Mouayad Masalkhi

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Mouayad verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

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• MB BCh BAO
• Medical Doctor at Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland

Objectives: To identify, summarize, and analyse comments on the core reporting guidelines for protocols of randomized trials (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials [SPIRIT] 2013) and for completed trials (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials [CONSORT] 2010), with special emphasis on suggestions for guideline modi...

Purpose: Diabetic macular edema (DME), the leading cause of vision loss among patients with diabetes mellitus, disproportionately affects Black and Hispanic patients. Currently, non-White racial and ethnic subgroups are frequently underrepresented in clinical trials, limiting the application of results to the most pertinent patient populations. Th...

In light of the potential effects of spaceflight on the anterior segment of the eye, there is a pressing need for anterior segment imaging to be available and accessible to monitor astronauts’ ocular health, including alterations to the cornea and lens. We aim to highlight the clinical basis and need for anterior segment imaging for astronauts. We...

The eye provides novel insights into general health, as well as pathogenesis and development of systemic diseases. In the past decade, growing evidence has demonstrated that the eye's structure and function mirror multiple systemic health conditions, especially in cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and kidney impairments. This ha...

Astronauts can develop a distinct collection of neuro-ophthalmic findings during long duration spaceflight, collectively known as Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). These clinical characteristics include optic disc edema, hyperopic refractive shifts, globe flattening, and chorioretinal folds, which may pose a health risk for futur...

Citation: Masalkhi, M.; Wahoud, N.; Moran, B.; Elhassadi, E. Immunotherapy in Ophthalmic Oncology: Current Trends and Future Directions. J. Clin. Transl. Ophthalmol. 2025, 3, 1. https://doi. Abstract: Background: Immunotherapy represents a revolutionary approach in cancer treatment, where it leverages the body's immune system to target and destroy...

The spaceflight environment introduces unique and diverse changes to the ophthalmic system. The neuro-ophthalmic phenomenon, spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), has been identified as one of the largest physiologic barriers to future crewed long-duration spaceflight. Although one of the largest barriers, the underlying pathogenesis...

The global incidence of melanoma is increasing at an annual growth rate of 5%. There are significant survival rate disparities, with paediatric patients having a 17% 5-year survival rate, compared to a 5% 10-year survival rate among the adult population. In Ireland, melanoma is the fourth most prevalent cancer, with 1100-1200 new cases annually. Gl...

Corneal diseases represent a growing public health burden, especially in resource-limited settings lacking access to specialized eye care. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising solutions for automating the diagnosis and management of corneal conditions. This narrative review examines the application of AI in corneal diseases, focusing on ke...

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and poses a significant public health challenge. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma and is marked by progressive optic nerve damage and peripheral visual field loss. Early detection and management of glaucoma are essential to prevent severe vision im...

Abstract Purpose : This descriptive epidemiological study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the geographic distribution of AMD clinical trials in the United States and discuss the factors influencing their location. This investigation attempts to improve understanding of the distribution of AMD trials within the United States, as well as...

Abstract Purpose : Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of the retina from diabetes, is the leading cause of vision loss among working-age adults in the United States, and diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of vision loss among DR patients. Our aim is to appreciate a greater understanding of DME clinical trial...

Long-duration spaceflight (LDSF) is associated with unique hazards and linked with numerous human health risks including Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). The proposed mechanisms for SANS include microgravity induced cephalad fluid shift and increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP). SANS is a disorder seen only after LDSF and has no...

The negative impact of climate change on human health is well documented but under-recognized (e.g., air pollution, malnutrition, water-source contamination, and altered vector and waterborne transmission of infectious disease). The impact of climate change on eye health remains significantly underappreciated, whereas climate change impacts every c...

Generative AI has revolutionized medicine over the past several years. A generative adversarial network (GAN) is a deep learning framework that has become a powerful technique in medicine, particularly in ophthalmology and image analysis. In this paper we review the current ophthalmic literature involving GANs, and highlight key contributions in th...

Over the past several years, Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly emerged as a tool to help revolutionize the field of medicine, offering solutions to improve healthcare delivery and research. Sora is a cutting-edge AI model that can generate realistic and imaginative scenes based on text input, thus leveraging advancements in machine learning...

Open AI’s Sora represents a ground-breaking innovation in AI that can generate lifelike and imaginative visual scenes based on text prompts. However, Sora has also produced some new concerns surrounding artificial video generation in medicine. While Sora is highly promising to enhance patient education, facilitate remote consultations and simulate...

Background: Bard AI, an AI chatbot developed by Google, emerged as a response to the success of OpenAI's ChatGPT. Bard utilizes natural language processing and machine learning techniques to emulate human-like dialogue. Objectives: In this paper, we wanted to compare the Bard’s performance to that of ChatGPT at various medical and surgical related...

Background To assess the safety and effectiveness of the exclusive use of 27-gauge instruments for all vitreoretinal diseases requiring vitrectomy. Methods In this retrospective study, 1020 consecutive surgeries were performed on 958 eyes of 848 patients using 27-gauge instruments from March 2017 to June 2021. Patients with a minimum follow-up of...

Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) refers to a range of neuro-ophthalmic alterations that have been documented following extended periods of space travel. The precise etiology and pathophysiology of SANS remain incompletely understood. Nevertheless, it poses a unique physiological challenge for upcoming space expeditions. At presen...

Astronauts have documented visual phenomena during spaceflight. However, given that these are only experienced by the astronaut themselves, these unique neuro-ophthalmic visual phenomena occur while in space which remain poorly understood by nonastronauts. There are various risks to the neuro-ophthalmic system in space including spaceflight-associa...

Cataract surgery is one of the most common surgeries (over 3 million cases) in the United States per year. Consequently, there are multiple diverse and unique postoperative questions in the postoperative course following cataract extraction. To provide rapid and accessible guidance, large language models may help optimize this area in cataract surg...

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are rapidly developing technologies that may have important healthcare-related applications, including the possible evaluation of the health and performance of astronauts. Advances in the fields of VR/AR and space exploration have independently progressed; however, over the last decade synergies and o...

Adherence to study registration and reporting best practices is vital to fostering evidence-based medicine. All registered clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov conducted in Canada as of 2009 and completed by 2019 were identified. A cross-sectional analysis of those trials assessed prospective registration, subsequent result reporting in the regist...

Racial and Ethnic Distribution Among AMD Clinical Trial Participants in the United States From 2002 to 2021

AI is just beginning to be integrated into clinical medicine, and will continue to be integrated into clinical care. ChatGPT has already been used in ophthalmology to triage symptoms, write operative notes, answer ophthalmic board-exam level questions and for medical education. GPT-4 builds upon the abilities of the prior GPT models by delivering m...

Background: Keratoconus is a corneal ectasia that results in progressive corneal thinning and can lead to an irregular astigmatism and significant decrease in visual acuity. Early identification is crucial to instigate treatments such as corneal cross-linking to prevent further deterioration and the need for corneal transplant. Machine learning (ML...

Abstract Head-mounted visualization technology, often in the form of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (VAMR), has revolutionized how visual disorders may be approached clinically. In this manuscript, we review the available literature on VAMR for visual disorders and provide a clinically oriented guide to how VAMR technology has been deployed...

Survey: OCT before cataract surgery

Citation: Masalkhi, M.; Ong, J.; Waisberg, E.; Berdahl, J.; Lee, A.G. Intraocular Pressure during Spaceflight and Risk of Glaucomatous Damage in Prolonged Microgravity. Encyclopedia 2023, 3, Definition: Microgravity introduces diverse pathological and various physiological changes to the human body, including intraocular pressure. Astronauts may de...

While much progress has been made in reducing tobacco use in many countries, both active and passive smoking remain challenges. The benefits of smoking cessation are universally recognized, and the hospital setting is an ideal setting where smokers can access smoking cessation services as hospital admission can be a cue to action. Consistent delive...

The translaminar pressure gradient (TLPG) refers to two forces at the lamina cribosa of the optic nerve: the anteriorly acting intracranial pressure (ICP), and posteriorly-acting intraocular pressure (IOP). It has been proposed that controlling the translaminar pressure gradient at regular intervals may preserve the optic nerve and slow the course...

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a unique neuro-ophthalmic phenomenon that has been observed in astronauts who have undergone long-duration spaceflight. The syndrome is characterized by distinct imaging and clinical findings including optic disc edema, hyperopic refractive shift, posterior globe flattening, and choroidal folds...

Spaceflight has always been met with awe by the general public and may also have strong implications for medical training for future physicians, regardless of specialty or practice. Within the near future, the commercialization of spaceflight will lead to an unprecedented surge in travelers to space. With this increase, the understanding of space m...

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a collection of distinct findings seen in some astronauts following prolonged spaceflight and is characterized by: optic disc edema, globe flattening, and choroidal folds. In this manuscript, we describe the potential mechanisms linking anemia and SANS. Future research aimed at understanding th...

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a unique phenomenon that has been observed in astronauts who have undergone long-duration spaceflight (LDSF). The syndrome is characterized by distinct imaging and clinical findings including optic disc edema, hyperopic refractive shift, posterior globe flattening, and choroidal folds. SANS ser...

The Apple Vision Pro (AVP) was unveiled by Apple on June 5th, 2023, and holds the promise of revolutionizing the manner in which people interact with technology, each other, and their environment. The AVP builds on recent VR developments and has substantial potential in the fields of medicine and surgery, by allowing users to interact with the devi...

Apple unveiled its highly anticipated mixed-reality headset, called the Apple Vision Pro on June 5, 2023. The primary user interface relies on eye tracking, hand, gestures, cameras, and sensors, eliminating the need for physical controllers such as keyboards or touch screens. The refined capabilities of this technology can be utilized for diverse p...

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is one of the potential barriers to human long-duration spaceflight (LDSF), including a manned mission to Mars. While a large barrier, the pathophysiology of SANS is not well understood, and functional and structural findings from SANS continue to be further characterized. Currently on the Interna...

The emergence of new technologies continues to break barriers and transform the way we perceive and interact with the world. In this scientific article, we explore the potential impact of the new Apple XR headset on revolutionizing accessibility for individuals with visual deficits. With its rumored exceptional 4-K displays per eye and 5000 nits of...

In anticipation of space exploration where astronauts are traveling away from Earth, and for longer durations with an increasing communication lag, artificial intelligence (AI) frameworks such as large language learning models (LLMs) that can be trained on Earth can provide real-time answers. This emerging technology may be helpful for acute medica...

Operative notes are an essential piece of documentation made by an ophthalmic team following ocular or ophthalmic surgery. While the advanced language processing capabilities of GPT-4 can be utilized to enhance the comprehension of natural language in healthcare applications, the utilization of GPT-4 in writing operative notes is not explicitly ref...

Purpose : The aim of this study was to examine astronaut retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) changes with optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Purpose: The privatization of space travel is opening civilian spaceflight to an unprecedented number of individuals now and in the immediate future. The increase in the number and diversity of space travelers will mean increased exposure to both physiologic and pathologic changes observed during acute and prolonged microgravity. Aims: In this p...

Background: To assess the safety and effectiveness of the exclusive use of 27-gauge instruments for all vitreoretinal diseases requiring vitrectomy. Methods: In this retrospective study, 1020 consecutive surgeries were performed on 958 eyes of 848 patients using 27-gauge instruments from March 2017 to June 2021. Patients with a minimum follow-up of...

GPT-4 is the latest version of ChatGPT which is reported by OpenAI to have greater problem-solving abilities and an even broader knowledge base. We examined GPT-4’s ability to inform us about the latest literature in a given area, and to write a discharge summary for a patient following an uncomplicated surgery and its latest image analysis feature...

There is growing evidence that smoking cessation (SC) improves outcomes following diagnosis of cancer. Notwithstanding adverse outcomes, a significant number of those diagnosed with cancer continue to smoke. Our objective was to document the SC services provided for patients with cancer by specialist adult cancer hospitals across Ireland, a country...

Objective: To identify, summarise, and analyse comments on the core reporting guidelines for protocols of randomised trials (SPIRIT 2013) and for completed trials (CONSORT 2010), with special emphasis on suggestions for guideline modifications.Methods: We included documents written in English and published after 2010 that explicitly commented on SP...

Background: Adherence to study registration and reporting best practices are vital to foster evidence-based medicine. Poor adherence to these standards in clinical trials conducted in Canada would be detrimental to patients, researchers, and the public alike. Methods: All registered clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov conducted in Canada as of 20...

Background Despite the progress made in smoking reduction in Ireland, smoking remains a challenge, particularly in cancer patients where post-diagnosis smoking has detrimental impacts on treatment and survival. This audit was of existing hospital smoking cessation services (SCS) for all patients (including cancer) at the eight specialist adult canc...

Significance: The benefits of smoking cessation (SC) post cancer diagnosis are undervalued despite substantial evidence of benefit. A comprehensive cancer management strategy should include a tailored SC approach. The National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Moonshot initiative also supports collaborative research. Our Irish Cancer Society-funded res...