
Monther A. Khanfar- Dr. rer nat, Prof. Dr.
- Professor at University of Sharjah
Monther A. Khanfar
- Dr. rer nat, Prof. Dr.
- Professor at University of Sharjah
About
114
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Introduction
Monther A. Khanfar currently works at the Department of Chemistry, University of Jordan. Monther does research in Supramolecular Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry. Their current project is 'Natural Products'.
Current institution
Additional affiliations
September 2020 - present
April 2018 - September 2020
February 2005 - present
Publications
Publications (114)
C19H14ClFN2O2, triclinic, P $\bar{1}$ (no. 2), a = 8.9893(3) Å, b = 9.5324(3) Å, c = 10.1917(4) Å, α = 95.1780(10)°, β = 96.5320(1)°, γ = 116.3930(10)°, V = 767.42(5) ų, Z = 2, R gt (F) = 0.0355, wR ref (F²) = 0.0966, T = 100(2) K.
We reported for the first time the establishment of a simple, room-temperature synthesis protocol for the new organic-inorganic hybrid salt of cyclohexylammonium hexaisothiocyanatoferrate(III) 2.5H2O, which was found a convenient single-source precursor for the synthesis of nanocrystalline iron oxide or sulfide. The formation of this salt was spect...
A new thieno[2,3-b][1,4]dithiine-1,1-dioxide was prepared via intramolecular cycloaddition reaction between methyl β-sulfonyl ester of thiophene and carbon disulfide (CS 2) or ethoxycabonyl isothiocyanate. A new compound methyl 2-((2,5-dichlorothiophen-3-yl)sulfonyl) acetate as methyl β-sulfonyl ester was prepared via interaction between methyl 2-b...
C12H9Br2N3O3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.0255(5) Å, b = 14.9112(5) Å, c = 10.9438(5) Å, β = 109.223(5)°, V = 1390.71(12) ų, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0482, wRref(F²) = 0.0948, T = 293(2) K.
The reaction of N′’(aryl)benzothiohydrazides with 2-chloro-6-((substituted)amino)-3-nitro-4-oxo-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-5-carboxylate (13-15) under basic conditions (NEt3) in acetonitrile proceeds via thiophene ring-opening processes and yields, upon addition of iodomethane, the respective 1,3,4-thiadiazoline-6-sulfanylthiopyran-4(1H)-one hybrids...
C22H14Br3N7S, H2O, triclinic, P 1 ‾ $\overline{1}$ (no. 2), a = 8.9098(17) Å, b = 9.422(2) Å, c = 15.702(4) Å, α = 86.453(9)°, β = 78.382(7)°, γ = 69.477(7)°, V = 1209.1(5) ų, Z = 2, Rgt (F) = 0.0315, wRref (F ²) = 0.0802, T = 100(2) K.
Abstract: Background: A direct synthesis of functionalized dimethyl fumarate derivatives of 2-
(2-((E)-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl) is achieved via one-pot reaction involving 2-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole and appropriate isatin in the presence of DMAD.
Methods: Conversely, this one-pot reaction furnished, upon conductio...
A series of new pyridine-1,2,4-triazole-tagged 1,2,3-triazole hybrid molecules were obtained. The new compounds were synthesized via click chemistry of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiopropargyl compounds and various azides. All compounds were fully characterized through their spectroscopic analyses. Furthermore, cytotoxic activity was assessed by screening ag...
C20H28N2OS, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 6.7356(10) Å, b = 10.8739(15) Å, c = 13.245(2) Å, α = 75.580(7)°, β = 78.612(7)°, γ = 87.564(7)°, V = 921.0(2) ų, Z = 2, R gt(F) = 0.0796, wR ref(F ²) = 0.2666, T = 100(2) K.
C26H22CuN4O4, triclinic, P1⁻ (no. 2), a = 9.142(3) Å, b = 10.794(3) Å, c = 12.718(4) Å, α = 69.308(11)°, β = 81.326(10)°, γ = 76.862(10)°, V = 1139.9(6) ų, Z = 2, Rgt (F) = 0.0666, wRref (F ²) = 0.1966, T = 100(2) K.
4-((4-(1-benzyl-2-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole-5-yl)piperazine-1-yl)methyl)-1-substituted-1H-1,2,3-triazole motifs are designed and synthesized via click chemistry. The reaction of 1-(N1-benzyl- 2-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole- 5-yl)-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yl) piperazine 5 as new scaffold with diverse primary azides to selectively produce 1,4-disubstituted-1,...
The development of robust and step-economic strategies to access structurally diverse drug-like compound collections remains a challenge. A distinct structural option that constitutes the core scaffold of many biologically significant molecules is the quinazolinone ring system. Several members of this family of privileged substructures have gained...
The discovery of novel small molecules endowed with high 3D‐content remains a powerful tool for interrogating underrepresented biological space. To this end, the pseudo‐natural products (pseudo‐NP) strategy has become one of the most important tools to deliver biologically significant chemical probes. In this article, we describe the development of...
Azepino[3,4,5‐cd]indole derivatives represent the core scaffold of important natural products and biologically relevant compounds. Therefore, the establishment of step‐ and atom‐economic strategies to access this class of compounds is of paramount importance. To this end, complexity‐to‐diversity (CtD) strategy has become one of the most important t...
The de novo assembly of stereochemically and skeletally diverse scaffolds is a powerful tool for the discovery of novel chemotypes. Hence, the development of modular, step- and atom-economic synthetic methods to access stereochemically and skeletally diverse compound collection is particularly important. Herein, we show a metal-free, stereodivergen...
A one-pot, metal-free, light-driven [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction is described by accessing a diverse collection of chromeno[4,3-b]quinoline and chromeno[4,3-b][1,8]naphthyridine scaffolds in a diastereoselective manner. This process delivered stereoisomers, which were challenging to produce by an inverse-demand Diels-Alder reaction. The tetracyclic...
An efficient synthesis of novel spiro[2-oxobenzofuran-3,3'-pyrrolines] is achieved via a three-component 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition reaction at rt involving benzofuran-2,3-diones, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate along with imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine, or imidazo[1,5-a]quinolone or imidazo[1,5-a]isoquinoline. The expected isomeric benzofuro[3,2-f]oxazepin...
This study reports the synthesis of seven new 8-amino-7-(aryl/hetaryl)fluoroquinolones and their antibacterial activity against 10 bacteria associated with microbial infections and foodborne illnesses. These fluoroquinolones are prepared via the reactions of selected aryl(hetaryl)boronic acids with ethyl-7chloro-6-fluoro-8-nitroquinolone-3-carboxyl...
Piperazine-tagged imidazole derivatives 3a (symmetrical di-substituted piperazine) and 5–11 were synthesized through the combination of 4-nitroimidazole derivatives with piperazine moiety. The structural characterization was done by different physical and spectral techniques like NMR (1H and 13C) and mass spectrometry. The constituency of compound...
Background
A direct synthesis of functionalized spiro[oxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines] is achieved via thermodynamic control (~60 oC), three-component 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition reaction involving 3-phenylimidazo[5,1-a]isoquinoline, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and N-alkylisatins. Methods: Conversely, this one-pot reaction furnished, upon conduction at...
C18H21N5O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 4), a = 10.0914(6) Å, b = 11.8919(7) Å, c = 15.545(1) Å, β = 102.321(6)°, V = 1822.5(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0503, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1419, T = 293(2) K.
5-(Diethylammoniothio)-1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (8) was obtained in good yield from the reaction of 5-bromo-1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (5) and 1,3-diethylthiourea. The obtained product has been characterized using different techniques including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR, MS and NMR spectroscopy. For this reaction, a detailed comput...
The title compound, C20H17N5O2, crystallizes with three independent molecules (A, B and C) in the asymmetric unit with almost identical geometrical parameters. The molecules are far from planar as a result of steric repulsion between the rings. In the crystal, the A, B and C molecules are linked by a pair of C—H∙∙∙O and one C—H∙∙∙N hydrogen bonds f...
A new series of furan-2-carboxamide and 5-bromofuran-2-carboxamide derivatives have been prepared in good yields using simple procedures. Our strategy was to synthesize compounds containing functional groups that are known to exhibit significant bioactivity, such as amide (8–15), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (8a–15a), and thiosemicarbazone (8b– 15b)....
We present a divergent strategy that permits access to diversely functionalized benzoxazepinium scaffolds fused to various heterocycles. The described strategy features a one-pot combination of the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction and an aza-Michael addition. Methyl (E)-4-(2-formylphenoxy)but-2-enoate and its derivatives are utilized as central...
A selected set of new N1-(indan-5-yl)amidrazones 4a-p, encompassing piperazines or related amines, has been prepared via interaction of the hydrazonoyl chloride 3 (derived from 5-aminoindane) with the appropriate sec-cyclic amine in the presence of triethyl amine. Their suggested structures are supported by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, high resolution MS (...
Nitrogen and Oxygen Medium-rings, in particular 9-membered rings, epitomize a unique area of chemical space that occur in many natural products and biologically appealing compounds. The scarcity of 8- to 12-membered rings among clinically approved drugs is indicative of the difficulties associated with their synthesis, principally owed to unfavorab...
A novel series of aminoacetylenic indole and carbazole hybrid compounds had been prepared via a three‐component reaction system in which a mannich type reaction was used in the coupling of propargylic indole or carbazole with cyclic amines and formaldehyde in the presence of Cu(I) catalyst. A side product of the self‐coupling reaction of propargyli...
Four new complexes derived from adamantly containing hydrazone (APH) ligand with Cu(II) (1), Co(II) (2), Ni(II) (3) and Zn(II) (4), have been synthesized and characterized using different physicochemical methods. The structure of the ligand APH and its copper complex 1 have been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction direct methods, which...
C15H17N 3 O4S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 8.7938(5) Å, b = 10.3071(4) Å, c = 18.0413(7) Å, β = 79.704(5)°, V = 1608.91(13) Å 3 , Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0535, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1447, T = 293(2) K.
A Selected set of 2-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,3-oxazepino[7,6- b ]indoles 4a–d and dihydroacenaphtho[1,2- f ][1,3]oxazepine 5 have been prepared via 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition reaction involving 1-phenylimidazo[1,5- a ]quinoline, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, and N -(substituted)isatins or acenaphthoquinone. Structures of the new heterocycles 4a–d and 5...
The design and synthesis of a quality compound library containing a small number of skeletally diverse scaffolds, whose members rapidly deliver new chemical probes active against multiple phenotypes, is paramount in drug discovery. In this context, an efficient one-pot strategy for the synthesis of a mini library of sp3 enriched hexahydropyrido[2',...
A new series of substituted pryrrolobenzimidazoles have been prepared via regioselective displacement of chlorine atom from dichloropyrrolobenzimidazoles with various amine nucleophiles. The dichloro compounds were obtained from the reaction of ortho phenylene diamine compounds with dichloromaleic anhydride.
C 21 H 19 ClFN 3 O 2 S, monoclinic, P 2 1 / n (no. 14), a = 10.1495(4) Å, b = 8.9769(5) Å, c = 22.1431(10) Å, β = 99.901(4)°, V = 1987.43(16) Å ³ , Z = 4, Rgt ( F ) = 0.0473, wRref ( F² ) = 0.1418, T = 293(2) K.
Pentyl 2-(1H-indole-2-carboxamido)benzoate (5) is obtained in good yield as stable crystals by reaction of pentyl 2-amino benzoate (6) with indole-2-carbonyl chloride acid (7) in the presence of pyridine. The crystal structure of 5 confirms the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding (N-H…O) which produces a six-membered ring, and the molecules...
The development of efficient and modular synthetic methods for the synthesis of diverse collection of privileged substructures needed for a drug design and discovery campaign, is highly desirable. Benzoxazepine and indolopyrazine ring systems form the core structures of distinct members of biologically significant molecules. Several members of thes...
Octahydroindolo[2,3-a]quinolizine ring system forms the basic framework comprised of more than 2000 distinct family members of natural products. Despite the potential applications of this privileged substructure in drug discovery, efficient, atom-economic and modular strategies for its assembly, is underdeveloped. Here we show a one-step build/ cou...
Two new monoterpenes, varthemic acid I (1) and varthemic acid II (2), in addition to 12 known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Varthemia iphionoides (Asteraceae family) growing wild in Jordan. Structural elucidation of all isolated compounds was performed utilizing extensive spectroscopic data including UV, IR, MS, and NMR (1 & 2D)...
A copper complex with square planar geometry, [(L)CuBr2] (1), (L = N′-(furan-2-ylmethylene)adamantne-1-carbohydrazide) has been synthesized and characterized by Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal of 1 is solved as monoclinic, space group P21/m with...
The synthesis and characterization of a novel triazine anion pentafluoroosmium(VI) complex are presented. The single crystal determination of the title compound (hereafter denoted 1) was carried out at −140 °C. Compound 1, C3F4N3OsF5, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/n, with unit cell dimensions: a = 8.6809(17) Å, b = 7.6848(15) Å, c...
A selected set of N1-(4-chloro-9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)amidrazones (7a–n) has been synthesized by reacting the respective hydrazonoyl chloride 5 derived from 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (3), with an appropriate sec-cyclic amine (6a–n) in ethanol in the presence of triethylamine. Unexpectedly, aromatic ring chlorination occurred at C-4 of 3 during its con...
While some fluorinated benzene cations have been detected quite some time ago, usually by EPR spectroscopy, only in the last few years have their isolation and structural elucidation been advanced. The state of knowledge about di-cations is very limited.
Three new seco-ursadiene triterpenoids 1–3 together with 11 known compounds were isolated from Salvia syriaca of Jordanian origin. The compounds were identified by using NMR spectroscopy including extensive 2D NMR experiments and mass spectrometry. The structure of compound 3 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography, and the information thus obtained...
One-electron oxidation of two series of diaryldichalcogenides (C6F5E)2 (13a-c) and (2,6-Mes2C6H3E)2 (16a-c) was studied (E = S, Se, Te). The reaction of 13a and 13b with AsF5 and SbF5 gave rise to the formation of thermally unstable radical cations [(C6F5S)2]•+ (14a) and [(C6F5Se)2]•+ (14b) that were isolated as [Sb2F11]– and [As2F11]– salts, respe...
New model 1,2,4-triazino[6,5-h]quinolines 8a - c are prepared by oxidative cyclization of the respective N-(quinolin-8-yl)amidrazone precursors 7a - c using copper(II) chloride. Interestingly, the cyclized products 8a - c were found to be arylated at N1 position. Analytical and spectral (MS, NMR) data of the title products are in compliance with th...
Ethyl 7,8-diamino-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (6) and its free acid 7 are prepared by chemical reduction of the respective 7-azido-8-nitroquinoline 5. Consecutive nucleophilic addition and cyclocondensation reactions of 6 with α-acetyl-N-arylhydrazonoyl chlorides 8a - c in ethanol and triethylamine are site-selec...
Abstract An X-ray diffraction study along with crystal supramolecular analysis of 3-(3-nitrothien-2-yl)indole, I, were carried out. The crystals are orthorhombic; C12H8N2O2S; M = 244.26; a = 13.3286 (6) Å, b = 7.5109 (4) Å, c = 21.8144 (9) Å; α = β = γ = 90°; V = 2183.83 (18) Å3, d c = 1.486 g/cm3, Z = 8, space group Pbca. The crystal structure of...
A microwave-assisted protocol for the synthesis of triazine-indole derivatives is presented.
Lithium complexes were prepared with phenylphosphinic and phenylphosphonic acids. The complexes were studied in the solid state using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy and in solution (methanol) using 1H, 13C, and 31P Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) spectroscopy; the most preferred structures of the complexes were d...
The benzene cation radicals [C6F5-CF3]+, [1,4-C6F4(CF3)2]+, [1,2,4,5-C6H2Cl4]+, [C6F5-C6F5]+, and [C6Br6]+ have been obtained as salts with fluoroarsenic and fluoroantimony counterions. Their structures have been obtained by single-crystal structure determinations, and supported by ESR measurements and DFT calculations. [C6F5-CF3]+, [1,4-C6F4(CF3)2...
In the title compound, C17H13NO2, the dihedral angle between the plane of the carboxy group and the quinoline mean plane is 45.05 (13)°, and that between the toluene ring mean plane and the quinoline mean plane is 25.29 (7)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked via O—H⋯.N hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along the b-axis direction. Thes...
The halogenated benzenes C(6)HF(5), 2,4,6-C(6)H(3)F(3), 2,3,5,6-C(6)H(2)F(4), C(6)F(6), C(6)Cl(6), C(6)Br(6), and C(6)I(6) were converted into their corresponding cation radicals by using various strong oxidants. The cation-radical salts were isolated and characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and by single-crystal X-ra...
The Ru(II) complexes cis-[Ru(L)Cl2] (C1–C3) of novel tetradentate NSNN ligands (L) {where L is C5H4N–CH2–S–C6H4NC(COCH3)–NN–C6H4X, and X is H (L1), CH3 (L2) and Br (L3)}, were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopy (IR, UV/vis and NMR), cyclic voltammetry and crystallography. The tetradentate ligands were isolated as the amidrazones H2L {whe...
In the title compound, [RuCl2(C5H14N2)(C18H15P)2], the RuII atom is six-coordinated, forming a slightly distorted octahedral geometry, with two chloride ions in an axial arrangement, and two P atoms of two triphenylphosphane and two chelating N atoms of the bidentate 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine ligand located in the equatorial plane. The averag...
In the title compound, [RuCl2(C5H14N2)(C18H15P)2], the RuII atom is six-coordinated, forming a slightly distorted octahedral geometry, with two chloride ions in an axial arrangement, and two P atoms of two triphenylphosphane and two chelating N atoms of the bidentate 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine ligand located in the equatorial plane. The ave...
A convenient one-pot synthesis of 1-alkyl-7-chloro-6-flouro-3-nitro-1,4-dihydro-4-quinolones is described via nitro-decarboxylation of the respective 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid precursors. Reduction of the former 3-nitroquinolones delivered the corresponding 3-aminoquinolones, envisaged as valuable synthons in drug research.
ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A convenient one-pot synthesis of 1-alkyl-7-chloro-6-flouro-3-nitro-1,4-dihydro-4-quinolones is described via nitro-decarboxylation of the respective 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid precursors. Reduction of the former 3-nitroquinolones delivered the corresponding 3-aminoquinolones, envisaged as valuable synthons in drug research.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C21H18ClN3O2S, contains two molecules in which the bond lengths and angles are almost identical. Intramolecular N—H...S hydrogen bonds result in the formation of two five-membered rings. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers; these di...
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C21H18ClN3O2S, contains two molecules in which the bond lengths and angles are almost identical. Intramolecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds result in the formation of two five-membered rings. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers; these di...
Synthesis of 1,3,5-tris(4′-bromobutyl)benzene has been achieved by means of two step reaction. This compound reacts with ethyl diphenylphosphonic ester to form phosphoryl oxide which transformed to tertiary phosphine ligand. Employing the high dilution method from the ligand and Cl2Pt(NCPh)2 a cage compound is formed.
AbstractA series of ethyl 2-(substituted)-9-cyclopropyl-4-fluoro-6-oxo-1H-imidazo[4,5-h]quinoline-7-carboxylates has been prepared from ethyl 7,8-diamino-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate via thermally induced
reactions with model alkanoic acids or via microwave-assisted cyclocondensation with some arene carboxaldehydes. Acid-catalysed
hydrolysis...
New model 1,2,4-triazino[6,5-h]quinolines 8a – c are prepared by oxidative cyclization of the respective N-(quinolin-8-yl)amidrazone precursors 7a – c using copper(II) chloride. Interestingly, the cyclized products 8a – c were found to be arylated at N1 position. Analytical and spectral (MS, NMR) data of the title products are in compliance with th...
Ethyl 7,8-diamino-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (6) and its free acid 7 are prepared by chemical reduction of the respective 7-azido-8-nitroquinoline 5. Consecutive nucleophilic addition and cyclocondensation reactions of 6 with α-acetyl-N-arylhydrazonoyl chlorides 8a - c in ethanol and triethylamine are site-selec...
A series of ruthenium complexes of the general composition [(η6-arene)(N ∩ N)Ru(X)](Y)n, (arene = p-Me-iPr-C6H4, C6Me6; N ∩ N = bipy, phen, 6,6′-diamino-2,2′-bipyridine, 2,9-diamino-1,10-phenanthroline; X = Cl, H, H2O; Y = Cl, OTf) was synthesized and the new compounds exhaustively structurally characterized by standard techniques (NMR, IR, element...
In the structure of the title compound, C19H16N2O3·H2O, the configuration with respect to the C=N double bond is trans. The molecules form layers parallel to the ac plane, linked to each other by water molecules and OH groups, which are extended along the b axis involving the NH groups of adjacent molecules via N—H⋯OH2 interactions, thus resultin...
Three distinct N—H⋯O,N interactions connect molecules of the title compound, C5H9N5O2, into a supramolecular assembly. The molecules are stacked in columns along the b axis. In this arrangement, the molecules are linked to each other by four two-center hydrogen bonds in an R⁴2(12) ring motif. The N—H⋯O,N interactions have D⋯A distances rangin...
Ethyl 9-cyclopropyl-4-fluoro-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro[ 1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-h]quinoline-7-carboxylate N(3)-oxide (3) is synthesized via pyrolysis of the 7-azido-8-nitroquinoline-3-carboxylate precursor (6). Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the product (3) afforded the corresponding carboxylic acid (4), of which structures are confirmed by spectroscopic means...
Effects of kreysigine isolated from Colchicum decaisnea Boiss on rat ileal smooth muscles and intestinal motility were studied. Kreysigine caused a significant dose dependent relaxant effect (EC<SUB>50 </SUB>5.7x10<SUP>-5</SUP> M) on rat ileal smooth muscles. The relaxant effects of the kreysigine were not affected by pretreatment with propranolol,...
For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A simple high-yielding procedure is presented for the synthesis of pyrazolopyrimidinones overcoming limitations found in earlier work and of considerable utility for the production of intermediates for potential phosphodiesterase inhibitors.