Monica BUTNARIU

• Chemist, PhD/ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2032-5000 /
• Professor (Full) at University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara, 300645, Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania

The objective of the study was to summarize the methods for isolating and identifying natural sulfur compounds from Allium ursinum (ramson) and to discuss the active constituents with regard to antifungal action. Using chromatographic techniques, the active constituents were isolated and subsequently identified. Analyses by high-performance liquid...

This study aimed to quantify the active biological compounds in C. officinalis flowers. Based on the active principles and biological properties of marigolds flowers reported in the literature, we sought to obtain and characterize the molecular composition of extracts prepared using different solvents. The antioxidant capacities of extracts were as...

This study aimed to quantify the allelopathic potential of Datura stramonium (Jimson weed). Sorghum halepense (Johnsongrass) tolerance was assessed by germinating, seed and growing seedlings, dosing of photo-synthesis pigments, followed by treatment with D. stramonium extract tropane alkaloids. Preliminary chemical analysis of the extracts showed t...

The use of natural products based on aqueous extract of propolis and lycopene in the skin's protective mechanisms against UVA radiation was evaluated by means of experimental acute inflammation on rat paw edema. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the harmlessness of propolis - lycopene system through evaluation of skin level changes and a...

Volatile oils are complex mixtures of aliphatic, aromatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, esters and other constituents in which compounds from the terpenoid class predominate. They have a characteristic, aromatic and pleasant smell. They are liquids that can be carried by water vapor. The name volatile oils is appropriate beca...

Osteoporosis, a metabolic disorder distinguished by decreased bone density and degradation of bone tissue microarchitecture, is a silent disease that evolves without any clinical symptoms or signs. An individual may not be aware of osteoporosis until a fracture occurs. The lifetime risk of osteoporosis is estimated to be between 10 and 20%. The dis...

Laetrile, known as vitamin B17, is often used interchangeably with amygdalin. Laetrile is a semi‐synthesis product of amygdalin, whereas amygdalin is a naturally occurring substance in many plants. Both compounds have a nitrile functional group that, when activated by the intestinal enzyme β‐glucosidases, releases hydrogen cyanide. The two compound...

Heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils has become an important issue due to the variety of sources, their persistence in the environment, and their ability to accumulate throughout the food chain. Lead is one of the heavy metals that affects many physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters of plants and has been reported to induce...

Water is the basic molecule in living beings, and it has a major impact on vital processes. Plants are sessile organisms with a sophisticated regulatory network that regulates how resources are distributed between developmental and adaptation processes. Drought‐stressed plants can change their survival strategies to adapt to this unfavorable situat...

The loss of germination, viability, and vigor of seeds under storage conditions are the main causes of the need to multiply the seed material for leguminous crops. For crop establishment, seeds obtained in propagation fields are usually used, and the coating comes from the basic seed. In the case of leguminous species, the seeds quickly lose their...

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin obtained from two classes of compounds: preformed natural vitamin A: retinol and its compounds; and precursors of vitamin A (provitamin A): beta carotene and related compounds or vitamin A (retinol, retinyl esters), and provitamin A carotenoids such as alpha-carotene and beta-carotene that are converted to retinol...

The fundamental problem in the field of human nutrition puts more and more emphasis on the prophylactic role of nutrition in ensuring health and especially to avoid metabolic imbalances that may occur in the body. Nutrient substances found in food must be utilized according to the physiological requirements of the body, its real needs based on the...

Studies exploring allelopathic interactions have developed greatly over time, benefiting from the efforts of large teams of specialists and increasingly efficient biochemical investigation techniques, which have improved the identification of allelopathic compounds and completed the knowledge of their nature, biosynthesis and mode of action accepti...

The medicinal plant flowers (MPFs) have been used for centuries for their healing properties, playing a crucial role in natural treatments. They can be used in various forms, each method extracting the specific benefits of the plants to treat or improve different health problems. By integrating these herbs into your health and personal care regimen...

The active principles from the medicinal plants are what give the quality of the product. They determine its purgative, emollient, expectorant, choleretic, carminative, antidiabetic, purgative, laxative, etc. characteristics, which we read about in the properties. The role of active principles can be played by a single substance or a complex of sub...

Specific dopaminergic receptors, distinct from the classic alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors, are found in the central and peripheral nervous system and in some non-neuronal tissues. Two types of dopaminergic receptors have different functions and different second messengers. Dopamine is a potent agonist for both types of receptors; the action of...

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural antibiotics, synthesized by ribosomes, with an effect on the natural immunity of animal organisms. AMPs differ in composition [sequence and type of amino acids (AAs)] and structure, which contribute to rapid lysis and have a varied spectrum of antimicrobial activity. AMPs are: peptides (Pps) with alpha-heli...

Background: Forensic science in criminal investigations includes the examination and analysis of physical evidence. Methodology: After studying numerous articles in this field; I found that this can include a number of sources of evidence, such as biological evidence (DNA or blood), trace evidence (fibres or hairs) and physical evidence (guns or fi...

Food is an important determining factor for human health. Worldwide, diet is responsible for about 20% of the global burden of disease. Reducing the burden of disease determined by food and nutrition can be solved by changing the eating behavior of the population to a healthier one. Promoting nutritional health and increasing the level of awareness...

Collagen, ubiquitous component and the most abundant protein in the human body is a biopolymer with an open internal structure, it contains a large number of binding sites available for interaction with various biologically active substances: hormones, enzymes, peptides, etc. Their accessibility to the collagen binding sites is facilitated by its e...

Background Iron deficiency and iron-related disorders are common health issues worldwide, affecting a significant proportion of the population. Diagnosis and management of these disorders rely heavily on using various iron-related biomarkers that can provide valuable clinical information. Objective This review article provides an overview of the m...

Scientists have been compelled to search for alternative treatments due to the increasing prevalence of chemoresistance as well as the agonising and distressing side effects of both chemotherapy and radiation. Plant extracts have been exploited to treat various medical conditions for ages. Considering this fact, the main focus of various recent stu...

Cancer incidences are rising each year. In 2020, approximately 20 million new cancer cases and 10 million cancer-related deaths were recorded. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that by 2024 the incidence of cancer will increase to 30.2 million individuals annually. Considering the invasive characteristics of its diagnostic procedures and...

Background. Diabetes is a rising disorder that affects millions of people annually. It also creates more complications, such as neuropathy, oxidative stress, and hepatic and kidney impairment. Aphanamixis polystachya plant, which possesses multiple medicinal values, is used in this study to explore its potential in treating diabetes. Methods. A sin...

A current direction of the development of the pharmaceutical industry is obtaining and using extracts from medicinal plants containing various active principles, including flavonoids. The aim of this work is to provide a relevant characterization of some of the most important groups of compounds with a relevant importance in the food and pharmaceut...

Pure vegetable oils are digested very quickly and contribute to the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Thanks to the antioxidants and monosaturated fatty acids they contain, they reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. There are at least seven vegetable oils that bring health benefits and facilitate obtaining the correct ratio of...

Maytansine is a pharmacologically active 19-membered ansamacrolide derived from various medicinal plants and microorganisms. Among the most studied pharmacological activities of maytansine over the past few decades are anticancer and anti-bacterial effects. The anticancer mechanism of action is primarily mediated through interaction with the tubuli...

With the advent of highly effective plant-based medications with few or no side effects, the use of phytomedicines against complex diseases such as cancer is becoming more widespread. The broadly recognized pentacyclic triterpenes known as boswellic acids (BAs) are derived from the oleogum resin, or frankincense, extracted from the plant species of...

Natural products impart immense chemical diversity to the plant kingdom, owing to more than 200,000 specialized metabolites (SM), many of which are derived from phenylpropanoid, terpenoid and alkaloid biosynthetic pathways (Sousa Silva et al., 2019). Furthermore, these molecules are distinguished on the basis of their modifications such as glycosyl...

Myristicin is an allylbenzene and a major key constituent of many plant species, such as Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg), Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel), and Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (parsley). Their plant parts have been used in traditional medicine and as a flavoring seasoning for cooking but, and as biopesticides with natural comp...

Chitosan is a polysaccharide that is made from chitin—a matter forming from the operation of treating shrimp shells, as well as other crustaceans, with NaOH (sodium hydroxide). Chitosan has profited from a substantial number of trading and equally biomedical uses. It can be used in agriculture, for seed treatment, and as a biopesticide, helping pla...

Also called plant essences or aromatic essences, volatile oils (VOs) are obtained from the leaves, roots, flowers, fruits, or seeds of plants. In many cases, the effectiveness of oils of this kind has been proven to be greater than that of synthetic drugs. In addition, these remedies are well assimilated by the body, do not require administration i...

Plants are consecrated sources of pharmaceutical, aromatic and industrial compounds, civilization being inextricably linked to the world of plants, for millennia they have been the major source of bio-products essential for the survival of the entire animal kingdom. True biochemical organisms powered by solar energy, plants synthesize not only the...

Sodium glutamate or monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a substance that is found naturally in certain foods but is used in the food industry to enhance flavour. It is one of the most frequently encountered non-essential amino acids and is found, among others, in tomatoes, milk, mushrooms, fish or cheese. Sodium monoglutamate is a white, odourless and cr...

Several recent hypotheses consider oxidative stress (OSs) to be a primary constraint that ensures the sincerity of signaling based on condition‐dependent carotenoids (CARs). The key testable difference between these hypotheses is the assumed importance of CARs for redox homeostasis, the CARs being either antioxidants, prooxidants, or unimportant. B...

Due to the frequent industrial and therapeutic applications, many flavonoid compounds have been studied chemically, but the physiological processes of most flavonoid compounds have been studied relatively little. Metabolic or ecological effects have been reported or inferred in some flavonoid compounds, but cannot yet be interpreted from this point...

A sedentary lifestyle has evoked a high risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease, diabetes, and obesity, all of them with high morbimortality rates and with a common denominator, hypertension. Numerous pharmacological drugs have been used for the treatment of hypertension. However, the side effects associated with the use of existing pharmacological the...

Berberis vulgaris bark contains active constituent; i.e., alkaloids; berberine, berbamine, oxyacanthine, palmatin,iotrorizin, tannins, resins, vitamin C. The fruits and leaves are also used in a restricted manner. Preparations andextracts from Berberis vulgaris have cholagogue, hemostatic, stomach tonic, diuretic, febrifuge, vasodilator,hypotensive...

Flavonoids are major functional components of many vegetable or animal preparations with medical uses. Flavonoids are also used in the treatment of numerous diseases, inhibiting specific enzymes, stimulating hormones and neurotransmitters and reducing the activity of free radicals. Due to the fact that flavonoids contain a variable number of phenol...

Dicoumarol, a coumarin-like compound, is known for its anticoagulant properties associated with the ability to inhibit vitamin K, being prescribed as a drug for several decades. The pharmaceutical value of dicoumarol turned it into a focus of chemists’ attention, aiming its synthesis and of dicoumarol derivatives, bringing to light new methodologie...

Incidence rate of cancer is estimated to increase by 40% in 2030. Furthermore, the development of resistance against currently available treatment strategies has contributed to the cancer-associated mortality. Scientists are now looking for the solutions that could help prevent the disease occurrence and could provide a pain-free treatment alternat...

The study aims to review the involvement of differentdietary habits in Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamesepopulations in reducing COVID19 impact.Materials and Methods. The methods of collection,systematization, analysis and generalization of information data have been used. The analysis ofliterature in scientific databases and analytical platforms b...

Aging is a very complex process that is accompanied by a degenerative impairment in many of the major functions of the human body over time. This inevitable process is influenced by hereditary factors, lifestyle, and environmental influences such as xenobiotic pollution, infectious agents, UV radiation, diet-borne toxins, and so on. Many external a...

Nano-biotechnology-based clinical applications to cure health-related issues have gained huge attention among the scientifc community and hold great promise to limit cancer metastasis. In this study, green-derived silver nanoparticles were synthe‑ sized by using leaf extract of Litchi chinensis. Characterization of biosynthesized silver nanopart...

Thymoquinone (TQ) is a secondary metabolite found in abundance in very few plant species including Nigella sativa L., Monarda fistulosa L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Satureja montana L. Preclinical pharmacological studies have shown that TQ has many biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer. Both in vivo and in vitro...

Propolis, a resinous substance produced by honeybees from various plant sources, has been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine for several purposes all over the world. The precise composition of propolis varies according to plant source, seasons harvesting, geography, type of bee flora, climate changes, and honeybee species at the si...

Oral cancer (OC) is the eighth most common cancer, particularly prevalent in developing countries. Current treatment includes a multidisciplinary approach, involving chemo, radio, and immunotherapy and surgery, which depends on cancer stage and location. As a result of the side effects of currently available drugs, there has been an increasing inte...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with African countries being the worst affected by this deadly virus. Curcumin (CUR) is a Curcuma longa-derived polyphenol that has attracted the attention of researchers due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antiviral effect...

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer diagnosed and the second leading cause of death among women. Breast cancer susceptibility proteins of type 1 and 2 are human tumor suppressor genes. Genetic variations/mutations in these two genes lead to overexpression of human breast tumor suppressor genes (e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2),...

Hazard analysis is part of a broader concept, namely, risk management. It considers all aspects related to the operation of an industrial unit to prevent and properly treat an unwanted event. The hazard management includes hazard assessment, hazard mitigation measures, and emergency response plans. The update includes reassessment of hazard, implem...

Reducing environmental pollution is a theme of environmental policy, of economic–ecological policy, and is becoming a main theme. This problem is in fact an economic, social, developmental theme, and a human rights theme, which touches all aspects of human and nature. An important aspect in achieving the priorities of the relationship between ecolo...

All life forms, including medicinal plants and herbs and spices (MPHSs), which are now known, are based on common natural organic compounds (NOCs) with similar biochemical properties. It has not been practically demonstrated that there is an alternative for obtaining the products of catabolism and anabolism reactions specific to biochemical metabol...

Medicinal plants and herbs and spices' (MPHSs) cell metabolism, represented by numerous biochemical reactions, is subject to various studies aimed at clarifying certain sequences of biochemical reactions, the connections between different metabolic pathways, the way of regulation, and secondary compounds (SMs). Metabolic products, natural organic c...

Secondary compounds (SMs) are essential for the proper functioning of the medicinal plants and herbs and spices (MPHSs) either throughout their existence or at certain stages of their development. Among the SMs, anthocyanins have a special significance whose accumulation intensifies in the case of cellular or physiological stress caused by abiotic...

Tradescantia is a genus of herbaceous and perennial plants belonging to the Commelinaceae family and organized into three infrageneric classifications and 12 sections. More than 80 species within the genus have been used for centuries for medicinal purposes. Phytochem-ical compounds (from various species of the genus) such as coumarins, alkaloids,...

Metabolism consists of closely coordinated series of enzyme-mediated chemical reactions that take place in the plant organism, resulting in the synthesis and use of a wide variety of molecules in the category of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides and polymers derived from them (polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA, etc.). A...

Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone secreted from anterior pituitary involved in milk production in the females and regulation of sex drive in both sexes. PRL has pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. High PRL serum level or hyperprolactinemia is associated with different viral infections. In coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which...

Bergapten (BP) or 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) is a furocoumarin compound mainly found in bergamot essential oil but also in other citrus essential oils and grapefruit juice. This compound presents antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemic, and anticancer effects and is successfully used as a photosensitizing agent. The present review focuses on t...

Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have high therapeutic potential and have bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and anticancer action, with high selectivity for bacterial cells compared to mammalian cells. The use of AMPs is at an early stage, with most of the work being in vitro and with very few animal studies. AMPs probably interact with the cell...

MicroRNA (miRNA), a noncoding ribonucleic acid, is considered to be important for the progression of gene expression in plants and animals by rupture or translational repression of targeted mRNAs. Many types of miRNA regulate plant metabolism, growth, and response to biotic and abiotic factors. miRNA characterization helps to expose its function in...

Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone secreted from anterior pituitary involved in milk production in the females and regulation of sex drive in both sexes. PRL has pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. High PRL serum level or hyperprolactinemia is associated with different viral infections. In coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which...

Crocus species are mainly distributed in North Africa, Southern and Central Europe, and Western Asia, used in gardens and parks as ornamental plants, while Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is the only species that is cultivated for edible purpose. The use of saffron is very ancient; besides the use as a spice, saffron has long been known also for its me...

Pastinaca sativa L. ssp. sylvestris [Mill.] is a biennial, vegetable plant, whose root is tuberous and pivoting and the stem is tall and branched. The leaves are feather-sectate and the flowers are yellow, umbrella-shaped, compound. The fruits are dicariopse with winged edges. The plant is used in food and as a natural remedy in folk medicine. P. s...

The use of phytochemicals is gaining interest for the treatment of metabolic syndromes over the synthetic formulation of drugs. Senna is evolving as one of the important plants which have been vastly studied for its beneficial effects. Various parts of Senna species including the root, stem, leaves, and flower are found rich in numerous phytochemic...

The genus Papaver is highly esteemed in the pharmacy industry, in the culinary field, and as ornamental plants. These plants are also valued in traditional medicine. Among all Papaver species, Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy) is the most important species in supplying phytochemicals for the formulation of drugs, mainly alkaloids like morphine, c...

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural antibiotics, synthesized by ribosomes, with an effect on the natural immunity of animal organisms. AMPs differ in composition [sequence and type of amino acids (AAs)] and structure, which contribute to rapid lysis and have a varied spectrum of antimicrobial activity. AMPs are: peptides (Pps) with alpha-heli...

The genus Hyssopus is widespread in central Asia, East Mediterranean, and Mongolian areas. It has six main species which are used as herbal remedies, such as Hyssopus officinalis which is used as a condiment and flavoring agent in food industry. The other five species are H. ambiguus, H. cuspidatus, H. latilabiatus, H. macranthus, and H. seravschan...

Cardiovascular ailments are the number one cause of mortalities throughout the globe with 17.9 million deaths per year. Platelet activation and aggregation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of arterial diseases, including acute coronary syndrome, acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular transient ischemia, unstable angina, among others. F...

In recent decades, pollution of marine ecosystems has gained much attention. Ocean transport of oil, the extraction and processing of offshore hydrocarbon deposits, and manufacturing in refineries near coastal regions, as well as other anthropogenic activities, pose a number of hazards that can lead to water pollution. Marine (navigation) accidents...

Heavy metals are considered important toxic pollutants that enter the biogeochemical circuits and accumulate in natural and artificial ecosystems, including in the Black Sea ecosystem. Heavy metals are continuously released into the biosphere by volcanic eruptions and natural weathering of rocks, but also by numerous anthropogenic activities such a...

Cellulose has been on Earth since the advent of trees and plants, being the main constituent of plant cell walls. Cellulose is currently the most widespread polysaccharide in nature and is being observed by scientists, with changes in the processing, use and genetics of plants (many farmers are interested in genetic mutations to produce larger amou...

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae) is an annual climbing plant, native to Asia with multiple therapeutic uses in traditional medicine. This updated review is aimed at discussing the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, pharmacological properties, and molecular mechanisms highlighted in preclinical experimental studies and toxicologica...

This study aimed to compare the antibiotic resistance levels of the indicator bacteria Esch-erichia coli in wastewater samples collected from two hospitals and two urban communities. Anti-microbial susceptibility testing was performed on 81 E. coli isolates (47 from hospitals and 34 from communities) using the disc diffusion method according to the...

Cancer is the second most killer worldwide causing millions of people to lose their lives every year. In the case of women, breast cancer takes away the highest proportion of mortality rate than other cancers. Due to the mutation and resistance-building capacity of different breast cancer cell lines against conventional therapies, this death rate i...

In the context of climate change, especially for the temperate continental climate, new potential crop species are emerging, originating from the tropics. One of them is quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with multiple benefits for seed and leaf production. Quinoa is native to South America, grown mainly for seeds, with a high ecological plasticity...

Paclitaxel is a broad-spectrum anticancer compound, which was derived mainly from a medicinal plant, in particular, from the bark of the yew tree Taxus brevifolia Nutt. It is a representative of a class of diterpene taxanes, which are nowadays used as the most common chemotherapeutic agent against many forms of cancer. It possesses scientifically p...

Paclitaxel is a broad-spectrum anticancer compound, which was derived mainly from a medicinal plant, in particular, from the bark of the yew tree Taxus brevifolia Nutt. It is a representative of a class of diterpene taxanes, which are nowadays used as the most common chemotherapeutic agent against many forms of cancer. It possesses scientifically p...

Citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes, tangerines, and mandarins, whose production is increasing every year with the rise of consumer demand, are among the most popular fruits cultivated throughout the globe. Citrus genus belongs to the Rutaceae family and is known for its beneficial effects on health for centuries. These plant...

Paclitaxel is a broad-spectrum anticancer compound, which was derived mainly from a medicinal plant, in particular, from the bark of the yew tree Taxus brevifolia Nutt. It is a representative of a class of diterpene taxanes, which are nowadays used as the most common chemotherapeutic agent against many forms of cancer. It possesses scientifically p...

Diplolepis rosae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is a monophagous species (attacks species of the genus Rosa, family Rosaceae), monovoltine with uncertain origin, though assigned as an ancestral area is the eastern Mediterrana. The species is present in North America, Asia, Australia-Oceania and Europe. In Romania, the species was first reported in 2008,...

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, where social and communication deficits and repetitive behaviors are present. Plant-derived bioactives have shown promising results in the treatment of autism. In this sense, this review is aimed at providing a careful view on the use of plant-derived bioactive molecules for the treat...

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the main causes of mortality in the world. The development of these diseases has a specific factor-alteration in blood platelet activation. It has been shown that phenolic compounds have antiplatelet aggregation abilities and a positive impact in the management of CVD, exerting prominent antioxidant, anti-in...

Monica BUTNARIU heads the Romania Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences Group-Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine and also National Correspondent of the International Association for Plant Biotechnology, has 79 articles published in the Web of Science Core Collection-Clarivate Analytics that have been cited over 1730 times, with H...

This work proved antioxidant and antimicrobial effects and chemical content of Cichorium intybus L. Methanol extract of C. intybus L. aerial parts were tested for antimicrobial activity, and for antioxidant effect. The results showed that the extract has a significant antimicrobial activity, it inhibited the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria and...

Cancers are complex diseases orchestrated by a plethora of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Research spanning over several decades has provided better understanding of complex molecular interactions responsible for the multifaceted nature of cancer. Recent advances in the field of next generation sequencing and functional genomics have brought us c...

Genistein is an isoflavone first isolated from the brooming plant Dyer’s Genista tinctoria L. and is widely distributed in the Fabaceae family. As an isoflavone, mammalian genistein exerts estrogen-like functions. Several biological effects of genistein have been reported in preclinical studies, such as the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacte...

The study describes the current state of knowledge on nanotechnology and its utilization in medicine. The focus in this manuscript was on the properties, usage safety, and potentially valuable applications of chitosan‑based nano‑materials. Chitosan nanoparticles have high importance in nanomedicine, biomedical engineering, discovery and development...