Mustafa Nadhim Owaid

University of Anbar · Department of Biology

Reishi Mushroom, Ganoderma, is considered one of important wood-decaying medicinal mushrooms. This study aimed to identify three samples of this genus in Mosul city in February and April 2019. Three species of Ganoderma were collected from three various trees including Eucalyptus, Morus, and Olea (olive) in Mosul City, Northern Iraq. Their identifi...

This chapter aims to distinguish mycosynthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from some medicinal and edible macrofungi, which are called mushroom-AgNPs. Mycomaterials include crude extracts such as fruit body extracts, free cell filtrates and mycelia, or purified mycomatter such as polysaccharide, enzyme/protein, and polysaccharide protein comple...

In this research, 5-membered heterocyclic compounds as oxazolidine-5-one J 1-J 5 derivatives were prepared using primary aromatic amine, aromatic carbonyl compounds and chloroacetic acid. By combining primary aromatic amines and aromatic carbonyl compounds, Schiff's bases were synthesized. Schiff bases are used with the chloroacetic acid compound t...

The present was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and biological characteristics of Euphrates River Water as a main surface water resource in the study area. Water Treatment Plant and Water Distribution System have been evaluated to the validity of the main potable water treatment plant in Hit city. Water samples tests have been carried...

The scientific progress in the field of synthesis of nanomaterials with controlled sizes and shapes led to the development of tissue engineering. The low toxicity, unique properties and transferability of nanodrugs are important in overcoming obstacles to functional tissues and organs replacement. Among the materials used in the nanodrugs delivery...

Nanotechnology field is too important in the sustainable agriculture and improving agricultural production, and it is constantly evolving globally. Nanofertilizers have the ability to alter the movement, fate, and toxicity of pollutants in the soil as part of the treatment methods. Each nanomaterial has a degree of efficiency to play in soil remedi...

Reishi Mushroom, Ganoderma, is considered one of important wood-decaying medicinal mushrooms. This study aimed to identify three samples of this genus in Mosul city in February and April 2019. Three species of Ganoderma were collected from three various trees including Eucalyptus, Morus, and Olea (olive) in Mosul City, Northern Iraq. Their identifi...

The usage of nano-drugs in treatment many human diseases will spread especially in the treatment of cancers. Recently, various nanoparticles have been used to decrease side effects and cytotoxicity of classical drugs. Hence, many approaches were applied to deliver nanodrugs with low toxicity without dissolution in live tissues compared with the cla...

Desert truffle belongs to the Pezizales order (Ascomycetes). It grows naturally after rainfall during the time of Al-Wasm (more than 200 mL from September to October) in arid and semiarid zones. The desert truffle is a macro-fungus that grows under the surface of the earth and is found in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula and Iraq, in addition...

This study aims to use straw of Sesbania sesban (Egyptian pea) in the formula of the compost for producing Agaricus bisporus F599 and C9 by using three casing layers are Topterra, Kekkila, and Local. The higher total yield was 1031 g/bag on B compost with Topterra casing layer for A. bisporus F599. While A. bisporus C9 cultivated on compost-A w...

This study aims to seek a new bio-agent as a reducer to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Dried fruiting bodies of truffles were used to mycosynthesize AgNPs, which were described by optical vision, UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, Zetasizer, Granularity Cumulation Distribution, and FTIR analyses. The brown color is a sign of mycosynthesiz...

In this work, silver nanoparticles have been mycofabricated from Picoa sp. (a desert truffle) for the first time. Also, the antifungal activity of Picoa-AgNPs has been investigated against three pathogenic fungi, including Pythium sp., Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger, which can cause severe damage to health and agriculture. Morphology and...

This study is a new attempt to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the extract of fresh mature fruits of the Iraqi Prosopis farcta plant (Fabaceae). The synthesis has been performed under infrared (IR) irradiation treatment and compared with the heating procedure at 90 °C. P. farcta-AuNPs has been investigated as a nanocatalyst to remove Me...

Ganoderma lucidum is a species of macrofungi that grows on dead and deciduous trees. It is one of basidiomycetes rot fungi used to promote excellent health and longevity. The common name of this mushroom is Lingzhi or Reishi mushroom. G. lucidum is an important natural source of myco-compounds that are used to treat different diseases for numerous...

The study aims to define the resistance of bacterial pathogens taken from the inferior respirational region from patients who were admitted to Ramadi Teaching Hospital. 76 samples of tracheal discharges were extracted. The highest percentage of the bacterial isolates of males was Streptococcus pneumonia which about (11) 26.2% for males. Generally,...

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the multi-drug resistance among A. baumannii isolates that are isolated from clinical specimens in Ramadi Teaching Hospital, after Military Operations western Iraq. The total number of patients who were culture positive was eighty-eight out of two hundred and thirteen (88%), during the period from...

The present research aims to produce gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from the aqueous extract of locally isolated mushroom Coprinus comatus from Hit city, Iraq. Its properties were studied using the optical vision, UV-Vis, EDX, XRD, FTIR, AFM and Zetasizer analyses. The exposure of the colloidal solution of AuNPs to UV radiation was investigated for 1hr...

Abed IA, Hamad HBA, Owaid MN, Hamdan NT, Lafi AS, Mutlaq HH 2021-Effect of using desert weeds (Chenopodiaceae) as supplements in substrates of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) production. Abstract This study has been done to define the possibility of using two desert plant straws Atriplex tatarica and Caroxylon cyclophyllum for the first time...

Abed IA, Hamad HBA, Owaid MN, Hamdan NT, Lafi AS, Mutlaq HH 2021-Effect of using desert weeds (Chenopodiaceae) as supplements in substrates of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) production. Abstract This study has been done to define the possibility of using two desert plant straws Atriplex tatarica and Caroxylon cyclophyllum for the first time...

Pisolithus is a rare macro-fungal genus belonging to the family Sclerodermataceae and has been identified for the first time in Anbar. This puffball grew associated with Eucalyptus sp. tree and was collected during October 2013 at the campus of University of Anbar (UOA), Ramadi, which lies at 33.403457° N and 43.262189° E in dry conditions. This...

The aim of this work is synthesis of AgNPs from cold and hot extracts of Eucalyptus leaves. After that, microwave irradiation has used to improve properties of these nanoparticles which applied to degrade methylene blue (MB) dye. The change in color of the mixture was from yellow to ruby-brown and to dark brown for the synthesized AgNPs from the co...

Many samples were collected from five sites (Al-Khasafa, Hadithah, Al-Haqlaniya, Aloose, and Jubba), located on both sides of Euphrates River and Hadithah Reservoir in Anbar province, Iraq in November 2017. About seven new freshwater algae were determined for the first time in Iraq. Of five genera, seven phytoplankton species were identified. Chara...

This work aims to biosynthesize zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract and to apply that on seeds germination of two Sorghum bicolor varieties (Enkath and Rabeh). Three concentrations of both licorice extract and colloidal solutions of ZnNPs (25%, 50%, and 75%) were tested on some features of planting seeds in vi...

The preparation approaches of nanomaterials using organic residuals seek to strengthen the sustainable environment in the field of so-called Green Synthesis. The current study provides the experimental evaluation of residuals of the fleshy pulp (mesocarp) of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) as a new reducing agent for AuNPs fabrication. This proces...

This review aims to study chemical, medicinal and functional properties of Hepcidin. Hepcidin (small bactericidal peptide) is considered a vital regulator of the iron entry in the blood of mammals. Hepcidin, a 25 amino acids long peptide hormone, has antimicrobial activity, especially in urine. Also, many remarkable results exhibited antibacterial,...

This study is the first report on the usage of fresh fruiting bodies of Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) as a new green reducer agent incorporated in the mycosynthesis of gold nanoparticles. The mycosynthesized AuNP was characterized for its physical and chemical properties using optical observation, UV-Vis spectrometer, FESEM, AFM, DLS, XRD,...

This study aims to mycosynthesize crystal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using phenolic compounds isolated from Ganoderma applanatum (Reishi mushroom). The phenols-capped AuNPs were described by change of color, UV-Vis, FTIR, AFM, FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, SAED, EDX, XRD and Zeta Potential analyses. HPLC and FTIR analyses exhibited the presence of some phenol...

This research is the first attempt on using fruitbodies of Portabello mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) as a newly mycoreducer agent used in the myco-synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The biosynthesized AuNPs were described for their chemical and physical characteristics by UV-Vis spectra, the change in color, AFM, FESEM, XRD, Zeta Potential, DLS...

The current research aims to produce silver nanoparticles from isolated Inonotus hispidus (Shaggy Bracket fungus) locally from Hit, Iraq. The silver nanoparticles were mycosynthesized from the mushroom extract by adding 10-3 M AgNO3. The properties of Ag nanoparticles were studied by UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, AFM, and Zetasizer. The color changed from lig...

This chapter aims to distinguish the synthesizing metallic nanoparticles from edible and medicinal mushrooms in terms of so-called “myconanotechnology.” Mycomaterials have been used as a mycoreducer to produce green metallic nanoparticles. Mycomaterials include crude extracts like extracts of fruiting bodies, fungal mycelia and free-cell filtrate,...

Thirteen species phytoplankton microalgae were recorded for the first time in the Upper Euphrates River environment in Iraq during the period from January to June 2017. Five stations were selected along the river (Jubba village, Al-Baghdadi district, Dollab village, Hit city and Ramadi city). Of 13 taxa, seven species belonged to Chlorophyta divisi...

The object of this study is synthesizing, and characterizing silver nanoparticles from Agaricus bisporus pileus extracts, and its applications. Agaricus bisporus-mediated synthesis of AgNPs was characterized using changing the color solution, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, SPM, FTIR spectrum, XRD and EDS analyses. The change of the mixture colo...

The present study evaluated the effect of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on gut microbiota after antibiotic treatment given two times a day. Four groups were made having six rats in each group. G1 was a control group fed on a basal diet. While, the remaining were treated in groups given antibiotic and GOS separately and also in combination as in G2...

This work aims to find a new green reducer agent for synthesis gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Fresh fruiting bodies of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) were used to mycosynthesize AuNPs, which were characterized using change in color, UV-Visible, FE-SEM, AFM, Zetasizer, Zeta Potential, XRD, EDX, and FTIR analyses. The purple color is a sign of bio...

This study aims to use extract of desert truffle Terfezia claveryi for treatment the infected mice by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The bacterium S. pneumoniae isolated from patients infected with Pneumonia. Sputum diagnosis of bacteria depended on serological, biochemical and hemolysis tests to identify S. pneumoniae. Aqueous extract of T. claveryi wa...

The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) is one of the most important edible and medicinal mushrooms because it contains a variety of effective compounds. In recent years, metallic nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), have been produced in a green method from different organic matters of fungi especially Pleurotus sp. The oyster mushr...

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a good choice for the pharmaceutical field, especially biosynthesized nanoparticles from bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, and plants. AgNPs have high inhibitory potential against various microbial pathogens and can be used in drug delivery systems due to their antibacterial, antifungal, anticandidal, anticance...

Some new tetrazole derivatives were prepared by the reaction between the prepared azomethine compounds I6-I10 with sodium azide compound in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran THF with drops of distilled water and reflux conditions. Azomethine compounds were prepared by thermal condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes, with primary aromatic amines. The pr...

The object of this work is biosynthesizing AgNPs from extracts of Cyperus sp. galingale rhizomes, studying their characteristics using UV-visible spectroscopy, AFM, SEM, FTIR, and EDX analyses and testing their anticancer activity (in vitro) against L20B cell line. Biosynthesizing AgNPs using various plants is considered eco-friendly, cheap, energy...

This research includes synthesis of new heterocycles containing disubstituted Tetrazole derivatives. Imine compounds were synthesized by reaction of primary aromatic amines with various substituted benzaldehydes in the presence of glacial acetic acid as catalyst in absolute ethanol to obtain new imine compounds O1-O5. The novel five-membered hetero...

This study aims to biosynthesize zinc nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng (Red Ginseng) roots. The characteristics of ZnNPs were checked using change in color, UV-Vis, SEM, SPM, AFM, FT-IR, and EDS analyses, and assessed their cytotoxicity against L20B tumor cell line using MTT assay. The change in the solution color after 3 hr...

The use of 20% plant leaves extracts included fig (Ficus carica) and olive (Olea europaea) and their mixture 1:1 as an amendment in the solid agar medium (PDA) is beneficial to promote the growth of four mycelial mushrooms. These are Pleurotus ostreatus (Grey oyster mushroom), Pleurotus cornucopiae (Yellow oyster mushroom), Coriolus versicolor (Tur...

This study aims to use extract of desert truffle Terfezia claveryi for treatment the infected mice by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The bacterium S. pneumoniae isolated from patients infected with Pneumonia. Sputum diagnosis of bacteria depended on serological, biochemical and hemolysis tests to identify S. pneumoniae. Aqueous extract of T. claveryi wa...

Because the wheat straw has high cost as feed for livestock, this work aims to use straw of Egyptian pea (Sesbania sesban) in compost preparation as an alternative for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Six composts were used to achieve this study on two mushroom strains A. bisporus (C9 and F599 strains). Indeed, type of compost has been affecte...

The objective of this study is to produce Pleurotus salmoneostramineus pink oyster mushroom using organic farming from some surplus local organic wastes viz., WSF1 formula (70% wheat straw, 20% sawdust of woodworking and 10% date-palm fiber), WSF2 formula (50% wheat straw, 30% sawdust of woodworking and 20% date-palm fiber), S formula (sawdust of w...

The Prediction is one of the most important and prevalent topics recently. It is an estimation of what will occur in the future depending on the data obtained previously. In this paper, a model was proposed to predict the success rates of schools neural networks approach. The proposed model was trained and tested by taking the data from General Dir...

Recently, achieving to a cost-effective method of treating industrial wastes with maximum level of removing contaminant and microorganism has been researched by many scientists. Anaerobic bioreactors are important tools and platforms in biological and microbiological technology to manage such kind of huge quantity waste. Today is widely used in pur...

In this study, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IAN5 isolate and aqueous extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves were used to investigate the cellular immunity in mice Balb/c (in vivo). Some parameters were used to achieve this study, are percentages of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), phagocytosis coefficient of PMNs at different t...

Rashid HM, Abed IA, Owaid MN 2018-Mycelia growth performance of Agaricus bisporus in culture media of composts supplemented with Sesbania sesban straw and phosphate rock. Abstract Alternate composts are used to improve button mushroom growth. Egyptian pea (Sesbania sesban) straw is used for the first time in growing mushrooms. WHS2 medium (30% whea...

In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized from leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. jujube plant in Iraq and tested against fungal pathogens. Extract of leaves of Z. mauritiana mixed with 10-3 M AgNO3 exposed to slight sunlight for 3 days. Characterization of AgNPs was done using UV-visible spectroscopy, SPM (scanning probe micro...

This research includes synthesis of new heterocyclic derivatives of disubstituted 1,3-oxazepine-5-one. Azomethine compounds (N1-N5) were synthesized by the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with primary aromatic amines, in the presence of gla-cial acetic acid as a catalyst in absolute ethanol. The synthesized compounds were identified via spectral met...

The objective of this study is the identification of a rare mushroom genus, Marasmius sp. (edible), for the first time in Iraq. Others, Clitocybe sp. (avoid), for the first time in the studying area, and Agaricus spp. (edible) were recorded in Heet city too. All these genera were collected from different locations (three gardens) in the center of H...

The reed plant (Phragmites australis) is available as an economical alternative to wheat straw, when the last substrate is unavailable or has a high price, to apply it in the preparing compost for the cultivation of white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus X25. Reed straw compost recorded the best total yield (441 g/tray) compared with 371 g/tray by...

The aim of this study is to investigate the antifungal activity of mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus (white oyster mushroom) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract against three undesirable fungi. They are Trichoderma spp., Trichoderma harzianum I and Trichoderma harzianum II which was tested on PSA (potato sucrose agar) medium enriched with l...

Desert truffle grows naturally after rainfall during Al-Wasm in arid and semi-arid districts of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, and Morocco. Al-Wasm, Arabic word means rainfall more than 200 ml in September to October in Arabian Penins...

Desert truffle Tirmania sp. is appropriate as a greener reducing agent to synthesize silver nanoparticles at room temperature in a dark place by utilizing the aqueous extract of ascocarps of Tirmania sp. and 10-3AgNO3 solution. Characterization of those nanoparticles was accomplished by changing color, UV-visible spectrum, FT-IR, AFM and SEM analys...

Mushrooms are considered as potential source of many essential nutrients and therapeutic bioactive compounds. Agaricus bisporus belongs to Basidiomycetes family and the most important commercially cultivated mushroom in the world. The rich nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fibers, minerals, and vitamins present this mushroom as famous...

White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Higher Basidiomycota, is a very important nutritional and medicinal species which is used for recycling agrowastes including wheat straw, reed plant wastes, waste paper, oat straw, waste tea leaves, some water plants and others. A. bisporus has many usages in human dietary and pharmaceutical fields due to...

In this study, two extracts of Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus mushroom (fresh and dried) were investigated as reducing and capping factors for biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In extracellular, AuNPs were synthesized using Chloroauric acid with extracts of mushroom. The incubated solution from gold ions and mushroom’s extract...

The aim of this experiment is to study the effects of interspecific interactions of three medicinal mushrooms (Coriolus versicolor, Hericium erinaceus and Lentinula edodes) on the growth of two fungal pathogens (Verticillium sp. and Pythium sp.) using dual culture plate assay. In single cultures in PDA plates, overgrowth of mushrooms was completed...

In this study, anti-fungal activity of four fruiting bodies of oyster mushroom which harvested from three agro-substrates was achieved in vitro. In three concentrations (2, 4 and 8 mg/disc), extracts discs of Pleurotus ostreatus (grey), P. ostreatus var. florida, P. cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus and P. salmoneostramineus were tested against thre...

This work was achieved to determine the nutritional value (total protein, crude fiber, phenolic compounds, total carbohydrate, ash, dry matter, moisture content and pH) of four oyster mushrooms species namely; P. ostreatus (grey), P. ostreatus (white), P. cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus (yellow) and P. salmoneostramineus (pink), were investigated...

Wheat flour is staple diet and is mainly consumed in the form of chapatti and bread in Pakistan. Wheat is deficient in lysine which is the first limiting amino acid in wheat. Proteins are indispensable constituents of human diet and are considered crucial for the growth, maintenance and repair of the body tissues. They are one of the essential buil...

The reed plant (Phragmites australis) is available as an economic alternative to wheat straw, when the last substrate is unavailable or has a high price, to apply it in the preparing compost for the cultivation of white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus X25. Reed straw compost recorded best yield (441 g/box) compared with the wheat straw compost (c...

This study investigates the nutritional value of white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus X25 which cultivated on six composts viz., wheat straw compost, reed (Phragmites australis) straw compost and the mixture (1:1) (wheat straw and reed straw) which decomposed with or without adding bacterial inoculum Streptomyces during substrates composting. In...

This review distinguishes myco-nanotechnology using metallic nanoparticles (meta-NPs) synthesized from edible mushroom matter. Green chemistry approaches were attempted to myco-synthesize meta-NPs (viz., Ag-NP, Au-NP, Se-NP, CdS-NP, Fe-NP, Pa-NP, and ZnS-NP) via different routes using edible mushrooms and have been tested toward 79% biomedical and...

Twelve extracts belong to four species of edible oyster mushrooms were screened for their chemical value (viz. proteins, carbohydrates and phenols were assessed) and their capability to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In limitative conditions, dark incubation and temperature 25 °C, three modes of extracts preparation were developed. Pro...

The spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a byproduct of cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) and represents the composted substrate that remains after completion the harvested crop. This study mentioned the role of some effective date palm wastes in improving spent mushroom substrate properties which containing fibers of date palm Phoenix d...

This study investigated the antifungal activities of four Pleurotus spp. (oyster mushrooms) against three pathogenic fungi: Trichoderma harzianum, Verticillium sp. and Pythium sp. The anti-fungal activity of mycelia of oyster mushrooms was tested against the three pathogenic fungi grown on fresh PDA medium using dual culture test. The antifungal ac...

In this study, some local available organic matters, which are including wheat straw (Triticum aestivum), sawdust, and fiber of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), were used for growing and cultivating of bright yellow oyster mushroom Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus. The possibility of using date palm fiber (in mixtures with other organi...