Mo D. Salman

• BVMS, MPVM, PhD, DACVPM, FACE
• Colorado State University

Effective animal disease reporting is critical for early disease detection and control, but it is often hindered by various human behavioral barriers. This review outlines a comprehensive approach to understanding and addressing these barriers in animal owners and producers. The result is a proposed scoping review protocol to find evidence on human...

Progressive control pathways provide a stepwise, measurable approach to disease control. Documenting program progress, assessing intervention efforts, and the achievement of interim outcomes depend on the capability of a surveillance system to provide useful information. We demonstrate a practical surveillance approach that progresses from measurin...

Biosurveillance defines the process of gathering, integrating, interpreting, and communicating essential information related to all-hazards threats or disease activity affecting human, animal, or plant health to achieve early detection and warning, contribute to overall situational awareness of the health aspects of an incident, and to enable bette...

Cattle production is a vital component of the global food chain. Through meat or milk, animal protein is an essential dietary requirement for most people across the world. Increased cattle production will attempt to meet the need for more protein with both positive and negative impacts. Those impacts may include the spread of disease from livestock...

Background Monitoring changes in appendicular skeletal muscle mass is frequently used as a surrogate marker for limb function. The primary objective of this study was to review scientific information related to the assessment of appendicular skeletal muscle mass in dogs. The secondary objective was to develop practical recommendations for serial ev...

The clinical relationship between equine limb lameness and secondary back dysfunction is largely unknown. Proper function of the spine is critical to maintain the integrity of the kinetic chain and attenuate forces from the appendicular skeleton. The musculus multifidus (m. multifidus) is the primary muscle providing spinal intersegmental stabiliza...

Several vaccine candidates for COVID-19 have been developed, and few vaccines received emergency approval with an acceptable level of efficacy and safety. We herein report the development of the first recombinant protein-based vaccine in Iran based on the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in its monomeric (encompassing amino acid 1-674 for S1 an...

Background and aim: Anthrax is one of the endemic strategic diseases in East Indonesia, particularly in the provinces of South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Gorontalo, East Nusa Tenggara, and West Nusa Tenggara. Anthrax is an important disease due to its zoonotic and economic impact on the livestock industry. This study aimed to identify the molecular...

Health surveillance systems are complex as they can target different types of objectives—early disease detection to prevent introduction and case detection to ensure disease control or demonstration of freedom from disease. Such systems are designed as networks of multiple actors with different needs and constraints. To allow for the design of cost...

In construction industry, demolished construction waste is recently used as reprocessed aggregate to produce environmentally friendly concrete which is a good substitute to normal crush due to increased demand of ecological growth and conservation benefits. Though, the properties of recycled aggregate concrete are smallest as compared to concrete p...

EFFECT OF CARPET FIBER REINFORCEMENT ON UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CLAYEY SOIL

(EFFECT ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE USING WASTE WATER FOR MIXING AND CURING OF CONCRETE

Infectious diseases of food animals, such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), pose severe impacts on animal trade, animal products and subsequently endanger global food security. FMD is endemic in many parts of the world and is associated with substantial economic losses, which require risk assessments, preparedness planning, and evaluation of the eff...

The COVID-19 pandemic is a wake-up call for leaders of the North American veterinary profession. Veterinary professionals constitute an invaluable workforce capable of delivering public services essential to weathering the current pandemic and preventing future pandemics. Yet North American veterinary professionals are often underutilized in effort...

Most COVID-19 affected resource-constrained settings have not ascertained their disease prevalence that pose a risk for global health. In wake of limited diagnostics and research capacity in such settings, this disease forecasting model provides an example to be adapted for evidence-based response efforts. Using officially reported data, this model...

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). The disease has spread globally in recent years with serious economic consequences to pork production. This report describes an ASF outbreak that occurred in a large‐scale Chinese commercial pig farm. The outbreak started in 2...

Bondad-Reantaso MG, Mackinnon B, Hao B, Huang J, Tang-Nelson K, Surachetpong W, Alday-Sanz V, Salman M, Brun E, Karunasagar I, Hanson L, Sumption K, Barange M, Lovatelli A, Sunarto A, Fejzic N, Subasinghe R, Mathiesen ÁM, Shariff M. (2020). Viewpoint: SARS-CoV-2 (the cause of COVID-19 in humans) is not known to infect aquatic food animals nor conta...

Introduction Anthrax is endemic in Georgia and recent outbreaks prompted a livestock-handler case-control study with a component to evaluate anthrax knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among livestock handlers or owners. Methods Cases were handlers of livestock with confirmed animal anthrax from June 2013-May 2015. Handlers of four matched u...

Avian Influenza (AI) H9N2 is endemic in Iran; therefore, it is necessary to estimate the disease prevalence among birds in live bird markets (LBMs) and assess the risk spread across the country. Accordingly, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AI subtypes in LBMs, bird gardens, and zoos during October and November 2015 in Iran and invest...

Here we review evidence for influenza A viruses (IAVs) moving from swine, avian, feline, equine, and canine species to infect humans. We review case reports, sero-epidemiological, archeo-epidemiological, environmental, and historical studies and consider trends in livestock farming. Although this focused review is not systematic, the aggregated dat...

The only known outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in wildlife in the US occurred in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in California in 1924-25. There is little recorded information on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the disease in deer in that outbreak. In this experimental study, we compared the susceptibility of mule deer to FMD virus (F...

Crimean–Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a deadly viral zoonotic disease, which is endemic in Pakistan. We report a case study analysis of three cases of CCHF which occurred in Chakwal, Pakistan in 2016. The disease was suspected in three patients exhibiting clinical symptoms suggestive of CCHF; two of the three patients died. The presence of CCH...

Introduction Anthrax is considered endemic in livestock in Georgia. In 2007, the annual vaccination became the responsibility of livestock owners, while contracting of private veterinarians was not officially required. Six years later, due to increase in human outbreaks associated with livestock handling, there is a need to find out the risk factor...

Throughout history, acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among US service members. We estimated the magnitude, distribution, risk factors and care seeking behaviour of AGI among the active duty US Army service members using a web-based survey. The survey asked about sociodemographic characteri...

In this study, we estimate the burden of foodborne illness (FBI) caused by five major pathogens among nondeployed US Army service members. The US Army is a unique population that is globally distributed, has its own food procurement system and a food protection system dedicated to the prevention of both unintentional and intentional contamination o...

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is growing problem around the world, including in Africa, and is associated with increasing mortality and medical costs.1-2 Preventing and treating the emergence of resistant pathogens requires contextual knowledge about the way both medications and microbe ecologies interact and are locally understood. Suboptimal, no...

[This corrects the article on p. 123 in vol. 3, PMID: 28119919.].

Maintaining high vaccination coverage is key to successful rabies control, but mass dog vaccination can be challenging and population turnover erodes coverage. Declines in rabies incidence following successive island-wide vaccination campaigns in Bali suggest that prospects for controlling and ultimately eliminating rabies are good. Rabies, however...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can infect and be transmitted between elephants and humans. In elephants, the ‘gold standard’ reference test for detection of tuberculosis is culture, which takes a minimum of eight weeks for results and has limited sensitivity. A screening test that is rapid, easily implemented, and accurate is needed to aid in diagnosis...

Outbreaks of Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and Zika virus have highlighted the importance of the One Health initiative, and have challenged the fi eld of public health to think about disease management and surveillance within multispecies host–pathogen ecosystems. The threat of zoonotic tuberculosis presents another cas...

Stressful housing and management practices affect animals, potentially increasing their receptiveness to pathogens. Since some pathogens do not lead to clinical signs of sickness, subclinical pigs could enter the food-chain, contaminating carcases and offal at slaughter, representing a threat to human health. Here, we assess the feasibility of a ne...

In almost all villages in Iran backyard birds, especially chickens, are kept for egg and meat production. AI H9N2 subtype is endemic in Iran. Therefore, estimation of Al prevalence among these birds is important to determine the risk of transmission of infection to commercial farms. The aim of this study was to estimate subclinical infections or pr...

In almost all villages in Iran backyard birds, especially chickens, are kept for egg and meat production. AI H9N2 subtype is endemic in Iran. Therefore, estimation of AI prevalence among these birds is important to determine the risk of transmission of infection to commercial farms. The aim of this study was to estimate subclinical infections or pr...

Prognosis of the remaining useful life (RUL) of a unit or system plays an important role in system reliability analysis and maintenance decision making. One key aspect of the RUL prognosis is the construction of the best prediction interval for failure occurrence. The interval should have reasonable length and yield the best prediction power. In cu...

The objective of this study is to inventory the current genetic diversity of the bison quarantine feasibility study (BQFS) herd originating from Yellowstone National Park (YNP) using previously described microsatellite, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers with the aim to determine the degree, if any, of cattle DNA introgression in this herd. This...

The Veterinary Medicine Profession (VMP) plays a crucial role in One Health efforts underlying global food sustainability. Veterinary public health education lies at the core of these efforts. The focus of veterinary education has strayed from veterinary public health including food sustainability to companion animal treatment. To serve as a long-t...

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), due to infection with serotype O virus, occurred in wild boar and within eleven outbreaks in domestic livestock in the south-east of Bulgaria, Thrace region, in 2011. Hence, the issue of the potential for the spread and maintenance of FMD virus (FMDV) infection in a population of wild ungulates became important. This a...

Objective: To characterize direct and indirect contacts among livestock operations in Colorado and Kansas. Design: Cross-sectional quarterly survey. Sample: 532 livestock producers. Procedures: Livestock producers in Colorado and Kansas were recruited by various means to participate in the survey, which was sent out via email or postal mail...

Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonotic disease of international public health importance. Ante-mortem surveillance is essential for control; however, current surveillance tests are hampered by limitations affecting ease of use or quality of results. There is an emerging interest in human and veterinary medicine in diagnos...

Fifty-four stores in thirty U.S. cities were sampled from June 2011 through May 2012 to benchmark beef tenderness at retail as assessed by Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). Top loin (Longissimus dorsi; N=980) and sirloin (Gluteus medius and Biceps femoris; N=860) steaks were collected at random (random Quality Grade and brand) and shipped via ove...

Animal disease surveillance is watching an animal population closely to determine if a specific disease or a group of diseases makes an incursion so that a prior plan of action can be implemented. The purpose of this paper is to review existing tools and techniques for an animal disease-surveillance system that can incorporate the monitoring of cli...

Brucellosis has been reported in livestock and humans in the country of Georgia with Brucella melitensis as the most common species causing disease. Georgia lacked sufficient data to assess effectiveness of the various potential control measures utilizing a reliable population-based simulation model of animal-to-human transmission of this infection...

Failure prognosis plays an important role in effective condition-based maintenance. In this paper, we evaluate and compare the hard failure prediction accuracy of three types of prognostic methods that are based on mixed effect models: the degradation-signal based prognostic model with deterministic threshold (DSPM), with random threshold (RDSPM),...

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) experimentally infected with a virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis have been shown to transmit the bacterium to other deer and cattle (Bos taurus) by sharing of pen waste and feed. The risk of transmission of M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine from orally vaccinated white-tailed deer to othe...

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of two different methods of online education using the knowledge base of African horse sickness (AHS) among US equine veterinarians as a model. An e-mail was sent to US veterinary members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), inviting them to participate in a complement...

Several strategies for eradicating Pseudorabies virus (Aujeszky's disease) in Chiang-Mai and Lampoon Provinces, Thailand, were compared using a computer simulation model, the North American Animal Disease Spread Model (NAADSM). The duration of the outbreak, the number of affected herds and the number of destroyed herds were compared during these si...

It is indisputable that climate is an important factor in many livestock diseases. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the impact of climate change on livestock infectious diseases is much less certain. Therefore, the aim of the article is to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the topic utilizing available retrospective data and informatio...

Introduction of FMDV into Thrace by wildlife is less likely than introduction due to movement of domestic animals or animal products. Based on a systematic literature review, currently available data of surveillance in wildlife and the epidemiological model, FMD will not be sustainable in the wildlife population in Thrace although limited spread of...

SUMMARYHuman brucellosis occurs when humans ingest or contact Brucella spp. from shedding animals or contaminated environments and food. In Georgia animal and human brucellosis is endemic, but the epidemiology has not been fully characterized. A case-control study was conducted in 2010 to identify risk factors for human brucellosis. Using multivari...

Brucellosis is endemic in the country of Georgia, with the highest incidence of disease in the east of Georgia, in the Kakheti region--which is also home to the majority of sheep and a large portion of the national cattle herd (two species that are natural hosts of zoonotic Brucella spp.). Our purpose was to understand the ruminant livestock manage...

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) rapidly evolved into an issue of major public concern particularly when, in 1996, evidence was provided that this disease had crossed the species barrier and infected humans in the UK with what has become known as "variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease" (vCJD). The aim of this paper is to describe the European Geo...

Risk-based surveillance systems reveal occurrence of disease or infection in a sample of population units, which are selected on the basis of risk factors for the condition under study. The purpose of such systems for supporting practical animal disease policy formulations and management decisions are: A: to detect an emerging disease or infection,...

It is indisputable that climate is an important factor in many livestock diseases. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the impact of climate change on livestock infectious diseases is much less certain. Therefore, the aim of the article is to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the topic utilizing available retrospective data and informatio...

The evaluation of models of the spread and control of animal diseases is crucial if these models are to be used to inform decisions about the control or management of such diseases. Two key steps in the evaluation of epidemiological models are model verification and model validation. Verification is the demonstration that a computer-driven model is...

Objective of study The objective of this study was to evaluate possible factors associated with isolation of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella spp. and non-type specific Escherichia coli from fecal samples from dairy cattle (calves and cows). Materials and Methods Fecal samples were collected from calves and cows at a local dairy over a 12 mont...

Animal shelter workers are a vulnerable population whose exposure to zoonotic disease may be greater compared with the general population. The aim of this project was to identify baseline zoonotic disease knowledge of animal shelter workers and to develop and evaluate zoonotic disease awareness training. Ten animal shelters in six western states we...

Rapid and sensitive diagnostic assays for the detection of tuberculous mycobacteria in elephants are lacking. DNA extraction with PCR analysis is useful for tuberculosis screening in many species but has not been validated on elephant trunk wash samples. We estimated the analytical sensitivity and specificity of three DNA extraction methods to dete...

In the absence of data, qualitative risk assessment frameworks have proved useful to assess risks associated with animal health diseases. As part of a scientific opinion for the European Commission (EC) on African Swine Fever (ASF), a working group of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assessed the risk of ASF remaining endemic in Trans Cauc...

Animal health is of societal importance as it affects human welfare, and anthropogenic interests shape decision making to assure animal health. Scientific advice to support decision making is manifold. Modelling, as one piece of the scientific toolbox, is appreciated for its ability to describe and structure data, to give insight in complex process...

Food security relates directly to nutrition and health. Typically food security is thought of as being related to availability and access of foodstuffs. Yet, the threat to food security also lies with urbanisation, income disparity, overpopulation, ecosystem degradation, animal health, and food wholesomeness. Food wholesomeness is also an important...

A cross-sectional needs-assessment survey was used to characterize animal shelters in a 6-state region in the western US and describe infection-control practices and disease awareness. Survey questions focused on shelter demographics, infection-control practices and policies, awareness and concern over infectious and zoonotic diseases, staff and vo...

A cross-sectional sero-survey, using a two-stage cluster sampling design, was conducted between 2002 and 2003 in ten administrative regions of central and southern Somalia, to estimate the seroprevalence and geographic distribution of rinderpest (RP) in the study area, as well as to identify potential risk factors for the observed seroprevalence di...

Salmonella enterica is an important zoonotic agent and nosocomial infections and epidemics have occurred in animal facilities. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella in the environment in animal shelters. From 12 to 25 samples were taken from each shelter to represent environmental contamination. Samples were colle...

Investigators sponsored by the National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy interviewed people who relinquished dogs and cats at 12 shelters in 4 regions of the USA. We collected similar data from a sample of US households with companion animals. Data collected included non-human animal characteristics such as age, sex, and frequency of sele...

As a result of the expansion of global trade and travel, livestock disease surveillance has rapidly evolved from a stance of looking at and within our borders for threats to looking more intensively across the globe for threats. The projected intensification of livestock production in developing nations will likely broaden the scale, diversity, and...

Within the European Union (EU), detailed legislation has been developed for cattle, but not deer, to minimise disease risks associated with trade in animals and animal products. This legislation is expressed as input-based standards, providing a detailed outline of the activity required (for example, testing of animals and application of defined co...

The effectiveness of detection and control of highly contagious animal diseases is dependent on a solid understanding of their nature and implementation of scientifically sound methods by people who are well trained. The implementation of specific detection methods and tools requires training and application in natural as well as field conditions....

Antimicrobial use in food-animals is currently under great scrutiny for allegedly being a major source for antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens. Few studies exist on the effect of antimicrobial use on antimicrobial resistance of isolates collected from treated animals. Different sampling strategies need to be evaluated to more effectively st...

Objective of study The objective of this study was to describe antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp. and non-type specific Escherichia coli isolated from the same animals and same environmental areas over time. Materials and Methods Sampling occurred at a local dairy over a 12 month period, at 8 week intervals. Samples were collec...

Objective of study The objective of this study was to compare antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp. to those of non-type specific Escherichia coli isolated from the same cattle. Materials and Methods Fecal samples were collected from calves and cows at a local dairy over a 12 month period, at 8 week intervals. Each fecal sample wa...

To develop a syndromic surveillance system based on visual inspection from outside the livestock pens that could be used for detection of disease among livestock entering an auction market. Cross-sectional study. All livestock (beef and dairy cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and pigs) entering a single auction market in Colorado during 30 business day...

Monitoring of the kinetics of production of serum antibodies to multiple mycobacterial antigens can be useful as a diagnostic tool for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection as well as for the characterization of disease progression and the efficacy of intervention strategies in several species. The humoral immune responses to multiple M. b...

The mission and tasks of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) include the responsibility to set up a system for identifying emerging risks. In 2007, the EFSA Scientific Cooperation (ESCO) Working Group (WG) on Emerging Risks received a mandate by the EFSA to propose an operational strategy to achieve this task. Since then, 11 meetings have bee...

Transportation of cattle to the slaughter plant could influence hide contamination with Salmonella enterica. Fecal and hide samples were obtained from 40 lots of cattle at the feedlot and again at the slaughter plant. Potential risk factors for hide contamination were evaluated. A multilevel Poisson regression model was used to determine whether tr...

Objective of study The objective of this study was to compare antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp. to those of non-type specific Escherichia coli isolated from the same cattle. Materials and Methods Fecal samples were collected from calves and cows at a local dairy over a 12 month period, at 8 week intervals. Each fecal sample wa...

Transportation of cattle from the feedlot to the slaughter plant could influence hide contamination of Escherichia coli O157. A study was initiated to investigate the influence of transportation and lairage on shedding and hide contamination of E. coli O157. Fecal and hide samples were obtained from 40 pens of harvest-ready beef cattle at the feedl...

We investigated the efficacy of oral and parenteral Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin Danish strain 1331 (BCG) in its ability to protect white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) against disease caused by M. bovis infection. Twenty-two white-tailed deer were divided into four groups. One group (n=5) received 10(9) colony-forming units (c...

Disseminated infection (DI) of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle may impair cow health, potentiate spread of disease, and is a potential food-safety risk. The objectives of this study were to determine the association between severity of histologic enteric lesions and the occurrence of DI, clinical signs, and positive...

The removal of 18,345 specified risk materials was observed during audits of 18 U.S. beef processing facilities that, in total, account for over 90% of total U.S. beef slaughtered. Audited plants varied in capacity (280 to 6,000 head per day) and processed both "fed (young cattle)" and "nonfed (mature cows/bulls)" cattle. When all observations for...

The current animal health situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina requires the prioritization of diseases for the application of control measures. One of the diseases requiring high priority is brucellosis of ruminants. Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease and one of the most important zoonoses in the world. Brucellosis has been recognized duri...