Montserrat Martín

• Doctor of Psychology
• Professor at University of Santiago de Compostela

This paper sought to study the influence of pragmatic factors in conditional reasoning. We manipulated: (a) the probability of empirical occurrence of the relation between antecedent and consequent of conditionals (deterministic conditionals, probabilistic conditionals and those without any relation); (b) the pragmatic function of the premises (cau...

"This book is a collection of the papers presented at the Symposium on Mental Models in Reasoning, which took place in Madrid in November of 1998. This occasion enabled the Spanish experts in reasoning to meet with some of their European colleagues with the common aim to celebrate the award by the Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED...

The importance of pragmatic aspects in conditional reasoning was assessed in the performance of 54 subjects (26 female and 28 male; mean age 17.6 years) on 48 conditional inference problems, using a 3 x 2 x 4 design, with repeated measurements. The independent variables were probability of empirical frequency in the real world, type of conditional...

ABSTRACT Investigations on heuristics and biases have had a great impact on the study of reasoning and related higher cognitive processes, such as judgment and decision making. Specifically, the research in cognitive psychology of reasoning has revealed that people frequently activate mental shortcuts, or heuristics, to make inferences. These are...

Abstract Being able to create new information from already existing premises is the essence of human reasoning. This paper focuses on one of the most important experimental tasks that have been used to study how people make inferences: the THOG problem (Wason, 1977, 1978; Wason & Brooks, 1979). It is a hypothetico-deductive reasoning problem in wh...

El estudio de los procesos cognitivos: Perspectiva histórica, Métodos de investigación en Psicología Cognitiva. Marco conceptual de la Psicología Cognitiva. Psicología Cognitiva y Ciencia Cognitiva. Presupuestos teóricos de la Psicología Cognitiva. Metapostulado computacional. Metapostulado logicista./ COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE,...

Peter Wason (1966, 1968) designed one of the experimental tasks most used by the cognitive psychologists to study how subjects reason: the selection task. The main objective of this work is to present some of the experimental studies on this task that there have analyzed the role of semantic and pragmatic variables, such as the content of the rule,...

One of the cognitive processes which has generated more research within the framework of the psychology of thinking is human reasoning. Troughout the history of the Psychology of reasoning one of the experimental tasks most frequently used to study how the subjects reason and why they make mistakes in the Wason's selection task or the four card pro...

RESUMEN En esta investigación experimental se analiza la importancia de factores de tipo temático y pragmático en tareas de inferencia condicional, incluidas en textos narrativos, que describen situaciones plausibles de la vida cotidiana. Se manipula el tipo de contenido (causal versus promesa/amenaza), la congruencia de los textos (congruente vers...

The purpose of this investigation is to explore the importance of thematic and pragmatic factors in conditional inference tasks, included in narrative texts, which described plausible everyday situations. Content type (causal versus promise/ threat), text coherence (coherent versus non-coherent), the probability of empiric occurrence in conditional...

En los últimos años se han planteado dos alternativas teóricas que explican, desde perspectivas contrapuestas, la influencia del conocimiento en el razonamiento humano (1) Teoría de reglas y (2) Teoría de modelos mentales. Desde la teoría de reglas se defiende que el razonamiento humano se basa en la activación de una serie de reglas formales unive...

This paper sought to study the influence of pragmatic factors in conditional reasoning. We manipulated: (a) the probability of empirical occurrence of the relation between antecedent and consequent of conditionals (deterministic conditionals, probabilistic conditionals and those without any relation); (b) the pragmatic function of the premises (cau...

En este trabajo se estudia la influencia de variables de tipo pragmático en razonamiento condicional. Se manipuló: (a) la probabilidad de ocurrencia empírica de la relación entre el antecedente y el consecuente de los enunciados condicionales (determinista, probabilístico y ninguna relación); (b) la función pragmática de las premisas (causal, tempo...

The object of this study is to analyse the evolution of the subject the Psychology of Thinking from the previous Psychology degree curriculum of the University of Santiago de Compostela, up to the present Bologna Process. It is based on a study of Psychology degree curricula in twenty seven spanish universities (Carretero, Asensio & Valiña, 1998; V...

Estructura formal del silogismo. Paradigmas experimentales. Efecto atmósfera. Efecto del contenido. Sesgo de creencias. Modelos teóricos

Planteamientos tweóricos en razonamiento. Razonamiento formal vs. razonamiento pragmático. Planteamientos teóricos. Sesgos y heurísticos en razonamiento. Racionalidad y razonamiento pragmático

This study examined the following issues: 1) The relation among different measures in psychometric ability tests (verbal comprehension and reasoning), computerized measure of comprehension skills and the subjects' performance in experimental task of conditional reasoning, 2) whether or not good and poor comprehenders sistematically differ in their...

In this paper was present a review of the literature of one of the experimental task formulated originally three decades ago by Peter Wason: The THOG problem

Recent investigations show that people's differential performance when solving reasoning tasks is due to differences not only at computational level, but also at the rational or intentional level. This study is within the framework of this context and it specifically analyses individual differences in hypothetic-deductive reasoning, taking into acc...

En: Psicothema Oviedo 2007, v. 19, n.2, mayo ; p. 206-211 Investigaciones recientes señalan que la ejecución diferencial de las personas cuando resuelven tareas de razonamiento se debe no sólo a diferencias a nivel computacional, sino también a nivel racional o intencional. Este trabajo se enmarca en este contexto y en él, concretamente, se analiza...

El silogismo como tarea experimental. Paradigmas esperimentales en el razonamiento silogístico. Revisión investigaciones empíricas. Efecto del contenido en razonamiento silogístico

Aproximaciones teóricas al estudio del razonamiento humano. Razonamiento formal vs. razonamiento pragmático. Sesgos en razonamiento pragmático

The study forms part of a wider projet aimed at investigating relationship between cognitive skills and performance on experimental reasoning (Stanovich, 1999; Stanovich & West 1998). This study aims to replicate and expand our previous studies of individual differences, both in conditional reasoning (Seoane, Valiña, Ferraces & Martín 1997; Valiña,...

Discusses the study of thinking as it has been influenced by the development of psychology as a science. The differents schools of thinking have helped to define the study of human thinking. The authors analyze how the study of human thinking has evolved with reference to the history of Psychology, indicating the main lines of development that has...

La investigación sobre razonamiento disyuntivo tiene por objeto estudiar cómo los sujetos comprenden y razonan a partir de disyunciones, analizando qué variables pueden modular la ejecución. Una de las tareas experimentales más utilizadas en el estudio de la disyunción, el problema THOG. Se trata de una tarea de metainferencia que requiere la formu...

Uno de los principales objetivos de la Psicología del Razonamiento es analizar cómo razonan los sujetos y por qué cometen errores. El estudio psicológico de la disyunción ha destacado la naturaleza polisémica y flexible de una expresión disyuntiva. La investigación sobre razonamiento disyuntivo parece indicar que el contenido y el contexto de los e...

Prólogo de Manuel de Vega. Perspectiva histórica de la Psicología Cognitiva. Métodos utilizados por la Psicología Cognitiva. Metapostulados de la Psicología Cognitiva

In this study we explore the relation between different measures in psychometric ability tests (verbal comprehension and reasoning) and performance in Wason's selection task (Wason 1966, 1968). We also examined whether or not good and poor verbal comprehenders, according to a Spanish version of Gernsbacher's Battery Comprehension, differ in their p...

This experiment exolores the influence of thematic content, the presence or absence of a scenario and the use of deontic or indicaive framing of conditional rules on performance on Wason´s selection task. Logical performance was affected by the content used(permission rules were the best, neutral the worst and obligation rules intermediate) and by...

This experiment explore the influence of thematic content, the presence or absence of a scenario and the use of deontic of indicative framing of conditional rules on performance on Wason's selection task. Logical performance was affected by the content used (permission rule were the best, neutral the worst and obligate the intermediate) and by the...

Este experimento estudia el efecto de la accesibilidad del escenario, el tipo de instrucciones (verificación/falsación vs. infracción) y el orden de presentación sobre la ejecución de los sujetos con diferentes versiones de la tarea de selección de Wason. Cada sujeto recibía tres problemas que se correspondían con tres contenidos diferentes de la r...

This experiment explore the role of pragmatic knowledge in conditional reasoning. Conditional reasoning problems were presented in the context of narrative texts about scenarios of daily life, withe the same procedure used in previous experiments about syllogistic reasoning (VALIÑA Y DE VEGA, 1988). Significant differences were registered in the ty...

Estudio de los procesos cognitivos. Perspectiva histórica. Paradigma cognitivo.Metodos de investigación en Psicología Cognitiva. Paradigmas experimentales. Simulación. Psicología Cognitiva y Ciencia cognitiva. Presupuestos teóricos. Metapostulados de la Psicología Cognitiva

Este experimento estudia el efecto de la accesibilidad del escenario, el tipo de instrucciones (verificación/falsación vs. infracción) y el orden de presentación sobre la ejecución de los sujetos con diferentes versiones de la tarea de selección de Wason. Cada sujeto recibía tres problemas que se correspondían con tres contenidos diferentes de la r...

The purpose of this paper is to study pragmatic reasoning in conditional inference tasks, Two experiments were performed, in which the subjects ought to choose among alternative responses, rating their confidence in their choice. The linguistic form of sentences ("if...then" or "whenever...") and the negativity of antecedent vs consequent was manip...

In this article the role of pragmatic knowledge in conditional reasoning was investigated. We explored the importance of: a) probability of empirical ocurrence expressed in the conditional sentences (deterministic, probablisistic or without relation, b) availability of the scenarios of daily life (available vs. non available professions), c) congru...

Este experimento estudia el efecto diferencial del contenido de la regla y de las instrucciones sobre la habilidad de los sujetos para resolver la tarea de selección de Wason. 384 estudiantes resolvieron una versión de dicha tarea experimental (versión abstracta o una regla condicional temática), así como dos tests psicométricos (DAT-VR y PMA-E). L...