Mohammad Khalil

University of Bergen | UiB

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are remote courses that excel in their students’ heterogeneity and quantity. Due to the peculiarity of being massiveness, the large datasets generated by MOOC platforms require advanced tools and techniques to reveal hidden patterns for purposes of enhancing learning and educational behaviors. This publication of...

This chapter looks into examining research studies of the last five years and presents the state of the art of Learning Analytics (LA) in the Higher Education (HE) arena. Therefore, we used mixed-method analysis and searched through three popular libraries, including the Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) conference, the SpringerLink, and the W...

A Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is a type of online learning environment that has the potential to increase students' access to education. However, the low completion rates in MOOCs suggest that student engagement and progression in the courses are problematic. Following the increasing adoption of gamification in education, it is possible that...

Self-regulated learning (SRL) refers to how learners steer their own learning. Supporting SRL has been shown to enhance the use of SRL strategies and learning performance in computer-based learning environments. However, little is known about supporting SRL in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). In this study, weekly SRL prompts were embedded as v...

Social network services such as Twitter are important venues that can be used as rich data sources to mine public opinions about various topics. In this study, we used Twitter to collect data on one of the most growing theories in education, namely Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) and carry out further analysis to investigate What Twitter says about S...

Amid the many claims surrounding the operationalisation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education, is the claim that AI can democratise education - referring to, inter alia, increasing access to equitable, high-quality lifelong learning opportunities for all. There is, however, also the claim that education should play an integral role in democr...

Synthetic data as a means of data generation and augmentation has garnered widespread attention from various fields including educational data science. However, discussions about using large language models (LLMs) to generate synthetic data have primarily focused on textual data rather than tabular data. In educational data analysis, tabular data,...

Students' physical and digital lives are increasingly entangled. It is difficult to separate students' digital well‐being from their offline well‐being given that artificial intelligence increasingly shapes both. Within the context of education's fiduciary and moral duty to ensure safe, appropriate and effective digital learning spaces for students...

Educational data science has played an important role in enhancing learning and teaching by utilizing data-driven approaches, but the further development of data stack applications in education is hindered by privacy concerns [1]. It has become imperative to tackle data privacy issues in this area with the increasing demands to promote trustworthin...

Laboratory experimentation is one of key elements of higher scientific education. Remote Intelligent Access to Labs in Higher Education (RIALHE) is an ambitious project involving three European partners aimed at promoting online access to state-of-the-art laboratory simulations and their environments. As part of the initiative to facilitate remote...

As online education becomes more widely available, the amount of data available and accessible has exploded. Such a wealth of educational data provides ample opportunities for the fields of learning analytics and educational data mining to expand and yield numerous benefits, such as identifying at-risk students, providing personalized feedback, and...

A core focus of self‐regulated learning (SRL) research lies in uncovering methods to empower learners within digital learning environments. As digital technologies continue to evolve during the current hype of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, the theoretical, empirical and methodological nuances to support SRL are emerging and offering ne...

The recent advances in educational technology enabled the development of solutions that collect and analyse data from learning scenarios to inform the decision-making processes. Research fields like Learning Analytics (LA) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) aim at supporting teaching and learning by using such solutions. However, their adoption in au...

Privacy poses a significant obstacle to the progress of learning analytics (LA), presenting challenges like inadequate anonym ization and data misuse that current solutions struggle to address. Synthetic data emerges as a potential remedy, offering robust privacy protection. However, prior LA research on synthetic data lacks thorough evaluation, es...

While learning analytics dashboards (LADs) are the most common form of LA intervention, there is limited evidence regarding their impact on students’ learning outcomes. This systematic review synthesizes the findings of 38 research studies to investigate the impact of LADs on students’ learning outcomes, encompassing achievement, participation, mot...

Background/Motivation This article presents a systematic review aimed at examining the utilization of learning analytics (LA) to enhance teachers’ professional capital. Aim The study focuses on three primary research questions: (1) exploring the characteristics and approaches of LA in professional capital, (2) investigating suggestions from LA for...

While learning analytics dashboards (LADs) are the most common form of LA intervention, there is limited evidence regarding their impact on students' learning outcomes. This systematic review synthesizes the findings of 38 research studies to investigate the impact of LADs on students' learning outcomes, encompassing achievement, participation, mot...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and establish the contours of trust in learning analytics and to establish steps that institutions might take to address the “trust deficit” in learning analytics. Design/methodology/approach “Trust” has always been part and parcel of learning analytics research and practice, but concerns around priv...

The field of learning analytics has advanced from infancy stages into a more practical domain, where tangible solutions are being implemented. Nevertheless, the field has encountered numerous privacy and data protection issues that have garnered significant and growing attention. In this systematic review, four databases were searched concerning pr...

Over the past decade or so, learning analytics (LA) has matured as a research field and as operational practice within many educational institutions, mostly in the Global North. Learning analytics is commonly defined as the measurement, collection, analysis and use of students’ data to improve students’ learning. Until recently, the main sources of...

Since the emergence of learning analytics (LA) in 2011 as a distinct field of research and practice, multimodal learning analytics (MMLA), shares an interdisciplinary approach to research and practice with LA in its use of technology (eg, low cost sensors, wearable technologies), the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), an...

The use of videos in teaching has gained impetus in recent years, especially after the increased attention towards remote learning. Understanding students’ video-related behaviour through learning (and video) analytics can offer instructors significant potential to intervene and enhance course designs. Previous studies explored students’ video enga...

Background With increased use of artificial intelligence in the classroom, there is now a need to better understand the complementarity of intelligent learning technology and teachers to produce effective instruction. Objective The paper reviews the current research on intelligent learning technology designed to make models of student learning and...

Learning analytics (LA), as research and practice, has been committed to contributing to understanding students' learning and the contexts in which their learning occurs since its emergence in 2011. Core to learning analytics is the measurement, collection, analysis and use of student data. As higher education becomes increasingly digitised and dat...

The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology and its impact on education has been a topic of growing concern in recent years. The new generation AI systems such as chatbots have become more accessible on the Internet and stronger in terms of capabilities. The use of chatbots, particularly ChatGPT, for generating academic essays at schools an...

The fields of neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI) have a long history of intertwining. There are countless AI applications inspired by neuroscience, working memory is also one of them. However, previous research has covered less ground in terms of how neural networks have been influenced by working memory and draw on working memory princi...

Learning Analytics (LA) is a cutting edge trend in the field of education that aims to better understand the learning processes and how to support students in their learning journeys with the availability of rich educational data. Although LA has gained some momentum in recent years, it still faces questions about its data protection and privacy. H...

This preface discusses the potential of virtual labs (VLs) as a flexible and immersive alternative to traditional physical labs in light of Technology-Enhanced Learning in Laboratories workshop (TELL 2023), which features seven papers showing various methodologies and perspectives on using VLs. The papers cover topics such as VLs in biomedicine, st...

This paper presents a bibliometric systematic review on model-based learning analytics (MbLA), which enable coupling between teachers and intelligent systems to support the learning process. This is achieved through systems that make their models of student learning and instruction transparent to teachers. We use bibliometric network analysis and t...

This poster presents our work on exploring the data generated in an Open edX MOOC to understand how it can be analysed and used to impact learners’ motivation in online courses. The work presents the development of eduGraph, a learning analytics dashboard to disseminate insights about learners’ and their learning processes grounded in the self-regu...

Online education is increasing and progress within technology has inspired the development of virtual laboratories, which allow students to conduct experiments online. One of the main challenges of virtual laboratory environments is facilitating collaboration similar to that existing in physical laboratory settings. This research explores how learn...

With the emergence of learning analytics, data-sharing practices and privacy have become a major concern for different stakeholders in educational settings. Recently, this issue has been accentuated by the rapid development of virtual reality (VR) tools which, because of their multimodal nature, are likely to raise further concerns regarding studen...

This article maps considerations of inclusiveness and support for students with disabilities by reviewing articles within the field of learning analytics. The study involved a PRISMA-informed systematic review of two popular digital libraries, namely Clarivate’s Web of Science, and Elsevier’s Scopus for peer-reviewed journal articles and conference...

Learning analytics has the capacity to provide potential benefit to a wide range of stakeholders within a range of educational contexts. It can provide prompt support to students, facilitate effective teaching, highlight aspects of course content that might be adapted, and predict a range of possible outcomes, such as students registering for more...

Remote learning has advanced from the theoretical to the practical sciences with the advent of virtual labs. Although virtual labs allow students to conduct their experiments remotely, it is a challenge to evaluate student progress and collaboration using learning analytics. So far, a study that systematically synthesizes the status of research on...

The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology and its impact on education has been a topic of growing concern in recent years. The new generation AI systems such as chatbots have become more accessible on the Internet and stronger in terms of capabilities. The use of chatbots, particularly ChatGPT, for generating academic essays at schools an...

Central to the institutionalization of learning analytics is the need to understand and improve student learning. Frameworks guiding the implementation of learning analytics flow from and perpetuate specific understandings of learning. Crucially, they also provide insights into how learning analytics acknowledges and positions itself as entangled i...

Multimodal Learning Analytics (MMLA) has been applied to collaborative learning, often to estimate collaboration quality with the use of multimodal data, which often have uneven time scales. The difference in time scales is handled by dividing and aggregating data using a fixed-size time window. The current MMLA research lacks the systematic explor...

Since its inception in 2011, Learning Analytics has matured and expanded in terms of reach (e.g., primary and K-12 education) and in having access to a greater variety, volume and velocity of data (e.g. collecting and analyzing multimodal data). Its roots in multiple disciplines yield a range and richness of theoretical influences resulting in an i...

This article seeks to explore different combinations of human and Artificial Intelligence (AI) decision-making in the context of distributed learning. Distributed learning institutions face specific challenges such as high levels of student attrition and ensuring quality, cost-effective student support at scale using a range of technologies, such a...

Since the emergence of learning analytics, much of the research has emerged from traditional campus-based institutions in the Global North (Prinsloo, 2018, 2020). While learning analytics is not a panacea for all of the challenges faced within distance education with regard to, for example, student retention and throughput, there is evidence that i...

Background The Covid‐19 pandemic disrupted higher education in many ways, such as the move to Emergency Remote Online Teaching and Learning (EROTL), often including a move to online assessments and examinations. With evidence of increased academic dishonesty in unproctored online assessment, institutions sought ways to ensure academic and instituti...

This paper presents Eduino, a chatbot that is built on the popular social media platform ‘Telegram’ and serves as a learning-based platform conversational agent. Following the methodology of Data Science Research, three iterative stages are carried out for the development. Eduino provides a feature set covering functionality for acquiring lecture n...

This book explores and further expands on the rich history of theoretical and empirical research in open and distributed learning, and addresses the impact of the “data revolution” and the emergence of learning analytics on this increasingly diverse form of educational delivery. Following an introductory chapter that maps the book’s conceptual rati...

Online distance learning is highly learner-centred, requiring different skills and competences from learners, as well as alternative approaches for instructional design, student support, and provision of resources. Learner autonomy and self-regulated learning (SRL) in online learning settings are considered key success factors that predict student...

It is with a sense of irony that we offer a conclusion to this book. As we acknowledged in the introductory chapter, when we invited authors to submit proposals for a book on exploring the potential and challenges of learning analytics for open, distance and distributed learning institutions and forms of delivery, no one would have imagined how the...

As part of the series, Springer Briefs in Open and Distance Education, we invited expressions of interest aiming to critically explore and map the potential and challenges of learning analytics in the specific context of open and distributed learning.

Evidence shows that appropriate use of technology in education has the potential to increase the effectiveness of, eg, teaching, learning and student support. There is also evidence that technology can introduce new problems and ethical issues, eg, student privacy. This article maps some limitations of technological approaches that ensure student d...

With the increase in online education arises the challenge of replicating physical laboratories and teamwork online. This poster presents a brief overview of a scoping review of the current research within the area of learning analytics and collaboration in online laboratory environments, including results on the used learning analytics method. A g...

While learning analytics frameworks precede the official launch of learning analytics in 2011, there has been a proliferation of learning analytics frameworks since. This systematic review of learning analytics frameworks between 2011 and 2021 in three databases resulted in an initial corpus of 268 articles and conference proceeding papers based on...

Twitter is a very popular microblogging platform that has been actively used by scientific communities to exchange scientific information and to promote scholarly discussions. The present study aimed to leverage the tweet data to provide valuable insights into the development of the learning analytics field since its initial days. Descriptive analy...

This chapter presents a conceptual exploration of the potential of learning analytics to inform teaching and learning during extraordinary contextual events such as the recent and continuing impact of COVID-19. In reflecting on the potential of learning analytics to ameliorate teaching in the dark, we first share some empirical evidence of how lear...

The coronavirus pandemic has impacted global society in many ways, not least education, with schools and universities moving many teaching and learning practices online. This paper examines the response of educational institutions in employing learning analytics, an approach which includes the collection and analysis of student data to understand a...

Clustering in education is important in identifying groups of objects in order to find linked patterns of correlations in educational datasets. As such, MOOCs provide a rich source of educational datasets which enable a wide selection of options to carry out clustering and an opportunity for cohort analyses. In this experience paper, five research...

Clustering in education is important in identifying groups of objects in order to find linked patterns of correlations in educational datasets. As such, MOOCs provide a rich source of educational datasets which enable a wide selection of options to carry out clustering and an opportunity for cohort analyses. In this experience paper, five research...

The course has been designed and written with the explicit purpose of assisting teachers to understand and use learning analytics ethically and appropriately in their own context. After reading, participants should be able to: 1. Explain learning analytics in the broader evolution of the use of learners’ data in teaching and learning environments....

The coronavirus pandemic has impacted global society in many ways, not least education, with schools and universities moving many teaching and learning practices online. This paper examines the response of educational institutions in employing learning analytics, an approach which includes the collection and analysis of student data to understand a...

While the exchange of cross-border students in Europe has increased significantly in recent years, a growing number of these students face obstacles in selecting courses for exchange. This poster describes the first iteration of creating a course recommendation system for exchange students to select courses that fit their preferences. We implemente...

Online distance learning is highly learner-centred, requiring different skills and competences from learners, as well as alternative approaches for instructional design, student support, and provision of resources. Learner autonomy and self-regulated learning (SRL) in online learning settings are considered key success factors that predict student...

Since its emergence in 2011, the field of Learning Analytics demands tools that deal with the exhausts of digital learning systems. This paper presents our first prototype 'OXALIC' in an attempt to introduce a standalone Learning Analytics tool for the Open edX MOOC platform. Open edX is largely used by thousands of organizations around the world....

With globally increased migration and mobility across countries, it has become critical for many people to acquire a language of the host country. This study focuses on the case of adult migrant workers who are i) enrolled in second language education and ii) faced to a challenge of balancing between their professional and private lives and their s...

The adoption of learning analytics in the Higher Education sector is evolving fast, however, there are many challenges concerning privacy, ethics, security, and transparency. Despite HE Institutions having promised to improve student's learning experiences through the use of student data, students, to a large extent, are absent and verily in instit...

Large organizations often constrain their innovation quests only inside the silos of dedicated departments. However, in the rapidly changing world, innovation processes need to be opened to wider circles suggesting involving virtual environments in workplaces that trigger employees’ to be highly engaged. This empirical study investigates the facili...

Published in Distance Education in China 4:1-11 摘要：学习分析自从2011年出现以来,不管是作为一个研究重点还是实践领域,它一直在发展,从某种程度上讲已经成熟了。学习分析不但在增进我们对学生坚持学习和顺利完成学业的了解以及提高我们教学策略的效果等方面有巨大潜能,它还能帮助学生在更加知情的情况下做出选择。然而,学习分析在多大程度上影响学生学习?它在什么条件下能够充分发挥其潜能?这些问题引起一些关注。我们在这篇概念性文章中提出从生态系统观的角度理解学习分析,或是把它视为某一个生态系统的一部分,或是把它当成一个生态系统,这个系统由各种人为和非人为因素(行动者)组成,包含一系列相互交叉、常常互相依存且又是彼此一部分的变量。鉴于学习分析有提高学习效果的潜...

Self-regulated learning (SRL) can predict academic performance. Yet, it is difficult for learners. The ability to self-regulate learning becomes even more important in emerging online learning settings. To support learners in developing their SRL, learning analytics (LA), which can improve learning practice by transforming the ways we support learn...

The aim of this workshop paper is to propose Mobile Multimodal Learning Analytics Methodology (MOLAM). The methodology is suggested to be developed through the lenses of multidisciplinary and multichannel data research approaches, based on the theoretical foundations of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL). MOLAM is theory supported, driven by learning an...

In order to effectively integrate digital technology into education it is necessary to examine and understand teachers’ preparedness to use digital technology in education. The objective of this pilot study is to validate a self-reported instrument to measure teachers’ preparedness to use Information and Communication Technologies for learning and...

Learning was once defined as the function of efforts spent in relation to efforts needed [3]. Provided that effort is closely linked to time, previous research has found a positive relationship between student effort over time and student success, both in university education and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). With the complex environment of...

The research of SRL in MOOCs is still young and carried intervention experiments that support SRL are still scarce. In this abstract, the main objective is to provide a glance and results of an empirical study where SRL behavior is explored in a MOOC using learning analytics. When learners click on online course activities in MOOCs, log files are c...

Mobile learning (m-learning) is increasingly adopted in Higher Education (HE) given that almost all undergraduates own mobile devices with Wi-Fi and fast Internet connections. In HE, undergraduates are required to spend a significant proportion of time on self-study as well as use effective learning strategies during self-study to achieve academic...

Information and communication technologies are increasingly mediating learning and teaching practices as well as how educational institutions are handling their administrative work. As such, students and teachers are leaving large amounts of digital footprints and traces in various educational apps and learning management platforms, and educational...

Student data privacy as a research focus and practice is relatively under-researched in the context of massive open online courses (MOOCs). Central to researching student data privacy in the context of online service providers are the various user agreements that participants must accept or opt into before they can use a MOOC platform. Such documen...

Evidence suggests that individuals are often willing to exchange personal data for (real or perceived) benefits. Such an exchange may be impacted by their trust in a particular context and their (real or perceived) control over their data. Students remain concerned about the scope and detail of surveillance of their learning behavior, their privacy...