Mohd Sahaid Kalil

• BSc Biochemistry, MSc Bioreactor System, PhD Biotransformation
• Lecturer at National University of Malaysia

Oil palm is the most consumed vegetable oil in the world. However, a large amount of palm kernel cake (PKC) is left behind as residue while undergoing the process of extracting oil from palm kernel. PKC is a substrate which can be used for producing biobutanol through acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation by using little known aerotolerant sol...

Due to accelerating global efforts toward decarbonization, a clean hydrogen (H2) producing technology, Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC), has garnered considerable attention. However, MEC's external energy requirement has raised concerns about its sustainability, scalability and application costs. The objective of this research was to build a renew...

Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are a new bio-electrochemical method for converting organic matter to hydrogen gas (H2). Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is hazardous wastewater that is mostly formed during the crude oil extraction process in the palm oil industry. In the present study, POME was used in the MEC system for hydrogen generation as a...

Cellulose is an essential polymer that is commonly produced from plants and bacteria in a number of industrial processes, such as the biomedical and food industries. While cellulose production from plants is costly, bacterial cellulose (BC) is recognised as one of the best types of cellulose produced. The aim of this study was therefore to generate...

Thraustochytrids, such as members of the genus Aurantiochytrium, are rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) and represent a promising source of omega-3 fatty acids which plays a vital role in the enhancement of human health, particularly for neurological and visual functions. Different modes of cultivation (batch, fed-batch and repeated-batch...

Issues related to food wastage have become a significant threat to sustainable development, particularly in developing countries. Cooked rice, reported as one of the abundant regional food wastes, is a...

In Asia, uneaten cooked rice is the highest portion amongst many forms of food wastes that are thrown away. In order to make use of the thrown-away rice and potentially use it for liquid fuels, steamed Japanese rice was evaluated on biobutanol production through a two-step fermentation by amylase-producing Aspergillus oryzae, and solvent-producing...

Bioacetone, biobutanol, and bioethanol (BioABE) production is dependent on the fermentable sugars produced from lignocellulosic biomass and on the composition and initial pH of the medium. Understanding these process variables and their interconnectedness could enhance the BioABE product yield. Acacia mangium is available abundantly and it is...

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a new and promising technology for bioenergy and resource recovery during waste or wastewater treatment. MECs can theoretically convert any biodegradable waste into bio‐H2, biofuels, and other value‐added products, but the MEC efficacy can change significantly when using different substrates or are operated in d...

The degradation of waste organics through microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) generates hydrogen (H2) gas in an economically efficient way. MEC is known as the advanced concept of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) but requires a minor amount of supplementary electrical energy to produce H2 in the cathode microenvironment. Different bio/processes could be...

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a promising technology for simultaneous wastewater treatment and bioenergy generation (H2). The mixture of organic compounds present in wastewater acts as the source of free electron in the MECs. H2 production rate and yield by conventional methods including dark fermentation, photo-fermentation and biophotolysi...

Biosurfactants or microbial surfactants are structurally diverse and contribute to reducing surface and interfacial tension. Apart from being isolated from municipal waste and oil contaminated soil, biosurfactant-producing Bacillus spp. can also be found in fermented foods. Bacillus subtilis produce surfactant, which exhibits antibacterial activity...

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a novel biotechnological tool which can convert organic matter presented in biomass or wastewater into H2. In order to address existing challenges for scaling up the MEC technology and obtain a desirable H2 production performance, it is vital to understand the theoretical fundamentals of MEC technology and the k...

Continuous fermentation of dilute acid-pretreated de-oiled rice bran (DRB) to butanol by the Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1 strain was investigated. Pretreatment of DRB with dilute sulfuric acid (1%) resulted in the production of 42.12 g/L total sugars, including 25.57 g/L glucose, 15.1 g/L xylose and 1.46 g/L cellobiose. Pretreated-DRB (SADRB) was...

In this study, optimization of growth, lipid and DHA production of Aurantiochytrium SW1 was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) in optimizing initial fructose concentration, agitation speed and monosodium glutamate (MSG) concentration. Central composite design was applied as the experimental design and analysis of variance (ANOVA)...

Thraustochytrids are a group of marine fungus-like microheterotrophs of which some can accumulate considerable amounts of the high valued omega-3 oil, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this study, a local thraustochytrid isolate, Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1, was cultivated in a medium containing fructose as the major carbon source. The effects of this ca...

Optimization of fermentation medium for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 was carried out. In this study, levels of fructose, monosodium glutamate (MSG) and sea salt were optimized for enhanced lipid and DHA production using response surface methodology (RSM). The design contains a total of 20 runs with 6 cent...

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a promising method for hydrogen production by microorganisms. The culture conditions were optimized for Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA ATCC 51573 using response surface methodology involving central composite design (CCD). Effects of sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, sodium fumarate, incubation temperature, and...

Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are perceived as a potential and promising innovative biotechnological tool that can convert carbon-rich waste biomass or wastewater into hydrogen (H2) or other value-added chemicals. Undesired methane (CH4) producing H2 sinks, including methanogens, is a serious challenge faced by MECs to achieve high-rate H2 pr...

Present day, the environmental issues and the insufficiency of energy supply are of major concerns around the world. In view of this, numerous utilities have interchanged their production sources and path ways to green and renewable energy. The hydropower (HP) is the world's largest and the most efficient sustainable way to produce electricity or p...

A wide variety of renewable options are available at the laboratory scale to produce biohydrogen such as direct and indirect biophotolysis, dark fermentation, photofermentation, and sequential dark fermentation and photofermentation (Nikolaidis and Poullikkas, 2017). Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are a new and promising approach for H2 produc...

Fermenting palm kernel cake (PKC) hydrolysate using C.acetobutylicum YM1 produces butanol. Firstly, PKC is exposed to acid pretreatment to release fermentable sugars. Besides sugar, PKC hydrolysate consists of a mixture of microbial inhibitors. Sulfuric acid-treated PKC (2% SAPKC) released 30 g/L of reducing sugars. The concentration of microbial i...

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a promising sustainable technology for wastewater treatment, bioenergy and value-added chemicals production. MECs have both operational and functional superiorities over the other technologies presently used for producing hydrogen (H2) from renewable biomass. Nevertheless, this technology is still in its infancy...

Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are a novel technology aiming at producing hydrogen from biomass or wastewater. The collection and preservation of the gas generated in the MECs is the first and most important operation in gas measuring techniques. There are several techniques for the quantitative evaluation of gas production in MECs, such as Ow...

A kinetic model of bacterial growth and metabolite production can adequately explain the trends and interaction of important parameters in a fermentation process. Production of surfactin by two bacterial strains, namely, Bacillus subtilis MSH1 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21322, in a 5 L bioreactor was investigated using Cooper's media with 4% (v/v)...

Butanol was produced from pretreated deoiled rice bran (DRB) in a batch culture of Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1. The DRB was pretreated by acetyl chloride to produce fermentable sugars prior to butanol fermentation. Pretreatment of DRB using 1% acetyl chloride (AC-DRB) resulted in sufficient fermentable sugars (30.88 g/L), which was comparable to...

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is an innovative and green technology to generate hydrogen from a wide range of renewable energy sources and wastewater. At current stage, the performance of these systems is still far from real-world applications. The most likely limiting factors for successful commercialization of this technology are the large in...

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a gripping bio-electrochemical device producing H2 gas from renewable biomass while at the same time treat wastewater. Through extensive global research efforts in the latest decade, the performance of MECs, including energy efficiency, hydrogen production rate (HPR), and hydrogen recovery have achieved signific...

The effect of pH and butyric acid supplementation on the production of butanol by a new local isolate ofClostridium acetobutylicumYM1 during batch culture fermentation was investigated. The results showed that pH had a significant effect on bacterial growth and butanol yield and productivity. The optimal initial pH that maximized butanol production...

Hydrogen is considered the most important energy carrier and the ideal fuel of the future because of its high energy density and pollution-free properties. New and more efficient H2 production methods will be required in the near future. Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) have drawn widespread attention as a novel alternative hydrogen production m...

The viability of most fermentation processes is very much dependent on the cheap fermentation medium used. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an abundant biomass generated from the palm oil processing industry that can be used as the carbon source for the growth and production of acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation (ABE) by Clostridia. In this study, ABE p...

Bacterial cellulose (BC), a pure form of three-dimensional biopolymer is gaining extensive interest due to its unique physical and mechanical properties. The effects of different agitation conditions on BC synthesis by Acetobacter xylinum 0416 have been compared. Fermentations were carried out at 150 and 200 rpm using rotatory incubator shaker and...

Low yields and productivity in fermentation industry usually due to poor quality of seed culture (inoculum). As the first stage in the fermentation process, inoculum consistency in terms of size and quality is clearly important for high yield of enzymes production. Selection of microorganism also plays an important role in improving the productivit...

Hydrogen generation was studied using palm oil mill effluent (POME) as an agro-industrial waste obtained from the palm oil industry. POME was subjected to a dilute acid hydrolysis step by HCl (37% v/v) to release fermentable sugars from cellulosic content. POME hydrolysate obtained was used as a substrate for hydrogen generation. The composition of...

Catalytic depolymerization of mannan composition of palm kernel cake (PKC) by mannanase was optimized to enhance the release of mannan-derived monomeric sugars for further application in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of PKC was studied by evaluating effects of PKC concentration, mannanase loading, hy...

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a potentially attractive green technology to tackle the global warming and energy crisis, which employs electrochemically active bacteria to convert organic matter into hydrogen or a wide range of chemicals, such as methane, acetate, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, and formic acid, without causing environmental poll...

Background/Objectives: Cellulase is an important enzyme used in the pulp and paper industries, detergent, textile and food. This work reports on the production of cellulose from white-rot fungi Pycnoporussanguineus. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The fermentation of P. sanguineus was carried out using three different carbon sources that are cellulos...

The present research mainly to explore the performance of customize flocculants agent made by reusable waste (WABE) to treat actual wastewater from different industry. The effect of mixing rate (10, 20, 30, 150, 175 and 200 rpm), sedimentation time (5, 15 and 30 min), initial pH (5, 6, 7 and original pH) of initial wastewater and flocculation dosag...

Hydrogen gas has tremendous potential as an environmentally acceptable energy carrier for vehicles. A cutting edge technology called a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) can achieve sustainable and clean hydrogen production from a wide range of renewable biomass and wastewaters. Enhancing the hydrogen production rate and lowering the energy input ar...

A new isolate of the solvent-producing Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1 was used to produce butanol in batch culture fermentation. The effects of glucose concentration, butyric acid addition and C/N ratio were studied conventionally (one-factor-at-a-time). Moreover, the interactions between glucose concentration, butyric acid addition and C/N ratio w...

A new isolate of the solvent-producing Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1 was used to produce butanol in batch culture fermentation. The effects of glucose concentration, butyric acid addition and C/N ratio were studied conventionally (one-factor-at-a-time). Moreover, the interactions between glucose concentration, butyric acid addition and C/N ratio w...

In this work, hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose content of palm kernel cake (PKC) by different types of hydrolytic enzymes was studied to evaluate monomeric sugars released for production of biobutanol by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564) in acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Experimental results revealed tha...

This research aimed to study the fermentative production of hydrogen using de-oiled rice bran (DRB) as renewable biomass. DRB was obtained by the extraction of oil content of rice bran samples. DRB was then hydrolyzed by dilute H2SO4 (1% v/v) to obtain DRB hydrolyzate as substrate for hydrogen generation. The composition of DRB hydrolyzate showed t...

Available online xxx Keywords: Hydrogen production De-oiled rice bran Acid hydrolysis Incubation temperature Culture pH Inoculum amount a b s t r a c t This research aimed to study the fermentative production of hydrogen using de-oiled rice bran (DRB) as renewable biomass. DRB was obtained by the extraction of oil content of rice bran samples. DRB...

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is one of the promising and cutting-edge technologies for generating hydrogen from wastewater through biodegradation of organic waste by exoelectrogenic microbes. In the MECs, the operational parameters, such as applied voltage (Eap), anode surface area, anode-cathode distance, and N2/CO2 volume ratio have a signif...

This research aimed to study the fermentative production of hydrogen using de-oiled rice bran (DRB) as renewable biomass. DRB was obtained by the extraction of oil content of rice bran samples. DRB was then hydrolyzed by dilute H2SO4 (1% v/v) to obtain DRB hydrolyzate as substrate for hydrogen generation. The composition of DRB hydrolyzate showed t...

Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are generally regarded as a promising future technology for manufacturing green hydrogen from organic material present in wastewaters and other renewable energy sources. However, the development of inexpensive and high-efficient cathode catalyst is the most critical challenge for MECs to become a commercialized H...

Bacterial cellulose (BC), a pure form of three-dimensional biopolymer is gaining extensive interest due to its unique physical and mechanical properties. The effects of different agitation conditions on BC synthesis by Acetobacter xylinum 0416 have been compared. Fermentations were carried out at 150 and 200 rpm using rotatory incubator shaker and...

Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are an emerging and promising technology to generate green hydrogen from a wide range of renewable energy sources and wastewater. At current stage, the performance of these systems is still some way from large-scale applications. The most likely limiting factors for successful commercialization of this technology...

Improvement in the butanol production selectivity or enhanced butanol: acetone ratio (B:A) is desirable in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by Clostridium strains. In this study, artificial electron carriers were added to the fermentation medium of a new isolate of Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1 in order to improve the butanol yield and B...

MEC (Microbial electrolysis cell) is an emerging and promising bio-electrochemical process for sustainable production of hydrogen gas. The performance and cost of cathode materials are the most important factors in MEC. In order to enhance MEC performance and reduce the fabrication and operational costs of electrodes, a wide range of cathode materi...

In this study, three factors (fructose concentration, agitation speed and monosodium glutamate (MSG) concentration) were optimized to enhance DHA production by Schizochytrium SW1 using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design was applied as the experimental design and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Th...

Repeated batch culture of Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1 was performed to investigate mycelial pellet formation in fungal lipid production process. Experimental studies were performed based on the size and structural morphology of pellets formed with consideration of harvesting times and harvested volumes of repeated batch culture. Electron microscope...

Low yields and productivity in fermentation industry usually due to poor quality of seed culture (inoculum). As the first stage in the fermentation process, inoculum consistency in terms of size and quality is clearly important for high yield of enzymes production. Selection of microorganism also plays an important role in improving the productivit...

Hydrogen generation was studied using palm oil mill effluent (POME) as agro-industrial waste biomass obtained from palm oil industry. POME was subjected to an acid treatment (HCl 37% v/v). POME hydrolysate obtained was used as a substrate for hydrogen generation. Hydrogen production was performed in a fermentative process by cultivation of new micr...

A newly isolated strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1 has a unique property of producing biobutanol from glucose under aerobic conditions. This strain exhibited the capability to grow and produce high concentrations of biobutanol under different concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO). The growth profile and solvent production in a 5 L bioreact...

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) plays a vital role in the enhancement of human health, particularly for cognitive, neurological, and visual functions. Marine microalgae, such as members of the genus Aurantiochytrium, are rich in DHA and represent a promising source of omega-3 fatty acids. In this study, levels of glucose, yeast extract, sodium...

The optimum conditions for cellulase activity measured as Filter paper activity (FPase) from sorghum straw by Aspergillus terreus SUK-1 using response surface methodology (RSM) was based on central composite design (CCD).The effect of incubation temperature, initial pH and moisture content on FPase activity was carried out in solid substrate fermen...

The optimum conditions for cellulase activity measured as Filter paper activity (FPase) from sorghum straw by Aspergillus terreus SUK-1 using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was based on Central Composite Design (CCD). The effect of incubation temperature, initial pH and moisture content on FPase activity was carried out in Solid Substrate Ferme...

The aim of this study was to establish a simple, accurate and reproducible method for the identification and quantification of surfactin using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Previously reported method of identification and quantification of surfactin were time consuming and requires a large quantity of mobile phase. The new method w...

The locally isolated filamentous fungus Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1 was cultivated in a 5 L bioreactor to produce lipid and gammalinolenic acid (GLA).The optimization was carried out using response surface methodology based on a central composite design. A statistical model, second-order polynomial model, was adjusted to the experimental data to ev...

In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize and investigate the ability of yeast extract, CaCO3, MgSO4 and K2HPO4 to maximize biobutanol production by a novel local isolate of Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1. A central composite design was applied as the experimental design, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to...

Hydrogen is gaining international attention as a sustainable energy carrier with the potential to replace fossil fuels. A cutting edge technology called a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) can achieve sustainable and clean hydrogen production from a wide range of renewable biomass. A large number of substrates have been used as fuel sources. The ma...

In view of increasing attempts for the production of renewable energy, the production of biohydrogen energy by a new mesophilic bacterium Clostridium sp. YM1 was performed for the first time in the dark fermentation. Experimental results showed that the fermentative hydrogen was successfully produced by Clostridium sp. YM1 with the highest cumulati...

The biosynthesis of biomedical products including lipid and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) by Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1 was studied in repeated batch fermentation. Three key process variables, namely, glucose concentration, ammonium tartrate concentration, and harvesting time, were optimized using response surface methodology. Repeated batch fermenta...

Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of palm oil industry, contains glucose and mannose as hexose sugars. This study was performed to determine the feasibility of using PKC as a lignocellulosic substrate for biobutanol production by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 in an acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process. Moreover, the e...

Increasing demand of energy and awareness about environmental pollution has led to increase interest in alternative, clean and renewable energy sources. Biobutanol is considered as the candidate liquid biofuel to replace gasoline. In this study, the capability of a newly isolated strain of local Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1 was tested to produce...

Strategic feeding of ammonium and metal ions (Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Fe(3+), Cu(2+), Ca(2+), Co(2+), and Zn(2+)) for enhanced GLA-rich lipid accumulation in C. bainieri 2A1 was established. When cultivated in nitrogen-limited medium, the fungus produced up to 30% lipid (g/g biomass) with 12.9% (g/g lipid) GLA. However, the accumulation of lipid stopped at...

In this study investigation was made to evaluate the effects of different algal media components to get optimized cell count of Scenedesmus dimorphus. Five different fresh water algal media such as Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM), M4N medium, BG-11 medium, N-8 medium and M-8 medium were used for culturing S. dimorphus in flask culture. A set of environme...

The potential of utilizing artificial neural network (ANN) model approach for simulate and predict the hydrogen yield in batch model using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564) was investigated. A unique architecture has been introduced in this research to mimic the inter-relationship between three input parameters initial substra...

Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1 is an oleaginous fungus whose lipid accumulation profile is significantly influenced by metal ion concentrations in growth medium. Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ and Cu2+ were found to be the important elements affecting lipid accumulation in this fungus. This study employs a statistical method (Response Surface Methodology -RSM) to s...

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid that plays major role in human health. It is typically extracted from fatty fish and this puts pressure on global fish stock. DHA obtained from fish is also prone to contamination. Schizochytrium is a potential alternative source, having the ability of accumulating considerable amounts of DHA. M...

The production of biobutanol was studied by the cultivation of Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIMB 13557 in P2 medium including date fruit as the sole substrate. The effect of P2 medium and the effect of different concentrations of date fruit ranging from 10 to 100 g/L on biobutanol production were investigated. Anaerobic batch culture was carried out...

The production of biobutanol was studied by the cultivation of Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIMB 13557 in P2 medium including date fruit as the sole substrate. The effect of P2 medium and the effect of different concentrations of date fruit ranging from 10 to 100 g/L on biobutanol production were investigated. Anaerobic batch culture was carried out...

A Plackett-Burman design was used to pre-optimize the medium composition for biobutanol production using a unique isolate of solvent-producing Clostridium YM1. Various nutrient factors affecting biobutanol production were screened using the Plackett-Burman design. These factors included: glucose, tryptone, yeast extract, peptone, ammonium acetate,...

Treated ricebran hydrolysate was fermented anaerobically using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 at an initial pH of 6 +/- 0.2 and an operating temperature of 30 degrees C for production of hydrogen. The effects of different pretreatment methods on the liberation of sugar from 100 g of ricebran per litre of medium (distilled water) were i...

Date fruit juice contains high concentration of simple sugars ranging from 65 to 75% (w/w) in dry form. In this study, the potential of date fruit juice as biobutanol fermentation medium by C. acetobutylicum was investigated. The fermentation process was carried out at initial pH of 5, 6 and 7, incubation temperature of 30, 35 and 40 degrees C for...

The application of Clostridium species as a whole cell biocatalysis represents an attractive alternative to conventional chemical synthesis. Solvent-producing cultures of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564) might act as a promising biocatalyst toreduce a variety of the carbonyl groups to the corresponding alcohols through whole...

The anaerobic production of biohydrogen from different pretreated agroindustrial wastes, including rice bran (RB), de-oiled RB (DRB), sago starch (SS), and palm oil mill effluent (POME) via Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 was investigated in a batch culture system at 30 °C and a pH of 6.2. A yield of 7627, 6995, and 6,363 mL H2/L was ob...

The green microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis is one of the most beneficial microalgae due to its production of astaxanthin that has great commercial interest because of its antioxidant properties. A two level factorial design (2LFD) was used to pre-optimize conditions to grow H. pluvialis. The variables involved were pH, inoculum size, temperature...

Solid state fermentation of palm kernel cake (PKC) has been carried out using locally isolated Rhizopus oryzae ME01 (MPOB-EPC 01) in order to increase proximate composition of PKC primarily its protein content. Fermentation of PKC was conducted with limited presence of oxygen, initial moisture content of 50% and at pH 5 for 10 days at ambient tempe...

Biocellulose (BC), produced by Acetobacter xylinum (0416), was carried out using three types of medium composition under static surface culture. The media used in this experiment included CWHSM (Coconut water in Hestrin-Schramm medium), CM (Complex medium) and HSM (Hestrin-Schramm medium). CWHSM and CM used coconut water from agro-waste as the main...

The economic dependency on fossil fuels and the resulting effects on climate and environment have put tremendous focus on utilizing fermentable sugars from lignocellulose, the largest known renewable carbohydrate source. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a residue from palm oil extraction presently only used as a low protein feed supplement. It’s contains...

Surfactin, a lipopeptidic biosurfactant from Bacillus subtilis can only be produced under appropriate fermentation conditions and one of the factor being considered is their nutrient source. Conventionally, production of surfactin had been practised by utilizing commercial laboratory media in either both small and large scale fermentation. Alternat...