Moshood Belewu

• Ph.D. Animal Science
• Head of Department at University of Ilorin

Three Lactic Acid Bacteria strains (Lactobacillus acidiophillus, Lactobacillus plantarium, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) were used in the fermentation of Jatropha curcas kernel cake for a 7 days in a completely randomized design. The results revealed significant increase in the dry matter, crude protein content of all the bacteria treated samples ho...

The study was conducted to compare the proximate composition of bacterial (Psuedomonas aeruginosa) treated and untreated Jatropha curcas kernel cake (JKC). Jatropha curcas L. is one of the toxic species of Jatropha similar in shape to plants in Euphorbiaceous families in plant kingdom. It kernel after oil extraction have been shown to be a promisin...

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of livestock and poultry animal is a complex ecosystem of microbes which interacts with feed nutrients and cells of the recipient animal. Poultry and meat animal plays an integral role in maintaining the economic stability in developing countries. Because of several unwanted impacts on animal growth and animal origin...

Background: Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose plant with several industrial and medicinal importance. Its seeds contain many active compounds that are used as medicines with antiinflammatory, and antioxidant activity. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of extract of Jatropha curcas seed which is patronized locally in...

The study was conducted to evaluate and compared the proximate composition of treated and untreated Jatropha Curcas Kernel Cake (JKC). Dried kernel of Jatropha curcas was purchased from reputable source treated by soaked in petroleum ether, air dried (3days) and autoclave for 15 minutes at 121OC before fermented with the spores of bacteria (Pseudom...

The importance of biodiesel and its production cannot be overemphasized; biodiesel has assumed a very prominent position in the energy development of both the developed and developing nations. This is due probably to climate change and the fear of the depletion of the fossil fuel. Biodiesel being not only clean fuel but also obtained from renewable...

Studies were conducted to evaluate corn cob and waste paper cultured with edible mushroom (Pleurotus sajor) as a means of improving their nutritive value for livestock animals. Waste paper and corn cob were 14.2 and 47.7% DM respectively. Crude fibre degradation was 25.0% for corn cob and 7.21% for waste paper which was intermediate to 34.0 and 10....

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of green syntheses nano zinc oxide on performance characteristics, haematobiochemical profile and serum zinc levels of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. A total of 12 apparently healthy WAD goats (5-6 month of age, 7.3 ± 1.15 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to T1, T2 and T3 diets for 56 days in a...

Production of yoghurt from Bambara groundnut (BGN) had been reported to have some limitations on its stability and quality. This work was designed to determine the effect of pre-treatment methods on the physicochemical and anti-nutritional properties of Bambara groundnut yoghurt (BGNY). Seven yoghurt samples were made from BGN milk obtained from di...

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance characteristics and haematological indices of West African dwarf goats fed diets containing graded levels of Teak (Tectona grandis) Seed Meal (TSM) as a replacement for Cassava wastes. Teak (Tectona grandis) Seed Meal was included in the diets of goats at 25 %, 50 % and 75 % to replace Cassa...

Trypanosomiasis is one of the major constraints to the livestock industry and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated direct loss between $600 million and $1.2 billion annually on a global scale. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the trypanotolerant effects of selected herbs and combinations on Trypanosoma brucei infected albi...

Ricinus communis (Castor) seed was defatted with n-hexane and divided into two. A part was inoculated with Penicillum expansium for six weeks, while the other part was used as control. Both the biologically detoxified castor seed cake (BDCSC) and the undetoxified castor seed cake (UCSC) were analysed for nutritional value by carrying out proximate...

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a very toxic pesticide commonly used for controlling agriculturally important pests. The present study investigates DNA damaging effects of CPF on Clarias gariepinus was assessed using genetic assays. Fish were exposed to varying concentrations of CPF (100ppm, 200ppm and 300ppm) at 96 hours (acute exposure). LC50 of the pestic...

Environmental pollution is responsible for Green House Gas emission (GHG) and climate change hence, replacing fossil fuel with bio-based materials (Renewable feedstock) is currently been embraced so as to mitigate carbon emission. About 170 billion tons of biomass is generated yearly and approximately 5.95 billion are utilized. Hence, this paper ex...

Vegetable plants contain appreciable amount of bioactive components that may provide desirable well-being merits beyond primary nutrition. It also provide major role in preventing numerous chronic diseases. Therefore, this study compared the morphological, nutritional and phytonutrients parameters of some accessions of Nigerian and Indian Eggplants...

Native de-oiled and treated castor seed meal was subjected to proximate analysis and quantification of anti-nutrients (phytochemicals). Seed cake was treated by biochemical technique of solid state fermentation with Aspergillus niger and addition of calcium oxide (CaO) to give treated castor seed meal (TCSM). One hundred and twenty Japanese quails...

Combined physical, chemical and biochemical methods were used to process virgin seed meal of Jatropha curcas into Treated Jatropha Seed Meal (TJSM). 5 % TJSM processed by the various methods was included in test diets 2 to 6 which were fed to cockerel chicks at hatch compared to a maize-soybean conventional diet (diet1). 144-olympiad cockerel chick...

Combined physical, chemical and biochemical methods were used to process virgin seed meal of Jatropha curcas into Treated Jatropha Seed Meal (TJSM). 5 % TJSM processed by the various methods was included in test diets 2 to 6 which were fed to cockerel chicks at hatch compared to a maize-soybean conventional diet (diet 1). 144-olympiad cockerel chic...

The concern today is to put in place effective strategies, programmes and policies that will effectively mobilize enormous lesser known and underutilized plants ( like Jatropha ) to support economic and sustainable development. Tapping the enormous potentials of Jatropha plant will assist the country in mitigating climate change, solve the problem...

Honey is the widely admired natural sweetener food all over the globe and the international trade in bee products attracts million of dollars yearly. Due to its various importance, its global consumption is so enormous that demand surpasses supply Nigeria could not meet the demand for honey and bee products and it was noted that Africa countries c...

Over the years, researchers have observed enormous advances in basic science discovery but we have not witness a corresponding success in the widespread application of these results into industry hence, bridging the gap between discoveries achieved at the bench and industry remain a challenge

A study was carried out to evaluate Jatropha carcus kernel cake incubated with Mucor indicus and Absidia corymbifera on haematological and serum analysis of West African dwarf goat. The Jatropha curcas kernel cake was included at 50% and 75% in diets B, C, D and E respectively. Diet A which served as the control has no fungi treated Jatropha curcas...

Caustic potash extracted from the ashed samples of cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao), and palm kernel fronds (Elaeis guineensis) was used to catalyse the conversion of Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel. The physicochemical parameters and fatty acid components of the prepared biodiesel were comparable to those of the biodiesel prepared with commercial...

This study evaluates the nutritional and sensory qualities of Date-Coconut drink that was prepared from a combination of Date palm juice and Coconut milk. The Treatments consist of a control (A)-Date palm drink; 50% Date palm juice and 50% Coconut milk B; 25% Date palm juice and 75% Coconut milk C; 75% Date palm juice and 25% Coconut milk D. A comp...

Investigations on the utilization of nutrients from full-fat Moringa oleifera seed meal (FMOSM) and the toxicological and physiological implications of the seeds phytochemicals and heavy metals on utilization of the nutrients were conducted. Dietary FMOSM was offered to broiler chicks at hatch for 4-weeks in a one-way classification design experime...

Caustic potash extracted from the ashed samples of cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao), and palm kernel fronds (Elaeis guineensis) was used to catalyse the conversion of Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel. The physicochemical parameters and fatty acid components of the prepared biodiesel were comparable to those of the biodiesel prepared with commercial...

In a 120-day trial, sixteen male West African Dwarf (WAD) weaned goats aged 5 to 6 months with an average weight of 6.3± 0.7kg were equally allotted to four experimental diets (A, B, C, D) in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. The four dietary treatments consist of a control, Diet A (100% groundnut cake), Diet B (50% Absidia spinosa treated Jatropha curc...

Two honey samples produced by the University of Ilorin at the Jatropha Plantation and Unilorin Apiary Farm were collected and studied melissopalynologically to isolate and identify pollen types in the honey. The aim of the study thus is to determine whether the honey samples are uniflora and multiflora. Based on the pollen grain frequency, the poll...

The study evaluates the efficiency of Mucor indicus and Absidia corymbifera treated Jatropha curcas kernel cake on the performance characteristics of weaner West African dwarf goats (average BW= 6.25kg). The goats (n=25) were randomly allocated to five dietary Treatments A, B, C, D and E in a Completely Randomised design model for a 56 day period....

This study was conducted to evaluate biodiversity and pollination activity of stingless bees in the University of Ilorin Agro Forest. Stingless bees, their nests, trees hosting the bees and trees and crops visited by the bees were identified.

This study was conducted to evaluate biodiversity and pollination activity of stingless bees in the University of Ilorin Agro Forest. Stingless bees, their nests, trees hosting the bees and trees and crops visited by the bees were identified......

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of garlic oil in the preservation of West African soft cheese. The experiment consists of cheese samples treated with garlic oil (Treatment B) and cheese sample kept in the whey (Treatment A, control). The experiment which lasted for 28 days consists of twenty cheese samples each for Treatments A and B...

The efficacy of using rice milk and coconut milk in the preparation of yoghurt was evaluated in a completely randomized design model. Commercial yoghurt was the control Treatment (A) while other Treatments were B (25% rice milk plus 75% coconut milk), C (50% rice milk plus 50% coconut milk) and D (75% rice milk plus 25% coconut milk) .The various y...

ABSTRACT In Performance, digestibility and haematological trials, a total of nine West African dwarf Sheep were used to evaluate the effect of fungi blend (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogeum) on nutrient digestibility and haematological indices when sheep were fed fungi blend treated Jatropha curcas kernel cake based diets. The three expe...

In 2007, the Federal Government of Nigeria proposed the introduction of the National Biofuel Policy. The policy document is to inter alia reduce the country's dependence on imported fuel and ensure the commercial viability of the biofuel industry by ensuring compulsory blending mandate. However, the potential benefits of biofuel investment have att...

This study examined the viability of prospective Jatropha based firms vis–a-vis employment opportunities in Nigeria, specifically the study identified the Jatropha bio-diesel and other allied products that were been researched into in Nigeria, estimated the costs and returns structure to Jatropha cultivation and the production of Jatropha based pro...

In a study of dietary effects of fungi (Trichoderma ghanense and Trichoderma asperellum) treatment on Jatropha curcas meal. Defatted Jatropha curcas cake was inoculated with the fungi and then used to replace soybean meal in a formulated diet for West African Dwarf goats. The fungi Trichoderma ghanense was included at 0%, 4%, 2% level in diets A, B...

Seeds from Neem plants were ground and defatted to obtain the meal, the neem seed cake (NSC). The seed cake was fermented with two different fungi Aspergillus niger and Mucor mucedo. Proximate compositions as well as antinutrient factor of the treated cakes were analyzed. The results obtained reveals that the defatted Neem seed cake treated with A....

The aim of this study was to investigate the phytohormonal potential of eight selected tropical plants. Seeds of Tribulus terrestris, Mucuna pruriens, Myristica fragrans, Glycine maximum, leaves of Hyptis suaveolens, Allium cepa, root of Daucus carota and rhizomes of Dioscorea uillosa were evaluated for phytohormonal and metabolite constituents for...

Fifteen (15) West African Dwarf Bucks (WAD) of initial weights of 10kg were used in an experimental design to assess the effect of Myristica fragrans extract on the sexual function. They were subcutaneously administered 0.01, 0.02, 0.03ml/kg body weights of Myristica fragrans extract. The control and standard group were given 0.01ml/ kg body weight...

A study was conducted to compare the effect of different levels of Eucalyptus oil (EO) and Lemongrass oil (LO) on the shelf-life of fresh West African soft cheese (wara) in a completely randomized design model for a 28-day period (n=60). The experiment consists of Treatment A (Control, Cheese kept in the whey), Treatment B (75% EO + 25% LO) and Tre...

Oil obtained from Jatropha curcas seed was converted to methyl and ethyl esters using sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide as the catalyst. Physicochemical analyses of the resultant biodiesels were evaluated using a completely randomized design model. The methyl esters were also subjected to GC/MS analysis. Biodiesel yield obtained was in the r...

The study evaluates the efficacy of Jatropha curcas oil and Eucalyptus globulos oil in the treatment of Nine mange infected West African dwarf goat. The animals were randomized against the Treatments (A, B, C and D) in a Completely Randomized experiment for a 56 day period. Treatment A was the Control (without oil treatment), B was Ivomectin treate...

A study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and antinutritional qualities of fungi (Aspegillus niger and Mucor mucedo) treated Jatropha curcas seed cake. The experiment consist of three treatments thus A (Control, without fungi treatment) B (A. niger treated samples) and C (M. mucedo treated sample). The results revealed reduction in...

Thirty West African dwarf bucks with average initial weight of 10kg were used in the experiment to investigate the effect of varying levels of Tribulus terrestris extract on their sexual response. The extract was administered subcutaneously in different doses (0.01, 0.02 and 0.03ml/kg Bw), while the control and standard groups were given 0.01ml/kg...

Belewu, M.A. and Akinladenu, H.A 1998. A note on the apparent digestibility of rice husk and hatchery by-product meal based diets fed to west African dwarf goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 13: 197–200.

The proximate composition of the lemon grass and oil content were studied for the various physico-chemical properties such as- oil content, ash, moisture, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, free fatty acid (FFA), specific gravity, mean molecular mass (MMM), refractive index (RI), as per standard procedures. The fatty acid determination...

The effect of Omega-3-fatty-acid on performance was carried out in sixteen (16) West African Dwarf does between 12 to 18 months of age with an average weight of 10 kg. Supplementation of Omega-3-fattyacid was varied from 0 mg for control to 500, 1000 and 1500 mg for low, medium and high level (s), respectively. Blood samples were collected on days...

West African dwarf goats (n=12) were randomly divided into three groups of four goats each to evaluate the efficacy of cocktail of fungi blend treated Jatropha curcas kernel cake. Each group was randomly assigned one of the diets {A = Soybean cake based diet (control); B =50% cocktail of fungi blend treated Jatropha curcas kernel cake plus 50% soyb...

The efficacy of Lemon grass oil (Cymbopogon citrates), pure natural honey and whey in extending the shelf life of West African soft cheese was evaluated in a completely randomized design model. The treatments include Lemon grass oil (A). Pure natural honey (B); and the Control (Whey (C). The nutritional composition revealed increased dry matter con...

The oil and biodiesel produced from Nigerian and Indian Jatropha curcas seeds were evaluated using a parametric Student’s t-test model. The characteristics assessed include oil yield, specific gravity, density, acid value, free fatty acid, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, viscosity and flash point. The results revealed significan...

Lesser known tree leaf meal based diet was fed to West Africa dwarf goats (n = 28) in a completely randomized design model for a 56 day period. The lesser known tree leaves used includes Akee apple (Diet, A), Etanda africana (Diet B), Gliricidia sepium (Diet, C) and Adansonia digitata (Diet, D). The goats were housed in a metabolism cage; seven goa...

Nine West African dwarf goats were used to investigate the effect of bee wax residue meal on the lactation performance, feed intake and weight gain. Goats were fed a diet with or without bee wax residue meal in a completely randomized design model for a 156 day period. The three diets were A (control), B (1%) bee wax residue meal inclusion) C (3% b...

Feed blocks containing 45% of molasses (A) or cassava wastes (rind, peels, small tubers and some pulp) in substitution of 60(B), 80(C) or 100%(D) of molasses were offered as supplement to 16 West African, dwarf sheep (16±2.5kg initial, BW) fed ad libitum on Panicum maximum hay during a 10- week period. Feed intake, digestibility and growth performa...

The effects of the fungus, Trichoderma harzanium , treated cassava waste on milk quantity and quality were investigated in a completely randomized design model with twelve lactating West African dwarf does. Goats were fed the experimental diets containing O (A), 20 (B), 30 (C) and 40% (D) Trichoderma treated cassava waste during a 13 week lactation...

Six plants and spices were examined for their possible efficacy as medicinal plants in a completely randomized design model. The proximate composition of the samples showed greatest crude protein content for Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum, followed by Allium sativum and Citrus aurantifolia and then Khaya senegalensis and Zingiber offici...

Five fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus oligosporus, Rhizopus nigricans and Trichoderma longibrachitum) were used in the fermentation of Jatropha curcas kernel cake for a 7 days period in a completely randomized design model. The results revealed significant increase in the crude protein content of all the fungi treated sam...

Belewu, M.A., Muhammed, N.O., Ajayi, F.T. and Abdulgafar, D.T. 2009. Performance characteristics of goat fed Trichoderma treated feather meal-rice husk mixture. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 9: 203-208. Twelve West African Dwarf goats (10.0±3.5 kg BW) were devided into three equal groups in a completely randomized design model and fed for a...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of milk consumption in the diet of secondary school students in Ibadan North and Akinyele local government areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. Questionnaire was used to elicit information from the students and simple randomly sampling was used to select forty students each from public secondary s...

Worldwide, about 15 million children under the age of 18 years have been orphaned by HIV and AIDS of which 80% resides in Sub-Saharan Africa and in Nigeria, an estimated 1.5 million children are orphans. In Nigeria, there are about 5,040,000 births per annum of which 252,000 infants are born to HIV infected women exposed to risk of mother-to-child...

Fifteen weanling male West African Dwarf (WAD) goats (8-9 months old), of average initial live weight, 10.52 ± 0.87 kg were used to evaluate the effects of dietary cobalt supplements on feed intake, nitrogen retention and body weight gain while on low quality Panicum maximum hay (10.62 % CP) based diet. Three goat treatment groups offered oral supp...

Chemical composition, sensory perception and microbial quality were determined in untreated {A (0%), B (sorghum treated), C (Fried cheese) and honey treated cheese samples D (5%), E (10%) and F (15%)} in a completely randomized design model. The results revealed highest crude protein content for treatment F (15% honey) represents an increase over T...

A basal high fibre diet was formulated to contain 500g/kg DM sawdust-cassava waste mixture.Thus, Treatment 1 (T11) which was the control consisted of the basal diet without yeast culture. Treatments 2 (T 2) and 3 (T3) consisted of the basal diet plus 3g and 4g yeast culture, respectively. Fifteen lactating does were randomized against the experimen...

A study was conduced to evaluate the efficacy of cow milk (T1), Goat milk (T3) and coconut milk (T4) in the manufacturing of chocolate in a completely randomized design model (n=6). Chocolate prepared from, coconut milk (T4) was found to be highly nutritious followed closely by goat milk chocolate (T3), cow milk chocolate (T2) and the least was the...

Effects of feed intake, weight gain and digestibility when growing Red Sokoto goats consuming Aspergillus niger treated and untreated shea-butter cake (SBC) were determined. Twenty five Red Sokoto goats in a completely randomized design model with 56 d periods consumed diet A (control, without SBC), B (15% Aspergillus treated SBC), C (15% untreated...

Seeds of Adansonia digitata, Voandzeia subterranean (L.) Thouars, Bilighia sapida, Entada africana, Leucana leucocephala and Mucuna preta were evaluated for their nutritional quality and possible inclusion in ruminant diet. The seeds were analysed for their proximate composition, fibre fractions, mineral composition, energy value and the anti-nutri...

Effects of biological and physical treatments of feather meal was evaluated in a completely randomized design model. Different samples were prepared using fungus specie, Rhizopus oligosporus (T₁), batch hydrolyzer (T₂) and the untreated control (T₃). Feather meal was fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus in a solid st...

The effect of preparing kunnu from Tiger nut (A) Millet (B) and sorghum (C) on the proximate composition, mineral content and sensory qualities were evaluated in a completely randomized design model. The results revealed highest fat percentage for Tiger nut based kunnu (Treatment A) and poorest for millet based kunnu (Treatment C). The crude protei...

The efficacy of Tigernut seed meal in the diet of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats was evaluated in a completely randomized design model for a 56 day period. The diets consist of A (control, without Tigernut seed meal), B (10% Tigernut seed meal plus 28% wheat offal) and C (20% Tigernut seed meal plus 18% wheat offal). Other ingredients are of fixed...

Fifteen adult male West African Dwarf, WAD goats were used in an 84 -day dry matter and nutrient intake and digestibility, growth and nitrogen retention study to evaluate the leaf meals of Cassava, Leucaena and Gliricidia plants as protein supplements to low quality (7.63 % CP) Panicum maximum hay. The goats were divided into three groups balanced...

The effect of Cassava waste incubated with Aspergillus niger on the performance characteristics of WAD goats (n=12) was studied in a Completely Randomized Design Model for 56 days in which the untreated cassava waste was used as the control and the fungus treated waste was included in diets B, C and D (20, 30 and 40% levels respectively). The feed...

Milk of tiger nut (A), coconut (B) and soybean (C) were evaluated for their nutritional quality potentials and for possible inclusion in the preparation of various confectionary products. The milk were analyzed for the total solids, pH, protein, fat, titrable acidity, calcium and phosphorus contents. The results revealed a crude protein content of...

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of Trichoderma-treated cassava waste on the haemotology, reproductive and urinary parameters of West African dwarf (WAD) does. Twenty mature WAD does were allotted randomly to one four treatments using a completely randomized design arrangement. Does were individually fed the experimental diets containing 0...

The influence of fungus treatment on the biochemical composition and degradation patter of sawdust and cotton plant by-products (cotton burns and cotton gin trash) by Pleurotus sajor caju were evaluated. Lignin degradation increased as the incubation period progressed while the highest loss of hemicellulose, cellulose, acid detergent fibre, neutral...

Feeding trial was conducted with growing white albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) for 56 days to determine whether alkali (NaOH) or fungus (Mushroom) treatment of rice husk would affect rat's performance. The treated rice husk comprised 10% of the rat's diets, the rests of which were 50% maize, 20% soybeans, 19% sorghum brewer's dried grain (SBDG), 0....

Effects of feeding Aspergillus treated cassava wastes on haematological values, organs and carcass measurements of West African dwarf goats (WAD) were determined. Twelve West African dwarf goats (weighing between 2.8 and 5.4kg) in a completely randomized design (CRD) model with 56d periods consumed diets A (untreated cassava waste, 40%) and Aspergi...

Following the solid state fermentation of banana leaves (Musa sapientum lina) by lignin degrading mushroom (Volvariella volvacea), yield of fruiting bodies and compositional changes of the substrate were evaluated using a student parametric "T" test model. The biological efficiency was 5.21 while the total weight of fruit yield was 2.5 kg. The perc...

No abstractkeywords: Aspergillus treated cassava waste; goat; blood; carcass and organ parametersGlobal Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol. 11(3) 2005: 331-334

The effect of biological extracts on the storage qualities of West African soft cheese was evaluated in a completely randomized design model within a 15-day period. The control and the treated cheeses were stored under ambient temperature and assessed for the pH, titrable acidity, moisture content and crude protein. The pH and titrable acidity rose...

Nine pregnant West African dwarf (WAD) goats were fed untreated (control diet A with 30% inclusion level) and Aspergillus treated diet, B (10%) and diet C (20%) in total mixed rations. The effect of treatment was evaluated on feed intake, digestibility, BW and growth rate. Fungus-treated rice husk appeared to be well accepted by goats even when inc...

Target Audience: Local farmers, Livestock researchers, microbiologist The effect of three different strains of Azotobacter bacteria in solid substrate fermentation on cassava waste was evaluated. The substrate was incubated at 300c for 10 days inoculation with the Azotobacter bacteria species. One non-inoculated batch was incubated as a reference....

Milks from lactating West African dwarf goat and white Fulani cow were analysed for total protein, casein, whey protein, non protein nitrogen, Globulin and albumin and proteose peptone contents. Milk samples were from healthy goats and cows (n=24) in mid-lactation. The data were grouped and analysed as treatment 1 (Goat milk) and treatment 2 (cow m...

Studies were conducted to evaluate corn cob and waste paper cultured with edible mushroom (Pleurotus sajor) as a mean of improving their nutritive value for livestock animals. Waste paper and corn cob were 14.2 and 47.7% DM respectively. Crude fibre degradation was 25.0% for corn cob and 7.21% for waste paper which was intermediate to 34.0 and 10.3...