Mohsen Joshanloo

Verified

Mohsen verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

Learn more

Verified

Mohsen verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

Learn more

• PhD Psychology
• Professor (Associate) at Keimyung University

As more and more people realize that wealth fails to fully capture the essence of human well-being, interest in non-monetary measures of well-being has intensified. Eudaimonic well-being (EWB; i.e., optimal psychosocial functioning) is a largely overlooked aspect of national well-being that has never been examined at the global level. This study us...

One of the key roles of culture is to shape how human groups pursue personal and collective wellbeing, and thus each culture contains prescriptions and customs about how to achieve optimal functioning and wellbeing. This chapter identifies four fundamental differences in the conceptualizations of mental wellbeing across cultures. The identified dif...

The Gallup World Poll was used to develop a global index of anti-immigrant xenophobia. The data were collected in 151 countries between 2016 and 2020. Results suggest that xenophobia has stronger associations with cultural variables (e.g., power distance and allocentrism) and well-being variables (e.g., eudaimonic well-being and positive affect) th...

Personality traits are typically assumed to predict psychological distress, with little attention paid to the potential influence of psychological distress on personality traits. Recent empirical findings, however, challenge this prevailing view by demonstrating the potential for personality traits to change and suggesting the plausible influence o...

Fear of happiness (FOH) refers to the subjective experience of negative affect (e.g., fear, anxiety, guilt, or discomfort) when experiencing or expressing happiness, which stems from the belief that happiness may lead to negative consequences. Over the past decade, empirical research exploring this phenomenon has proliferated across disciplines. Th...

Even in the most egalitarian societies, hierarchies of power and status shape social life. However, power and received status are not synonymous—individuals in positions of power may or may not be accorded the respect corresponding to their role. Using a cooperatively collected dataset from 18,096 participants across 70 cultures, we investigate, th...

This study examined the bidirectional within-person relationships between two dimensions of community engagement (informal social connectedness and civic-political engagement) and generalized trust. The study used data from the longitudinal Household, Income, and Labor Dynamics in Australia survey, collected in five waves four years apart from 2006...

Objectives. This study aimed to explore a broad range of predictors of generativity in older adults. The study encompassed over 60 predictors across multiple domains, including personality, daily functioning, socioeconomic factors, health status, and mental well-being. Methods. This study employed a machine learning algorithm known as Random Fores...

Workplace ideologies play an important role in graduate employability and employers’ perceptions of the ideal employable graduate. However, insufficient attention has been paid to what employers take into consideration when making a recruitment decision and their perceptions of the ideal graduate. We deployed a qualitative methodology to collect da...

Using longitudinal data from over 14,000 participants in the Household, Income, and Labor Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, this study examined how levels of personality traits and their changes predict future self-control. The Big Five traits were assessed at four points between 2005 and 2017. Self-control was evaluated in 2019. For data analy...

Reflecting a recent guideline for operationalizing subjective wellbeing (OECD, 2023), this study tested a model that shows how work-life conflict, one of the key dimensions that detracts from wellbeing outcomes. It does so through a mediating mechanism involving domain satisfaction (i.e., family and work wellbeing), subjective wellbeing, and eudaim...

This inquiry traces the recent history of modern conceptualizations of personhood and wellbeing. It explores a general transition from traditional frameworks emphasizing social embeddedness, external obligations, and cosmic meaning to modern views privileging self-determination, authenticity, and self-expression. The inquiry shows that contemporary...

This study aimed to illustrate how penalization (also known as regularization) can be used within the framework of structural equation modeling to examine the factor structure and measurement invariance for complex multi-dimensional constructs. The study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of 36 items measuring seven conception...

Objective Previous research has found a negative association between aversion to happiness and various aspects of mental well-being. In the present study, we hypothesised that aversion to happiness (as measured by the fear of happiness scale) would mediate the association between psychological distress and three predictors: Meaning in life, self-es...

This study develops and tests a model of subjective indicators of national wellbeing that can be applied across countries worldwide. Using data from over 160,000 respondents in 137 countries from the 2019 Gallup World Poll, we examine how citizens’ satisfaction with national institutions and various environments (physical, political, economic, and...

This study examined the relationships among the Big Five personality traits, self-esteem levels, self-esteem stability, and life satisfaction over a 15-year period. The primary objectives were to examine whether: (1) self-esteem stability contributed to the prediction of life satisfaction beyond self-esteem level, and (2) both self-esteem level and...

This longitudinal study examined the reciprocal relationship between the Big Five personality traits and sense of purpose over a 13‐year period using a nationally representative sample of American adults ( N = 11,010). The random intercept cross‐lagged panel model revealed unidirectional effects: increases in sense of purpose predicted subsequent i...

While optimism is often assumed to predict subjective well-being, few longitudinal studies have actually examined the directionality of this relationship over time. To address this gap, the current study examined within-person associations between optimism and facets of subjective well-being (i.e., negative affect, positive affect, life satisfactio...

The purpose of this study was to examine the bidirectional relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being in a sample of American adults. The study used data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, collected at three time points over approximately 20 years. The results showed a weak positive correlation between religiosi...

Despite cross-sectional evidence of significant associations between loneliness and the Big Five personality traits, elucidating the directionality of these associations requires further longitudinal investigation. To address this gap, the present study examined the longitudinal relationship between loneliness and personality traits, controlling fo...

Beliefs linking zodiac signs to personality traits, life outcomes, and well-being remain widespread across various cultures. This study examined the relationship between Western zodiac signs and subjective well-being in a nationally representative American sample from the General Social Survey (N = 12,791). Well-being was measured across eight comp...

Previous cross-cultural research on the measurement invariance of the fear of happiness scale has largely been limited to small student samples, making it difficult to generalize findings to more diverse populations. This study examined the measurement invariance of the fear of happiness scale in adult samples from South Korea, Canada, Turkey, Pola...

Introduction We all experience occasional self-control failures (SCFs) in our daily lives, where we enact behaviors that stand in conflict with our superordinate or long-term goals. Based on the assumption that SCFs share common underlying mechanisms with addictive disorders, we tested the hypothesis that a generally higher susceptibility to daily...

This paper presents new evidence linking different aspects of perceived inequality (education, employment, law enforcement, income and wealth, power, and gender) to life satisfaction. Using large‐scale national survey data, we examined the relationships between the six aspects of perceived inequality, life satisfaction, and generalized trust among...

Iran is a developing country with low levels of economic development and globalization and is ruled by a theocratic government. To address the lack of national research on well-being in Iran, this retrospective observational study aims to examine life satisfaction and its main determinants among Iranian adults. Using World Gallup Poll data collecte...

The rapid expansion of online sports betting has raised concerns about its potential impact on individual health and public health. In order to further develop etiological models for gambling disorder (GD) in sports betting, it is essential to unravel the underlying causal processes. Recent studies have identified risky online gambling behavior as...

Fear of happiness (the belief that happiness may lead to negative consequences) is associated with lower mental well-being. However, little is known about the impact of individuals' fear of happiness on their responses to measures of wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to examine how fear of happiness affects the way Iranian university student...

Research shows that people use their current mood along with other sources of information to assess their overall life satisfaction. Therefore, it has been assumed that the positive relationship between affective well-being and life satisfaction means that affective well-being influences life satisfaction and not vice versa. However, this assumptio...

This study examines the longitudinal associations between psychological and social well-being, which represent the private and public dimensions of eudaimonic well-being, respectively. Data were drawn from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) project (N = 6,453). Participants were assessed at three-time points, each approximately a decade apart...

This study aimed to examine the relationship between positive perceptions of aging, purpose in life, and life satisfaction in older adults. It was hypothesized that purpose in life mediates the relationship between positive perceptions of one’s aging and life satisfaction. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of older American adults from four wa...

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of several factors that potentially contribute to attitudes toward demographic (i.e., racial, ethnic and religious) diversity in 16 advanced economies, using data from a recent survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2021 ( N = 16,254). Specifically, the study aimed to examine 12 potential covaria...

This study predicted that the relationship between income and life satisfaction would be stronger for individuals with lower eudaimonic (psychosocial) well-being and weaker for individuals with higher eudaimonic well-being. A sample of 151,874 individuals from 141 countries was used to test this hypothesis. The results of Bayesian multilevel modeli...

This study examined the temporal within-person associations between self-perceptions of aging and depressive symptoms. Data were from five waves of the German Aging Survey (DEAS) collected between 2008 and 2021 (N = 15,086, mean age at baseline ≈60 years). The study employed a multidimensional measure of self-perceptions of aging that taps into two...

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that predict life satisfaction in a large representative sample of Koreans by analyzing data from the Gallup World Poll. The primary objective was to identify important predictors and suggest strategies to improve quality of life in Korea. The study used available Korean data from 2006 to 2017, w...

The main purpose of this study was to create a global index of perceived job quality that assesses individuals’ perceptions of enjoyment, meaning, and engagement at work, as well as freedom of choice in job selection. The study also explored the correlation between weekly working hours and perceived job quality. A sample of 121,207 individuals from...

Current studies of quality of life tend to focus on a few select areas such as social relationships, income, and physical health, while crucial aspects of life such as sex, love, hygiene, and justice are often ignored. A more comprehensive approach is therefore essential to capture the multidimensional nature of human well-being and to fill the gap...

This study examined the temporal within-person associations between subjective well-being (life satisfaction, positive affect, low negative affect) and the Big Five personality traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neu-roticism). A representative American sample was used, collected over a period of appr...

Acculturation processes and intergroup experiences of minority groups have been little studied in East Asian societies, including Japan. The number of migrants in Japanese society is steadily increasing, suggesting that the country is a new immigration destination in the 21st century. Therefore, further research on the acculturation processes of im...

Introduction In South Korea, depression has significant economic and social impacts, including increased healthcare costs and a relatively high suicide rate. Reducing the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the general population is therefore an important public health goal in this country. To achieve this goal, it is essential to identify the fac...

Previous research has shown that caring for others and prosociality are positively related to well-being, but cultural differences in the strength of the relationship between prosociality and well-being have been largely overlooked. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the relationship between self-focus (i.e., the attitude that one sho...

The dual-continua model of mental health distinguishes between mental illness (presence of mental disorders, such as depression) and mental well-being (presence of positive traits and abilities). This model also distinguishes between hedonic well-being (e.g., affect balance and life satisfaction) and eudaimonic well-being (i.e., optimal psychologic...

The purpose of this study was to examine the stability of satisfaction with eight domains of life as well as satisfaction with life in general. The study used a nationally representative Australian sample collected during 20 years between 2001 and 2020 (N = 33,341). Using the Multi-Trait-Multi-State model, the total variance in each item was partit...

As the field of positive psychology aims to build and strengthen the well-being of individuals, its repertoire of empirically validated strategies designed to do so is growing. Kuwait’s “Boomerang” anti-bullying theatre programme designed to increase social kindness in schools is an example. The tools of applied theatre were taught to facilitators,...

Cross-sectional studies suggest that of the Big Five personality traits, agreeableness and conscientiousness correlate most strongly with religiosity. However, these studies do not provide information about the temporal within-person associations between traits and religiosity. In the present study, the random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was...

The study aimed to explore the associations between the psychosocial and organizational factors, job satisfaction, and mental well-being of schoolteachers. A further aim was to examine whether job satisfaction mediated the relationship between these factors and mental well-being. A cross-sectional design was used to collect data using a self-report...

W e predicted that the relationship between helping strangers and life satisfaction would depend partially on the wealth of the country in which one lives. We argue that wealthy societies provide a wide range of welfare provisions for assisting their citizens. By contrast, people living in poorer countries with associated lower individualism, lower...

This study examined the cross-group and temporal measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale in Korea. A nationally representative sample (N = 13,824) and a convenience sample collected at four-time points over approximately 14 months (N = 338) were used. Full measurement invariance (i.e., equal factor loadings and intercepts) was su...

To protect themselves from COVID-19, people follow the recommendations of the authorities, but they also resort to placebos. To stop the virus, it is important to understand the factors underlying both types of preventive behaviour. This study examined whether our model (developed based on the Health Belief Model and the Transactional Model of Stre...

Social connection and agency are typically conceptualized as antecedents of well-being, yet the relative contributions of each for well-being are not yet well known. Moreover, whether or not well-being can lead to social connection and agency has not received sufficient research attention. In the present study, we test longitudinal effects of socia...

Rationale Although there is evidence that impaired executive functioning plays a role in addictive behavior, the longitudinal relationship between the two remains relatively unknown. Objectives In a prospective-longitudinal community study, we tested the hypothesis that lower executive functioning is associated with more addictive behavior at one...

The Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) is widely used to measure emotional experiences, but not much is known about its cross-cultural utility. The present study evaluated the measurement invariance of the SPANE across adult samples (N = 12,635; age range = 18-85 years; 58.2% female) from 13 countries (China, Colombia, Germany, Greec...

Using samples from 116 countries, this study aimed to examine whether national levels of social mobility moderate associations between agency-orientation (focusing on one's own goals rather than caring for others) and life satisfaction. After controlling for personal income satisfaction and national wealth, Bayesian multilevel modeling results show...

Mental balance, defined as a sense of tranquility resulting from inner peace and harmonious interactions with the external environment, is an important but largely overlooked aspect of well-being. Using data from the Gallup World Poll (N = 121,207), this study developed a global index of mental balance and a measure of preference for mental balance...

This study used an American sample collected over a period of approximately 2 decades (at 3 time points) to examine the temporal relationships between psychological well-being and personality traits (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience). The random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used...

This study examined the between-person and within-person associations between 4 components of subjective well-being (i.e., general life satisfaction, satisfaction with life domains, positive affect, and negative affect) and 2 components of religiosity (i.e., religious salience and religious participation). Data were drawn from the Household, Income...

Mental well-being consists of hedonic/subjective, psychological, and social dimensions. Research has yet to determine how much of the variance in these three dimensions is stable or variable over time. This study used data from South Korea (N = 338) and the Netherlands (N = 2,094) to answer this question. Data were collected over a period of approx...

This study examined the temporal relationships between social well-being and the Big Five personality traits (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience), using a sample of 6452 American adults collected at 3 time points over 2 decades. The random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used, which...

We examined the relationship between discrimination and mental wellbeing among South Korean residents (N = 181) in Japan. The roles of need for belonging (NTB) as a mediator and identification with one’s group as a moderator of this relationship were examined. Perceived social support was also examined as both a potential moderator and mediator. We...

This study sought to examine the stability and change of the 5 items of the Satisfaction With Life Scale over several years. The multi-trait-multi-state model was used to separate the variance components attributable to stable influences, time-varying situational influences, and random measurement error. The study used two partially overlapping sam...

Self-esteem (a positive attitude toward oneself) and self-efficacy (confidence in one's ability to perform actions that lead to desired outcomes) are predictors of affective well-being. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research on their relative importance in predicting positive and negative affect. This study sought to examine the relative...

Aim: To determine prevalence, predictors and change over time of nurses' and student nurses' mental health and well-being, and explore nurses' perceptions, barriers and enablers of well-being. Design: Longitudinal mixed-methods survey. Methods: Forty-nine students and registered nurses participated from Victoria, Australia. Data were collected...

The literature is rife with papers discussing the state of developed and developing economies with a number of commonalities around what drives life satisfaction. In sum, females, the educated and well off, younger and older generations, the married or partnered as well as employees with decent job prospects report higher life satisfaction. Yet, wh...

This study examined whether Big Five personality traits and their longitudinal trajectories can predict future levels of subjective financial well-being. Data were obtained from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey (N = approximately 11,300). Personality traits were measured four times between 2005 and 2017, while...

There is a dearth of longitudinal studies on the relationship between feelings of personal expressiveness and mental well-being and not much is known about the direction of the observed relationships. Using a four-wave longitudinal data set (N = 338) collected over approximately 14 months, the present study examined the reciprocal relationships bet...

This study examined the stability of 10 symptoms of psychological distress measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) in an Australian adult sample. Data were collected at 7 time points, 2 years apart, between 2007 and 2019. The average stability of the 10 symptoms was 49%. However, there were differences between items. The items co...

Modern social science suggests that fatalistic beliefs are generally detrimental to mental well-being because these beliefs reflect a lack of perceived efficacy and control. However, many religions downplay the role of personal agency and emphasize the importance of external factors that determine people's lives (e.g., God's will and fate). Thus, i...

Aversion to happiness is defined as the belief that experiencing or expressing happiness can cause bad things to happen. In this study, the fear of happiness scale was used to measure aversion to happiness in a multinational sample of adults from several countries (N = 871). Partial measurement invariance was supported for the fear of happiness sca...

The longitudinal relationships between depressive symptoms and life satisfaction were examined using the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. This model allows the study of the relationship between the two variables both at the within-person and between-person levels. Data were obtained from the German Ageing Survey (DEAS). Analyses were cond...

Positive psychology interventions hold great promise as schools around the world look to increase the wellbeing of young people. To reach this aim, a program was developed to generate positive emotions, as well as improve life satisfaction, mental toughness and perceptions of school kindness in 538 expatriate students in Dubai, United Arab Emirates...

The present study aimed to examine whether the Big Five personality traits, self-compassion, and religiosity moderate the relationship between negative affect and life satisfaction. A large longitudinal data set collected annually over 6 years was used. The results of Bayesian multilevel analysis showed that only neuroticism and openness moderated...

The study aim was to determine prevalence and predictors of life satisfaction in New Zealand. In this observational cross-sectional study, a sample of 10,799 participants from NZ were drawn from the Gallup World Poll from 2006 to 2017. Data were analysed using regression analysis and ANOVA. Prevalence of life satisfaction across time varied little...

Dealing with cultural diversity is one of the key challenges in contemporary societies, with Japan being no exception. However, relatively little is known about how minority group members are viewed by members of the dominant group. The current paper presents a study that evaluated three hypotheses that are related to these issues with a survey of...

To protect themselves from COVID-19, people follow the recommendations of the authorities, but they also resort to placebos. To stop the virus, it is important to understand the factors underlying both types of preventive behaviour. This study examined whether our model (developed based on the Health Belief Model and the Transactional Model of Stre...

Individuals high in neuroticism tend to experience greater negative affect when confronted with stressors. In the present study, four other personality traits (i.e., openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion) were included to examine their unique contribution to affective reactivity to stress. In addition, three domains of psycho...

Wellbeing has become an increasingly important priority worldwide. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), much research and financial investment are being committed to increasing wellbeing. However, how the pursuit of happiness, as a driver of wellbeing, is not commonly investigated. In particular, fear of happiness and beliefs in its fragility challen...

The purpose of this study was to examine measurement invariance of the Dutch version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale between groups based on gender, age, education, perceived difficulty of the survey, perceived clarity of the survey, and national background. A nationally representative Dutch sample was used (N = 5369). Multiple-groups confirmat...

Generativity is defined as a concern for the well-being of future generations, which involves both caring and a will to extend the self into the future. Extant research indicates that generativity plays an important role in successful aging. The present study sought to examine the temporal relationship between self-acceptance and generativity over...

The article “Aversion to Happiness Across Cultures: A Review of Where and Why People are Averse to Happiness”, written by Mohsen Joshanloo and Dan Weijers, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 15, issue 3, page 717–735 the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access...

This study sought to explore the relationships between present orientation (i.e., endorsing a live‐for‐today approach), future orientation (i.e., valuing planning for the future) and life satisfaction over two decades. A sample of American adults (N = 6,464) across three waves was used. The temporal within‐person associations between the variables...

Significance According to a fundamental assumption in the social sciences, the burden of lower socioeconomic status (SES) is more severe in developing nations. In contrast to this assumption, recent research has shown that the burden of lower SES is less—not more—severe in developing nations. In three large-scale global data sets, we show that nati...

Mono-cultural studies have demonstrated that individual religiosity buffers the negative relationship between perceived injustice and personal well-being. However, it is unclear whether this relationship holds as strongly across societies with varying levels of cultural religiosity. We argue that higher levels of societal religiosity provide a cult...

Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have documented positive associations between religiosity and well-being. This study sought to reinvestigate the temporal relationship between religiosity and life satisfaction, utilizing the random-intercept cross-lagged panel model, which partitions the variance into between- and within-person components....

Previous work from a socio-ecological perspective reveals that ecological stress has important effects on political, cultural, and psychological outcomes. However, that work has been limited by (1) a focus on distal forms of ecological stress that are hard for societies to control, and (2) a lack of large-scale conceptual replications. The present...

This study sought to examine whether positive and negative perceptions of aging (beliefs about the consequences of aging and levels of control over one's aging) are associated with perceived levels of stress over time. A sample of adults (N = 6,345, ≥50 years, Mage = 62.23) participating in the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) was used. D...

Life Satisfaction is a key indicator of subjective well-being and represents its cognitive component, measuring individuals’ judgment of their own lives. The aim of this study is to analyze the predictors of Life Satisfaction in a large Italian representative sample. To this end, we consider sociodemographic characteristics and other variables iden...

Hedonism is defined as valuing the personal experience of pleasure and comfort as a guiding principle in one’s life. Cross-sectional research shows null or weak positive associations between hedonism and life satisfaction. To examine the longitudinal associations between hedonism and life satisfaction, the present study used a nationally representa...

The primary objective of this research is to develop an integrative framework for distinguishing and classifying well-being variables. Towards this end, rigorous data-descriptive methods are used to examine the centrality of well-being variables and to explore the underlying dimensions along which these variables differ. The study uses 14 well-bein...

This study explored the associations between the Dark Triad traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) and mental well-being in a Korean adult sample (N = 1,177). The role of the conceptions of happiness as mediators of these associations was also investigated. Eight conceptions of happiness (e.g., fragility of happiness and eudai...

This chapter presents a summary of our recent global studies on subjective indicators of well-being and their relationship with other national indicators of quality of life and economic prosperity. These indicators include eudaimonic well-being, life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. The emerging insights from the studies are inte...

Objective: Prior research on the longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms and loneliness has conflated between-person and within-person effects, resulting in confusion over causal influences. The present study used the random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to disentangle between-person from within-person sources of varian...

As positive psychology expands its range of strategies to raise levels of flourishing, many interventions have been identified with new ones emerging. The positive arts offer a new avenue; one such intervention is drama and theater that can benefit subjective and social wellbeing as these offer individuals the opportunity to empathize with others,...

Predictive of improved learning outcomes, better mental health, and prosocial behavior, wellbeing can be explicitly taught via positive psychology interventions (PPIs). A year-long multi-component PPI program was developed with the intent to generate positive emotions, life satisfaction, and increase levels of mental toughness and perceptions of sc...

People rely on their recent emotional experiences when constructing life satisfaction judgments. However, the role of positive and negative affect in life satisfaction across different age groups has rarely been examined in prior research. This study sought to investigate the contribution of positive and negative affect to life satisfaction across...

The old idea of climatic determinism of people’s thinking and acting is misleading because people continuously strive to create control over their lives. Perceived control over courses of action is often reduced by cold-induced or heat-induced stress. To restore control, rich people tend to use active internal strategies (e.g. buying or organizing)...

The main focus of this study is to examine the moderating role of coping strategies in relation to work–family spillover and subjective well-being. We hypothesized that work–family spillover has a predictive effect on work and family domain satisfaction, which in turn are positively predictive of subjective well-being. We also hypothesized that the...

Background: Psychology is open to the charge of being Western-centric, with its understanding and conceptualisation of topics such as wellbeing influenced by the mainly-Western cultural contexts in which it has developed. As such, efforts are underway to explore and incorporate ideas and perspectives from non-Western cultures. Aims: One such effort...

People can experience a discrepancy between their ideal and actual emotions. We hypothesized that this emotional discrepancy would be associated with people’s life satisfaction, depending on their culture and individual emotional values. We tested this hypothesis across three cultures (the United States, Hungary, and South Korea) and three broad ca...