empirical paper investigates the path to bankruptcy for a sample of French firms in default, in particular the decision to file a petition for bankruptcy, the arbitrage between rescuing and liquidation and the effective survival. The procedure is depicted as a sequence of three steps in which judges play a crucial role as they decide whether a...

Résumé Alors que la mondialisation pousse les entreprises et les États à construire leur croissance en dehors du cadre national, cet article vise à mettre en évidence les modalités de l’internationalisation des PME libanaises. À partir des analyses théoriques de cette question proposées par la théorie incrémentale (Uppsala), la théorie des réseaux...

European cities entrepreneurship ranking. Method, results and assessment In a context of growing competition between territories, several cities wonder how the decline of traditional industries can be compensated by the development of new and innovative firms. In order to implement performing policies aiming at promoting entrepreneurship, cities do...

This paper investigates the structural and strategic determinants of firm growth using a unique data set covering French firms with between 10 and 250 employees and active from 1997 through 2007. On the basis of the proposition that firm growth is not a purely random process, we consider a growth model that combines different factors that may be de...

1. * Les auteurs remercient Valérie Oheix et les participants au Forum sur l'innovation IV, RRI Grenoble pour leurs commentaires et suggestions relatifs à une première version de ce texte. 1 Résumé Cet article cherche à mesurer les différences de productivité entre les en-treprises de six pays européens au cours de la période 1996-2007 et de fourni...

À la recherche de moyens de développement des perspectives offertes par les marchés à travers le monde, les entreprises, grandes et petites, sont toujours plus nombreuses à essayer d’adopter des approches et des structures transfrontalières. Paradoxalement, c’est la perspective de la division du monde en blocs de libre-échange qui entraîne une inte...

Résumé Ce texte cherche à établir les raisons de la modeste participation des PME à l’innovation technologique malgré les politiques de soutien mises en place depuis plus de 20 ans. Nous abordons cette question à partir d’une analyse rétrospective des différents dispositifs institutionnels mobilisés et en montrant comment les actions mises en oeuvr...

LONELINESS AND DEPENDANCE OF SELF-ENTEPRENEURS. THE IDEOLOGICAL CONTENT OF THE FRENCH MODERNISATION OF ECONOMY ACT The Act to modernize the economy voted in August 4th, 2008 aimed at introducing a new statute of self-entrepreneur, the auto-entrepreneur in French, in order to support an economic policy combining fight against unemployment, search fo...

Les conflits nés de la création ou de l’extension d’infrastructures de transport soulèvent la question de l’égalité des citoyens face à ces ouvrages d’utilité publique. Ce texte pose la question des possibilités de prise en compte de l’équité par les deux grands volets de la décision publique, à savoir le calcul économique qui détermine l’opportuni...

After having sought to reduce production costs, economic policies dedicated to SMEs tend to promote cooperation and to become more and more systemic. These sorts of policies refer to different underlying models in which firms and technology play different roles. This paper aims at studying the evolution observed in the implementation of SMEs polici...

This text deals with the increasing supply of green-electricity contracts. It aims at measuring their contribution to the optimum pollution goal and, as a side effect, the way they affect the organization of the market of electricity. We study these questions referring to legal aspects, to the changes in environment policies, and to the results of...

This paper aims at showing that ex post consequences of insolvency law are not the only one visible after a judge states that the amount of equity is not enough to repay all the debts. On the opposite, the judicial system that defines bankruptcy shapes the relationship between a firm and its stakeholders among which lenders play a specific role. Th...

In this paper, we try to measure the impact of the changes in French bankruptcy law in the 19th century focusing on the behaviour of economic agents as users of bankruptcy law for the sake of finding the best solution to their economic problems. Debtors used bankruptcy law in order to minimize their debt level when facing difficulties in servicing...

Recent studies argue that the spread-adjusted Taylor rule (STR), which includes a response to the credit spread, replicates monetary policy in the United State. We show (1) STR is a theoretically optimal monetary policy under heterogeneous loan interest rate contracts in both discretionay and commitment monetary policies, (2) however, the optimal r...