Muhammad Atiq

• University of Agriculture Faisalabad

Nutritional status being the first line of defense for host plants, determines their susceptibility or resistance against invading pathogens. In recent years, the applications of plant nutrient related products have been documented as one of the best performers and considered as alternatives or/and supplements in plant disease management compared t...

Chilli, a highly important and valuable crop worldwide, belongs to the Solanaceae family. In Pakistan, Sindh is the leading producer of chilli. However, bacterial leaf spot (BLS) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria poses a significant threat, leading to yield losses of up to 40% globally. Effective management of BLS has become a critic...

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by Cercospora canescens, is a highly destructive disease of mung beans, capable of causing up to 95% yield losses under favorable environmental conditions. Plant-mediated nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant attention in plant disease management due to their unique properties and potential benefits. This st...

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) can infect and kill a diverse range of arthropods, including ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) that can transmit various diseases to animals and humans. Consequently, the use of EPFs as a biocontrol method for managing tick populations has been explored as an alternative to chemical acaricides, which may have harmful effects on...

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) can infect and kill a diverse range of arthropods, including ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) that can transmit various diseases to animals and humans. Consequently, the use of EPFs as a biocontrol method for managing tick populations has been explored as an alternative to chemical acaricides, which may have harmful effects on...

Simple Summary: Ticks are one of the most problematic parasitic pests, worldwide. Infesting livestock , people, and their pets, ticks cause direct negative effects on their hosts through blood-feeding whilst also spreading significant diseases of veterinary and medical concern (e.g., Lyme disease). Controlling ticks through conventional chemical ap...

This study investigated the biochemical changes in chilli plants resistant or susceptible to bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, following inoculation and treatment with copper hydroxide. Treated inoculated plants exhibited significant increases in ionic contents, including phosphorus (3.25%), nitrogen (8.98%), and micronutrients such...

Spinach is susceptible to various fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. Among these, bacterial leaf spot poses a significant threat, leading to substantial reductions in both yield and quality. Recent research focused on evaluating different plant defense activators for their effectiveness against bacterial leaf spot in spinach. Of the tested act...

The current research investigates the potential of secondary metabolites extracted from Trichoderma species for managing Fusarium wilt in pea plants. Crude extracts of secondary metabolites from T. viride and T. harzianum were obtained using ethyl acetate and methanol through solvent extraction methods and evaluated for their antifungal activit...

Soybean is a legume crop originating in China. Its nutritional value, characterized by high-quality protein and unsaturated fats, makes it an excellent cholesterol-free diet option. Brown leaf spot of soybean, caused by Septoria glycine, is one of the most devastating diseases, resulting in significant yield losses. This study aimed to evaluate the...

The current research investigates the potential of secondary metabolites extracted from Trichoderma species for managing Fusarium wilt in pea plants. Crude extracts of secondary metabolites from T. viride and T. harzianum were obtained using ethyl acetate and methanol through solvent extraction methods and evaluated for their antifungal activity ag...

Sesame is an important and prehistoric oilseed crop grow in tropical and subtropical areas, including Pakistan. In July 2021, stem and root rot symptoms were observed on sesame plants at Gardana region (31°24′46″N 72°54′3″E), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. This new disease affected approximately 15% of sesame plantations of the local variety “Anmol...

Sesame is an important and prehistoric oilseed crop grow in tropical and subtropical areas, including Pakistan. In July 2021, stem and root rot symptoms were observed on sesame plants at Gardana region (31°24'46"N 72°54'3"E), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. This new disease affected approximately 15% of sesame plantations of the local variety “Anmol...

Brown spot of citrus caused by Alternaria citri is one of the emerging threats to the successful production of citrus crops. The present study, conducted with a substantial sample size of 50 leaf samples for statistical reliability, aimed to determine the change in mineral content in citrus leaves after brown spot disease attack. Leaf samples from...

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) belongs to Brassicaceae family is main vegetable grown for its edible head. Cabbage is susceptible to different bacterial and fungal diseases among which Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicicola is potential extortion to successful production of cabbage. The aim of study was to manage the d...

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a crucial agro-industrial crop that faces numerous biotic and abiotic challenges. One of the most severe biotic stresses affecting sugarcane is eyespot disease, caused by Bipolaris sacchari. This study focused on managing eyespot disease using resistant varieties, chemicals, and plant defense activators. Dis...

Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadenisis Miller) plant used for centuries for its medicinal, beauty, health and skin care properties. It is a xerophytic, succulent, pea-green colored plant which contains vitamins, minerals, sugar, enzymes, lignin, salicylic acid, saponins and amino acids. Leaf spot of Aloe vera caused by Alternaria alternata, is the most sig...

Bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is a key pathological problem faced by bell pepper crop. The extensive use of chemical treatments has heightened environmental toxicity. Green-synthesized nanoparticles have been developed for managing plant diseases intervention while minimizing environmental harm. An experimen...

A survey was conducted to assess the incidence of brown spot disease in three tehsils of District Okara. Maximum incidence was observed in Depalpur (44%) followed by Okara (33%) and Renala khurd (15%). During study, six chemicals (cabriotop, Fossil, axel, Forum top, Kocide and topsin M) and six phytochemicals (Nigella sativa, Azadirachta indica, Zi...

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici (Foc) poses a significant position in agriculture that has a negative impact on chili plant in terms of growth, fruit quality, and yield. Biological control is one of the promising strategies to control this pathogen in crops. Chili is considered as one of the most important crops in the Hyderabad region that is af...

Pests pose a significant threat to global food security and agricultural productivity. Climate change has exacerbated the impact of pests by affecting their distribution, abundance, and behavior. Effective pest management strategies require a comprehensive understanding of pest risk factors and the ability to forecast climatic changes. This chapter...

Food is among the basic necessities of human life, and over the last decade global food supplies are facing severe challenge in form of growing population, increasing disease infestation, resource constraint, and climate change. At the same time global food demands are expected to increase by around 35–56% by the middle of the century. All this for...

Mango is an important fruit crop which belongs to family Anacardiacae. It considered most delicious fruit cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. In Pakistan mango ranked 2nd in term of production after citrus. It plays a vital role to enrich the economy of the country. But its production is hampered by a number of biotic and...

Recent research efforts were made to investigate botanical bactericides as an intervention tool for citrus canker. Five botanical extracts (Eruca vesicaria, Eucalyptus globulus, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Nigella sativa, and Citrullus colocynthis) were evaluated at three different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%) against Xanthomonas citr...

Eucalyptus camaldulensis is a multifunctional tree and is globally used for the reclamation of problematic lands. Eucalyptus camaldulensis is prone to attack by a number of pathogens, but the most important threat is the Fusarium wilt ( Fusarium oxysporum ). Keeping in view the importance of E. camaldulensis and to manage this disease, five plant a...

Citrus fruits are indeed one of the prime fruits of Pakistan. The decline of citrus orchards due to gummosis became a potential threat to successful production of fruit during the last few years and is now continuously hammering farmer's as well as the economy of Pakistan. In field, control of gummosis is significantly depending on quick and exact...

Four aphid species (Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi and Diuraphis noxia) were observed when the population dynamics of aphids in four wheat varieties were analysed. Maximum population abundance (104± 1.79 aphids/ plant) was observed during middle of March. Rhopalosiphum padi and D. noxia were predominant throughout (52.86.1...

Bacterial leaf spot of tomato caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is one of the most destructive biotic stresses that significantly affects the quality and productivity of tomatoes. In the current study, we investigated the effects of ten chemicals, including Score (24.51%), Topsim-M (70%), Cabrio (60%), Fossil (29%), Milvet (80%), For...

Bacterial leaf spot of tomato caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is one of the most destructive biotic stresses that significantly affects the quality and productivity of tomatoes. In the current study, we investigated the effects of ten chemicals, including Score (24.51%), Topsim-M (70%), Cabrio (60%), Fossil (29%), Milvet (80%), For...

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), is a popular short-duration legume crop which is mostly cultivated in South and Southeast Asian countries. It is a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and fibers. As an important source of dietary protein, it is usually consumed as whole seed or flour, or as sprouts. Cercospora Leaf Spot of M...

Solanum lycopersicum L., commonly known as tomato, is a vital vegetable crop with significant nutritional value but is susceptible to various pathogens causing diseases. Among all of these, Rhizoctonia solani-induced root rot is a highly destructive disease affecting tomato production and quality. This study aimed to identify resistant tomato varie...

Rhizoctonia solani is a soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes root rot diseases in various crops. The soybean crop is also susceptible to this pathogen, resulting in severe yield losses. Due to its soil-borne nature, controlling infestations with a single treatment is challenging. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate synthetic che...

Stalk rot of maize is one of the most important emerging threat to the successful production of Pakistan. It causes 10-40% yield losses which may reach up to 100% due to conducive conditions in some areas of country. Current research effort was made to cope with stalk rot of maize caused by Fusarium moniliforme (Fm) through synthetic chemicals, bot...

Solanum lycopersicum L., commonly known as tomato, is a vital vegetable crop with significant nutritional value but is susceptible to various pathogens causing diseases. Among all of these, Rhizoctonia solani-induced root rot is a highly destructive disease affecting tomato production and quality. This study aimed to identify resistant tomato varie...

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), is a popular short-duration legume crop which is mostly cultivated in South and Southeast Asian countries. It is a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and fibers. As an important source of dietary protein, it is usually consumed as whole seed or flour, or as sprouts. Cercospora Leaf Spot of M...

Tomato production is significantly harmed by the interruption of fungal pathogens, i.e., Alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight, which is responsible for substantial yield losses in tomato crops. In recent years, the application of silver-based green synthesized nanomaterials (AgNMs) has been documented as the best performer against va...

Fungal diseases are creating tremendous destruction on economically important crops, resulting in massive yield losses. The vast management strategy for its management is the use of synthetic chemicals, which is causing severe environmental and health hazards to humans and animals. For some time now, the world is moving towards sustainable agricult...

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a distinguished source of protein, fat, minerals (Iron, Calcium, and Potassium), fiber, carbohydrates, phosphorous, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Leaf blight of S. cumini, caused by Pestalotiopsis spp., poses a potential threat to the successful production of Jamun fruit. The appearance of small, round, dark, and sunken...

Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops worldwide and root rot disease is a significant threat to its production. This study documented the disease prevalence, incidence, and severity of root rot, as well as identified the aggressiveness of fungal and oomycetes microbial communities associated with this disease in ch...

Citrus (family Rutaceae) stands as a prominent fruit crop on a global scale, bearing substantial significance. Renowned for its abundance of fiber, amino acids, antioxidants, vitamin C, and carbohydrates. However, the successful production of citrus is persistently challenged by the menacing presence of citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri sub...

Rice blast disease (RBD) is mostly controlled by fungicides by the farmers of central Punjab, Pakistan. However, the use of fungicides by the farmers is excessive and ill-advised, resulting in the emergence of new resistant strains of Pyricularia oryzae. The ill-advised employment of fungicides can be timed exploring the role of environmental facto...

Rose plants are affected by several diseases caused by fungi, nematode, bacteria, viruses, and other pests. Among all of these, Curvularia lunata causes significant losses to Roses. Present study was focused on In-vitro and In-vivo management of the “Curvularia leaf spot of Rose” caused by Curvularia lunata by using different fungicides and phyto-e...

CLCuVD is the most ravaging biotic stress to cotton crop and is responsible for the withdrawal of various varieties in cotton cultivation across the globe. CLCuV significantly degrades the quality and productivity of cotton. This notorious viral disease is transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn)vector. It is challenging to manage this viral d...

Red rot of sugarcane, the most ravaging biotic stress to sugarcane and is responsible for the withdrawal of various varieties in sugarcane cultivation across the globe. The etiological agent of red rot disease (Colletotrichum falcatum) significantly degrades the quality and productivity of sugarcane. This disease causes 5-50% economic loss in sugar...

The "karum" tree, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre is mainly cultivated in Punjab and Sindh, as well as in India, Burma, Malaya, Bangladesh, China, and Australia. It is indigenous to East and Tropical Asia. P. pinnata belongs to the Fabaceae family of plants, which can grow well in various weather conditions. It is one of the miscellaneous plants with...

Bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is one of the most devastating diseases, causing serious losses in chilli crop yield. The extensive usage of chemicals has increased the toxicity of the environment. Nanotechnology products are indeed being developed as a promising approach for plant disease control with min...

Citrus canker (CC), caused by one of the most destructive subfamilies of the bacterial phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri (Xcc), poses a serious threat to the significantly important citrus fruit crop grown worldwide. This has been the subject of ongoing epidemiological and disease management research. Currently, five different forms have...

Present study was designed to determine the progressive alterations in the leaves of chilli after the application of plant activators to pave the way towards fruitful management of bacterial leaf spots of chilli. Different plant defense activators such as KH2PO4, K2HPO4 and salicylic acid were used and alterations in the biochemicals of chilli were...

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops, throughout the world. It is a rich source of antioxidants and vitamin C. Citrus canker is a potential threat to its successful production. In current study, ten desert phytopowders including Xanthium strumarium, Dipterygium galucun, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Haloxylon recurvum, Suaeda fruticosa, Salso...

Tomato is an imperative fruit/vegetable crop and a treasure trove of active natural metabolites. It is cultivated across the globe but both biotic and abiotic factors have been implicated in decreasing its production. Among all the constraints faced by tomato crop in Pakistan, bacterial canker of tomato caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. mi...

Bacterial wilt is an important disease of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, which causes 90% yield losses. The present research was done to evaluate the effect of different chemicals against bacterial wilt of tomato. By using inhibition zone technique, five chemicals (Oxyrich, Forum top, Electus Super, Cabriotop and Kocide) at three differen...

Bacterial canker of tomato is the most damaging one and is responsible for causing 70% yield losses each year. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has ushered in a new research field known as green nanotechnology and has emerged as vital tool for the management of plant diseases. In comparison to other conventional techniques, green synthesis of vario...

Citrus canker is a ravaging bacterial disease threatening citrus crops. Its major types are Asiatic Canker, Cancrosis B, and Cancrosis C, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii pathotype-B (XauB), and pathotype-C (XauC), respectively. The bacterium enters its host through stomata and wounds, from which it in...

Tomato production is significantly harmed by the interruption of fungal diseases. Alternaria solani is responsible for substantial yield losses in tomato crops grown in greenhouse and field conditions. Silver-based green synthesized nanomaterials (AgNMs) are reported as best performers in various agricultural applications and are proposed to be the...

Mango anthracnose is the most ravaging biotic stress to the successful production of mango fruit across the globe. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an etiological agent of this disease that adversely affects the quality as well as quantity of produce.The occurrence of disease at pre- and postharvest conditions is a common phenomenon which is respo...

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a high value crop owing to its nutrient rich profile, consisting of significant quantities of carbohydrate, minerals, proteins and vitamins. It is an important food as well as cash crop implicating that losses in yield have dual impact on the society causing hungers and economic crisis at the same time. Phyto-pathog...

Phyto health care is a holistic approach and the most pressing need to serve the poverty-stricken farmers by extension services, especially in developing countries. Extension programs can prove fruitful tools to minimize plant disease losses by assisting and educating farmers in developing countries in order to increase their productivity, food sec...

Maize (Zea mays L) is a parsimoniously important cereal crop after wheat and rice because it is rich in carbohydrates, protein, fiber, sugar, and ash, and oil that's used as human food and the crop is used as animal feed too. The stalk rot of maize caused by Fusarium moniliforme (Fm) is one of the most important emerging threats to the successful p...

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is susceptible to most disastrous Curvularia leaf spot disease which severely affects the eggplant yield, quality, and leads to severe economic losses and becoming an alarming problem for farming community. In this regard, 15 accessions of brinjal were screened against leaf blight. Result showed that two hybrids (...

Chilli anthracnose is the most ravaging biotic stress to chilli that adversely degrades chilli production across the globe. For efficient disease management, accurate taxonomic data is required. In the Colletotrichum patho-system, various Colletotrichum species can be linked to anthracnose in the same host. Although various Colletotrichum spp. have...

Chilli anthracnose is the most ravaging biotic stress to chilli that adversely degrades chilli production across the globe. For efficient disease management, accurate taxonomic data is required. In the Colletotrichum patho-system, various Colletotrichum species can be linked to anthracnose in the same host. Although various Colletotrichum spp. have...

Chilli anthracnose is the most ravaging biotic stress to chilli that adversely degrades chilli production across the globe. For efficient disease management, accurate taxonomic data is required. In the Colletotrichum patho-system, various Colletotrichum species can be linked to anthracnose in the same host. Although various Colletotrichum spp. have...

Chilli is one of the most important spices used in the word. It is attacked by fusarium wilt and causes huge losses. To manage this diseases, synthetic fungicides were evaluated under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Under in vitro conditions, ten fungicides (Electus, Nativo, Zandar, Bloom, Evito, Novice, Nanok, Kasumin and Meishile) were evaluated...

Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is the most important vegetable crop from family Solanaceae. Several biotic and abiotic factors are involved in limiting the yield of eggplant, but Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is the most destructive. It causes 10-70% losses in temperate region of the world. Symptoms of this disease ranges from leaf yello...

Pepper fusarium wilt is caused by the fungal pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici. It is the most destructive disease of many Solanaceous crops such as pepper, tomatoes and eggplant and is a significant source of crop loss worldwide. Physical, cultural and chemical controls have been employed to combat this destructive disease. However, none...

Cucumber is an economically important crop and cultivated in almost all temperature zones. It is also used as model system for sex and vascular biology study. Cultivation of cucumber is increasing day by day due to its high nutrition value. Several diseases pose great threat to cultivation of cucumber and one of the highly devastating disease of cu...

Atiq et al.: Green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles from leaves of Eucalyptus globulus and assessment of its antibacterial potential towards Xanthomonas citri pv. citri causing citrus canker-2205-APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 20(3):2205-2213. Abstract. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has ushered in a new research field kno...

Onion is one of the world's most important vegetable crop cultivated in Pakistan and plays a significant role in human diet. Numerous diseases attack on onion crop, but purple leaf blotch is the most important one, because it causes 80 to 90% of onion yield loss all over the world. In current experiment twenty-three fungicides at three concentratio...

Green synthesis of nanoparticles has ushered in a new research field known as green or phyto-nanotechnology. Plant based nanotechnology has emerged as an imperative tool for the management of plant diseases. In comparison to other conventional techniques, green synthesis of various nanoparticles was found tobe non-toxic, low-cost, and profitable, r...

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) is prone to attack by a number of diseases, but Southern blight is the most destructive disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. For selection of resistant source, ten varieties of bell pepper were screened out against southern blight in the research area, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Fai...

Stem rot of berseem (SRB) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (SS) is the most devastating and cosmopolitan plant disease, and infecting more than 400 species of plants worldwide. The disease is reported to cause more than $200 million losses. In Pakistan, the disease is infecting all cultivars of Berseem and causing heavy losses. The Sargodha distr...

Fungal diseases, including sheath rot (Sarocladium oryzae), cause significant losses of yield and milling quality of rice (Oryza sativa). In August 2021, symptoms like sheath rot were observed on 20% of rice plants (cv. Presidio) in 1-hectare field in Eagle Lake, Texas. Initial lesions occurred on the upper flag leaf sheaths and were oblong or irre...

Bacterial leaf blight disease is caused by Xan-thomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) which leads to severe infection in rice crop by various virulence factors. Among those factors, toxin production may be one of them. To study the toxin as virulence factor Xoo was cultured on wakimoto media for 3 days and then specialized media for 7 days. After incubat...

Climatic conditions play a crucial part regarding the development of blackleg caused by Pectobacterium atrocepticum (Pa), which is one of the major threats the potato industry faced. These factors affect the stage of growth, host susceptibility, succulence, vigor, survival, rate of multiplication, direction of pathogen dispersion, rate of spore pen...

Climatic conditions play a significant role in the development of citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc). Citrus canker is regarded as one of the major threats being faced by citrus industry in citrus growing countries of the world. Climatic factors exert significant impacts on growth stage, host susceptibility, succulence, vigor...

Alternaria brown spot is very important disease of mandarins and its hybrids which is caused by Alternaria citri. This disease is most prevalent in humid subtropical citrus producing areas. Present study gives the new information about the selection of fungicides for this disease. Seven fungicides (Hexaconazole+ captan, mancozeb+ metalexyle, difeno...

Brown spot (Cochliobolus miyabeanus), blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) and stackburn (Alternaria padwickii) are common diseases in rice with similar leaf spot symptoms. In August 2021, a leaf spot disease, with symptoms dissimilar to these diseases, occurred on almost 100% of the leaves and sheaths of rice plants (cv. Presidio) in a 1-hectare field in Ea...

Green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles from leaves of Eucalyptus globulus and assessment of its antibacterial potential towards Xanthomonas citri pv. citri causing citrus canker-2205-APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 20(3):2205-2213. Abstract. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has ushered in a new research field known as green o...

BACKGROUND: Chili (Capsicum annum) is one of the 2nd most important members of the family Solanaceae. It has high nutritional as well as health benefits. Its production is continuously decreasing by different fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. Among them, the most important is Sclerotium rolfsii, which causes collar rot in chili peppers. This...

BACKGROUND: Sugarcane is the most important cash crop in Pakistan. Rust is caused by Puccinia melanocephala which significantly reduces the growth and biomass of sugarcane. It causes significant yield losses in sugarcane-growing areas of the world. The best way to manage sugarcane rust is the formation of resistant varieties. Formation of a resista...

BACKGROUND: Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) ranked 2nd after potatoes in the NightShade family. Several biotic and abiotic factors are involved in limiting the yield of chilli but the most destructive disease of chili is anthracnose which is caused by Colletotrichum capsici. It causes huge crop losses (Up to 10-90%) in chilli-growing regions of the worl...

Canker is the most devastating threat of citrus being caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac). A trail was conducted in the citrus pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Nine antibiotics Levofloxacin, Streptomycin, Ampicillin, kanamycin, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Azithr...

Multiple diseases, including brown spot (Cochliobolus miyabeanus), leaf spot (Epicoccum sorghimum), and blast (Magnaporthe oryzae), can cause spot-like symptoms on the leaves of rice. In July 2021, a disease showing symptoms like brown spot was observed in an 8-hectare field of rice, with disease incidence of >30%, in Beaumont, Texas. Lesions start...

Citrus is considered as an important fruit crop of Pakistan belonging to family Rutaceae. The production of citrus is affected by both biotic and abiotic factors. .Brown leaf spot of citrus caused by Alternaria citri is one among the biotic factors. It causes huge economic losses in its production. Therefore, current experiment will be designed to...

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici) of reduces the yield of chilli annually. For management of this destructive disease, five plant extracts (Moringa oleifera, Zingiber officinale, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera, and Allium sativum) @ 10 and 15% and four chemicals (Carbendazim, Topsin-M, Capnazol and Aliette) @ 300 and 500 ppm were eva...

For management of blackleg disease of potato nine antibiotics were evaluated under lab conditions and the two most effective were assessed under greenhouse and field conditions Among all treatments, maximum inhibition zone was expressed by ciprofloxacin (14.17) mm followed by levofloxacin (12.93), ampicillin (6.79), kanamycin (6.54), clarithrom...

Epidemiological conditions conducive for the development of black leg disease of potato were characterized on five potato varieties including Harmony, Lady Rosetta, Desiree, Accent and Faisalabad White. All epidemiological factors including Max and Min Temperature, Rain fall, Relative humidity and wind speed showed significant relationship with...

Changing climatic conditions have an impact on the commercial harvest and production of Capsicum annuum L. across the world. It is a summer crop that grows best at 21°C (low) to 37 °C (high) temperature. Changes in normal growth, poor shoot and root length, increased antioxidant activity, low sugar content, high proline content, and poor yield were...

Changing climatic conditions have an impact on the commercial harvest and production of Capsicum annuum L. across the world. It is a summer crop that grows best at 21°C (low) to 37 °C (high) temperature. Changes in normal growth, poor shoot and root length, increased antioxidant activity, low sugar content, high proline content, and poor yield were...