Mireille Raby

• University of Iowa

We examined whether feedback from an event-triggered video intervention system reduced the number of safety-relevant driving errors made by newly licensed adolescents. We used a 1-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design to compare the rate of coachable error events per 1000 miles for 18 drivers who were aged 16 years. The intervention cons...

Teen drivers are at high risk for car crashes, especially during their first years of licensure. Providing novice teen drivers and their parents with a means of identifying their risky driving maneuvers may help them learn from their mistakes, thereby reducing their crash propensity. During the initial phase of learning, adult or parental supervisi...

This report describes a process for evaluating the capability of simulators to support performance-based assessment of mariner proficiencies. The step-by-step approach produces an evaluation protocol for examining the following capabilities of a subject simulator: to provide flexible exercise programming to the assessor; to replicate the characteri...

The present study developed casualty investigation procedures that focused on communications problems. These procedures were applied by U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Investigating Officers in their investigation of 589 marine casualties over a seven-month period. Analysis of the resulting casualty reports determined that communications is a prevalent cau...

The contribution of ineffective communications to marine casualties was studied. A standardized procedure was used to guide casualty investigations by Coast Guard investigators over a six-month period. Analyses of the resulting 589 casualty reports were conducted to characterize the extent and nature of communications problems in critical marine ca...

This paper summarizes a systems-based approach to the design of an operator interface for a “Magnetic Lateral Guidance and Warning System” for snowplow operations. The premise behind this interface is that providing continuous and accurate lane position information to complement existing roadway cues may increase driver situation awareness, and pot...

The present study addressed the applicability of investigation, reporting, and analysis procedures that focus on the role of mariner skill and knowledge limitations in marine casualties. An initial set of procedures was used during a trial implementation by Coast Guard Investigating Officers in their investigation of 389 marine casualties. The proc...

The goal of this project was to develop a structured process for evaluating the capability of simulators to support mariner performance assessment. In this approach, simulator evaluation objectives and criteria are based on performance-based mariner assessment requirements. The approach produces a simulator evaluation protocol that addresses four a...

Maintaining lane position during low-visibility conditions can be a challenge for snowplow operators. Providing continuous and accurate lane position information to complement existing roadway cues may be the solution to increasing driver awareness. The first phase of a systems-based approach to designing the operator interface for a snowplow lane...

A field study of work and sleep patterns among commercial merchant marine personnel is reported. Data collected over a 10-30-d period from 141 subjects aboard eight ships included information concerning work-rest schedules, sleep timing, alertness on the job and critical fatigue. The data indicate that watchstanders on the 4-on, 8-off schedule show...

A field study of work, sleep and alertness patterns was conducted among 141 U.S. merchant marine personnel. Data were collected by means of a logbook over a 10 — 30 day period for each mariner. A total of 2,038 logbook days were collected. The results indicate the existence of substantial fatigue risk factors, including sleep fragmentation, low sle...

This project was aimed at identifying strategies for improving current U. S. Coast Guard (USCG) procedures for investigating, reporting, and analyzing fatigue contributions to marine casualties. The focus was on evaluating the contribution of fatigue in vessel and personnel injury casualties. A total of 397 casualties were investigated. Fatigue con...

As a part of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS), Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) will offer tomorrow's drivers significantly expanded capabilities for getting where they want to go safely and efficiently. Vehicle-based navigation systems combined with information on highway conditions and services have the potential for impr...

Applications of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) include technology ranging from simple sensors and alarms to complex combinations of databases and displays. This range of technology will impose a variety of task demands on drivers, and these demands need to be cataloged. Without a means of focusi...

Thirty pilots flew three simulated landing approaches under conditions of low, medium, and high workload. Workload conditions were created by varying time pressure and external communications requirements. Our interest was in how the pilots strategically managed or adapted to the increasing workload. We independently assessed the pilot's ranking of...

A group of 30 instrument-rated pilots was made to fly simulator approaches to three airports under conditions of low, medium, and high workload conditions. An analysis is presently conducted of the difference in discrete task scheduling between the group of 10 highest and 10 lowest performing pilots in the sample; this categorization was based on t...

A closed loop adaptive model for workload has been proposed by Hart and Wickens (1990) in which planning and scheduling activities contribute to the increase or diminution of workload the operator may experience. Of relevance to this model is people's ability to estimate how much time they need to complete a task, their ability to prioritize the ta...

In an experiment designed to examine the effect of crew composition and automation level on flight performance, fifty pilot-copilot crews flew a simulated instrument flight mission between three Michigan cities. Half of the crews were of homogeneous composition (both low or both high time), while half were heterogeneous consisting of one senior hig...

The study reported here is part of a continuing program of research into pilot decision-making based on an information processing model of human decision-making under task-related stress. This model posits, inter alia, that experts and novices in a knowledge domain adopt different cognitive strategies in solving decision problems, and that these st...

This study examines the ability of an event-triggered video system to extend parental involvement into the independent driving phase of newly licensed teen drivers. The system provides both immediate feedback and a 20-second video clip, giving the teen driver and their parent the opportunity to review and learn from their mistakes as well as good r...

Maintaining lane position during low-visibility conditions can be a challenge for most snow removal operators. Providing continuous and accurate lane position information to complement existing roadway cues may be the solution to increase driver situation awareness, and reduce crash involvement. This paper presents a system-based approach to the de...