Milford Hanna

• PhD
• University of Nebraska–Lincoln

The impact of high-pressure (HPP, 300/600 MPa for 2 and 6 min) and thermal (TP, 65 ℃/30 min) processing on phenolic profiles from cloudy hawthorn berry juice (CHBJ) as well as their potential bioaccessibility during in vitro digestion were investigated. Both HPP and TP enhanced phenolics concentration due to increased extractability, indicating CHB...

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of high-pressure (HPP, 300/600 MPa for 2 and 6 min) and thermal processing (TP, 65 ℃/30 min) on microbial shelf-life, enzyme-activity and quality-attributes of cloudy hawthorn berry juice (CHBJ) after processing and during storage (4 ℃). The CHBJ shelf-life was at least 150 days when processed by HPP. No signi...

In this work, phenolics and antioxidant activity (AOA) of Chinese organic hawthorn berry (Crataegus pinnatifida) infusion (OHBI, brewed at 100 °C for 5/10/15 min) and decoction (OHBD, kept boiling for 5/10/15/30 min) were investigated and their digestive fate was further assessed by in vitro gastrointestinal model (VGIM). Nine phenolic acids, six f...

For the first time, characteristics of free (FPCs), soluble esterified-bound (SEBPCs), soluble glycosylated-bound (SGBPCs) and insoluble-bound (ISBPCs) phenolic compounds in Chinese organic hawthorn berry (Crataegus pinnatifida) were investigated along with antioxidant activity. A total of 22 phenolics were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS/...

Hawthorn berry (Crataegus pinnatifida), approved as ‘medicine food homology’ fruit by China’s National Health Commission, has been associated with positive effects on human health. In‐depth study of nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity can provide basic information on food value of Chinese organic frozen (OFHB)/freeze‐dried (OFDHB) hawt...

The objectives of this study were to optimize the ultrasound‐assisted extraction for phenolic compounds from hazelnut shells and to quantify the individual phenolics. A central composite design was used to optimize extraction time, acetone concentration, and solid to liquid ratio (S/L), for the maximal yield of phenolic compounds and antioxidant ca...

Hazelnut shells are the major byproduct of the hazelnut industry. The objectives of this study were to optimize the conditions for extracting phenolics and to identify and quantify the phenolics in hazelnut shells. Preliminary optimization showed that a high recovery of phenolics could be achieved with shell particle size less than 0.5 mm when extr...

A reactive extrusion process for the production of substituted polysaccharides, in particular, cellulose acetate, starch acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl starch. The present application claims the benefit of PCT/ US20111059785 filed on Nov. 8, 2011, which claimed the benefit of U.S. provisional application 611411,521, filed on No...

Three response parameters (apparent density, porosity, and expansion ratio) were examined for investigating the expansion characteristics of cornstarch as a function of extrusion conditions. Cornstarch with moisture contents of 18.3%, 26.1%, and 34.8% (dry basis) were extrusion cooked in a twin-screw extruder at barrel temperatures of 120°C and 140...

Modeling the extrusion process is complex because of the many confounding variables and the dynamic properties of the materials subjected to heat, shear and pressure. Efforts have been made to predict various system and product properties using a flow‐modeling phenomenological approach. However, because of the many assumptions and the complexities...

Supercritical water gasification of crude glycerol for hydrogen (H2) production is one possible use of crude glycerol from biodiesel production. In this study, a series of central composite designed experiments were conducted to investigate the reforming of crude glycerol for producing a H2 rich gas. A mathematical model defining the effect of glyc...

Animal waste is an important source of anthropogenic GHG emissions, and in most cases, manure is managed by land application. Nevertheless, due to the huge amounts of manure produced annually, alternative manure management practices have been proposed, one of which is gasification, aimed to convert manure into clean energy-syngas. Syngas can be uti...

Despite their potential for biodiesel synthesis, directly calcined minerals rich in magnesium/calcium carbonates are used at the expense of large amounts of the catalyst, high alcohol loading, long processing times, and severe conditions. We report a facile and low-cost route for preparing calcined porous calcite (CPC) and dolomite (CPD) via simple...

The viscoelastic properties of extruded cornstarch were measured as a function of process conditions. The extruded cornstarch samples were conditioned in the moisture range of 12.9–31.2% (dry basis). Dynamic and creep behavior of the extrudate were evaluated using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The storage (G′) and loss moduli (G″) were determined...

Reactive extrusion is a popular technique for chemical modification of starches. In this study, the physical, chemical and morphological properties of sodium starch glycolate, prepared using reactive extrusion (SSG), were compared with those of VIVASTAR®P. As measured by sieve analysis, VIVASTAR®P had a larger weight fraction in the particle size r...

Methods to construct supersaturated split-plot designs (SSSPDs) are presented. We use an E(s 2)- optimal supersaturated design (SSD) in the whole-plot and half fractions of Plackett-Burman designs (PBDs) in the split plot. It is shown that (1) the resulting split-plot design has orthogonal columns, (2) the split-plot columns are orthogonal to the w...

Thermogravimetric analysis was used to examine the thermal behavior of dairy manure as a pyrolysis and combustion feedstock. Nitrogen and air were used as purging gases to analyze the pyrolysis and combustion reactions, respectively, and heating rates of 20°C min(-1), 40°C min(-1) and 60°C min(-1) were applied. An Arrhenius model was used to estima...

Because of good adaptability, high throughput and continuous feature, twin-screw extrusion has been shown to be a promising pretreatment method for biomass to open the cell wall at the microscopic scale. This greatly increases the specific surface area for enzyme adsorption regardless of crystallinity. The objective of this study was to investigate...

The hard shell of a hazelnut is a major waste of the hazelnut industry. The chemical composition, phenolic compounds (total phenolics, tannins and condensed tannins), antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging assays), and the relationships between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of the hazelnut shells from twelve US...

Biodiesel is a promising alternative, and renewable, fuel. As its production increases, so does production of the principle co-product, crude glycerol. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this review, composition and quality factors of crude glycerol are discussed. The value-added utilizatio...

Carboxymethyl cellulose was prepared using a continuous, reduced solvent, reactive extrusion process with a short reaction time. The effects of the amounts of NaOH (30g, 40g and 50g), water:ethanol ratio (100%, 70%, 50%, 30% and 10% H2O) and their interactions on the physical, chemical and morphological properties of carboxymethyl cellulose were st...

This is a study on the feasibility of biodiesel preparation from a new and promising non-edible feedstock, Datura stramonium L. oil (DSO). First, important physical-chemical properties, such as oil content of seed (21.4 wt%), acid value (7.93 mg KOH/g) and fatty acid composition of expressed oil, were determined. Second, under the optimal two-step...

Pretreatment of biomass before subjecting it to enzyme saccharification is crucial with regards to facilitating access of enzyme to biomass. Extrusion, as a continuous and cost-effective pretreatment method, combines heating with high shear and mixing opening cell walls at the microscopic scale, thus largely increasing the specific surface area (SS...

Carboxymethyl starch was prepared by reacting corn starch with sodium mono chloro acetate (SMCA) in a Brabender TSE-20 co-rotating twin screw extruder. The effects of the SMCA/starch ratio (theoretical degrees of substitutions 2.73, 3.62, and 4.53), aqueous ethanol/(starch + SMCA) ratio (0.13 and 0.25) and the screw configuration (0, 1, and 2 knead...

Application of excessive animal manure to the land may cause some environmental problems such as eutrophication of surface waters, degradation of ground water quality, and threats to human health. This paper reports an experimental study on the technology of biomass gasification to treat animal waste by analysing the effects of key operating parame...

Sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was prepared using an extruder as a continuous solventless chemical reactor. The effects of NaOH, H2O, temperature, ethanol, sodium monochloro acetate (SMCA), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), citric acid, epichlorohydrin, and screw configuration on the degree of substitution (DS) and swelling properties of CMS were...

Defatted meal of hybrid hazelnuts may have potential food and value-added industrial applications. The proximate composition, mineral elements, amino acid profile and anti-nutritional factors (total phenolics, tannins, condensed tannins and phytates) of defatted meals of ten Nebraska hybrid hazelnut genotypes were investigated. Excluding the amino...

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin found in maize and maize-based foods. It causes animal diseases and is a suspected risk factor for cancer and birth defects in humans. Extrusion cooking reduces FB1 concentrations in maize however toxicity caused by unknown degradation or FB1-matrix reaction products might persist. To test the efficacy of extrusion...

Unlabelled: This study was designed to investigate the fate of fumonisins in flaking corn grits during twin-screw extrusion by measuring fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) and its analogs with a mass balance approach. Food grade corn grits and 2 batches of grits contaminated with FB₁ at 10 and 50 μg/g by Fusarium verticillioides M-2552 were processed with or with...

Corn stover, distiller grains and cattle manure were characterized to evaluate their acceptability for thermochemical conversion. The energy densities of ground corn stover, distiller grains and cattle manure after totally drying were 3402, 11,813 and 10,374 MJ/m3, compared to 37,125 MJ/m3 for coal. The contents of volatiles in corn stover, distill...

Hybrid hazelnuts are a potential oilseed crop for food and value-added industrial applications, but they are vulnerable to mold contamination. Mold and mycotoxin contamination were investigated in three forms (whole nut, kernel, and ground meal) of Nebraska hybrid hazelnuts. The nut was the most contaminated form, followed by ground meal and kernel...

Recently, hybrid hazelnuts have emerged as a potential oilseed crop in Nebraska for food and value-added industrial applications. As with all hazelnuts, Nebraska hybrid hazelnuts were characterised by the high oil content with the average oil content of 54.3%. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid. Oleic acid and linoleic acid accounted for mor...

Corn dried distillers grains (DDGS) had high hemicellulose contents and were suitable for conversion to pentose under dilute acid conditions. The effects of the hydrolysis conditions, including reaction temperature (110–130 °C), time (30–90 min), and acid concentration (2–4%, w/v), on profile and yield of mono-sugars were determined using response...

Corn starch–low density polyethylene (LDPE) blends, at ratios of 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15, were processed into thin films by either single-step twin-screw extrusion or by a two-step process involving compounding (pelleting) of the ingredients before film formation. The microstructure, X-ray patterns, and the tensile, thermal and water vapor permeabili...

The structures and biodegradabilities of loose-fill foams, containing starch and polystyrene at ratios of 70:30 and 80:20, were evaluated using a laboratory composting system. Each formulation was foamed (extrusion expanded) using either 0.2% azodicarbonamide or 0.25% citric acid as the chemical blowing agent. Biodegradability, a measure of the qua...

A comparative study on the composition, biodiesel production and fuel properties of non-edible oils from Euphorbia lathyris L. (EL), Sapium sebiferum L. (SS), and Jatropha curcas L. (JC) was conducted. Under optimal conditions, the FAME content and yield of the three oils were greater than 97.5 wt.% and 84.0%, respectively. The best biodiesel was p...

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on anthocyanin extraction from red cabbage using water as a solvent. Mashed cabbage was placed in a batch treatment chamber and subjected to PEF (2.5 kV/cm electric field strength; 15 μs pulse width and 50 pulses, specific energy 15.63 J/g). Extracted anthocyan...

Thermochemical gasification is one of the most promising technologies for converting biomass into power, fuels and chemicals. The objectives of this study were to maximize the net energy efficiency for biomass gasification, and to estimate the cost of producing industrial gas and combined heat and power (CHP) at a feedrate of 2000kg/h. Aspen Plus-b...

Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) from ethanol production facilities is increasing as more ethanol is produced for alternative transportation fuels. CO(2) produced from ethanol fermentation processes is of high purity and is nearly a saturated gas. Such highly-concentrated source of CO(2) is a potential candidate for capture and utilization by the CO(2) indus...

Recently, hybrid hazelnuts have emerged as a potential oilseed crop in Nebraska for food and value-added industrial applications. The quality of 20 hybrid hazelnuts genotypes harvested in 2007 and 2008 years were investigated, in terms of physical properties of nuts/kernels, kernels proximate composition, oil properties and amino acid profiles of t...

An extrusion system can be very simple to very complex. The complexity, or versatility, of a particular system is determined by the range of feedstocks to be processed, the desired transformations of the feedstocks, and the desired form of the products resulting from the process. These determine the specific design requirements of the various compo...

Extrusion processing is applied widely because of its versatility and the fact that no waste streams, other than some heat, are generated. The versatility is a result of the way extruders are designed, in terms of the way preconditioning and postprocessing operations can be added with ease, and in terms of the wide range of processing conditions th...

Whey protein isolate (WPI) was blended with normal corn starch at 0,20, 40, 60 and 80% (w/w) basis, and the mixtures were sheeted into thin films in a twin-screw extruder. Another set of samples were extruded into pellets of 3 mm dia and 4 mm length, which were then sheeted into films. Moisture at 30% and glycerol at 45% (w/w) were added as plastic...

Corn starch was carboxylated using a Brabender TSE-20 co-rotating twin screw extruder. Extrusion presents a novel solvent-less procedure for carboxymethyl etherification of starch. The effect of moisture content, sodium hydroxide content and temperature on the degree of substitution (DS) of carboxymethyl starch was studied. Also, the effects of add...

A model was developed to simulate the performance of a lab-scale gasifier and predict the flowrate and composition of product from given biomass composition and gasifier operating conditions using Aspen Plus software. Mass balance, energy balance, and minimization of Gibbs free energy during the gasification were applied to determine the product ga...

Aging of normal corn starch films processed by extrusion and stored at 20−22 °C and 50−56% RH was investigated over a period of 120 d. The changes in the structural, thermal, tensile, and water vapor permeability (WVP) properties of the films during aging were studied. The thermoplastic starch (TPS) just after extrusion processing (≈4 h) was nearly...

A review was conducted on the use of thermochemical biomass gasification for producing biofuels, biopower and chemicals. The upstream processes for gasification are similar to other biomass processing methods. However, challenges remain in the gasification and downstream processing for viable commercial applications. The challenges with gasificatio...

Introduction Starch-Based Biopolymers Natural Fibers Starch–Natural Fiber Blends Summary References

The technical and economical feasibilities of a novel integrated biomass gasification and fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) system were analyzed for supplying heat and power in an ethanol plant from distillers grains (DG) and corn stover. In a current dry-grind plant with an annual production capacity of 189 million liters (50 million gallons...

The pyrolysis and oxidation kinetics of distillers grains and solubles were determined using thermogravimetric analysis. The starting temperature of pyrolysis and oxidation of distillers grains and solubles increased with the increase of heating rate and initial moisture content. The pyrolysis and oxidation of distillers grains and solubles were co...

Effects of two screw configurations (compression and mixing screws) and two barrel temperatures (150 and 160ºC) on residence time distribution (RTD) and modeling of mechanical properties of nanocomposite foams were studied. Multiple inputs single output (MISO) models were developed using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Modeling (ANFIS) to pre...

Native corn starch, plasticized with water, glycerol and stearic acid, was extruded in a conical twin-screw extruder and sheeted into 0.4–0.6 mm thick films. The effects of extrusion and plasticizers on gelatinization, as well as the molecular and structural changes, in thermoplastic starch were analyzed. The onset and peak gelatinization temperatu...

Tapioca starch (TS), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and Cloisite 30B nanocomposite foams, with four clay contents of 1, 3, 5, 7 wt%, were prepared by a melt-intercalation method. Selected structural, thermal, physical, and mechanical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, th...

A less laborious, and non-destructive on-line digital image processing (DIP) technique was developed to measure the residence time distribution (RTD) in an extruder. The a* value of the L* a* b* color space coordinates was measured using DIP and compared to the value obtained by a colorimeter method. The R2 values showed a high correlation (R2 = 0....

The demand for diesel fuel far exceeds the current and future biodiesel production capabilities of the vegetable oil and animal fat industries. New oilseed crops that do not compete with traditional food crop are needed to meet existing energy demands. Hybrid hazelnut oil is just such an attractive raw material for production of biodiesel. Hazelnut...

The aim of this study was to use a supersaturated split-plot design to identify the significant effects of ten ingredients, each at two levels, and two levels of screw speed on selected properties of starch-based packaging foams. Supersaturated designs are special types of fractional factorial designs that allow for evaluating many factors with a m...

Tapioca starch (TS) and poly(lactic acid) (PIA), in 90: 10 weight ratio, were blended with 3 % Cloisite 10A were and prepared by a twin screw extruder. Screw speed, screw configuration, die nozzle diameter and moisture content were varied to determine their effects on organoclay intercalation. Selected structural, thermal, physical and mechanical p...

The goal of this research is to support the development of a biofuel power unit industry in Nebraska to increase the use of agricultural resources, crops and the resulting biofuels that are produced in the region. Two Nebraska companies developed commercially available technologies to utilize denatured ethanol and other biofuels in industrial power...

Starch plasticized with water, glycerol, and stearic acid was extruded and sheeted into films 0.4-0.6 mm thick. The ingredients were extruded in a conical twin-screw extruder at a temperature profile of 50-120-120-120 degrees C and a screw speed of 45 rpm. The effects of glycerol, water, and stearic acid on selected physical and functional properti...

In this study, thermochemical biomass gasification was performed on a bench-scale fluidized-bed gasifier with steam and air as fluidizing and oxidizing agents. Distillers grains, a non-fermentable byproduct of ethanol production, were used as the biomass feedstock for the gasification. The goal was to investigate the effects of furnace temperature,...

Tapioca starch, poly(lactic acid), and Cloisite NA+ nanocomposite foams, with four clay contents (1, 3, 5, 7, wt %), were prepared by melt-intercalation method. Selected structural, thermal, physical, and mechanical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and an I...

Corn grits spiked with 30 microg/g fumonisin B1 and two batches of grits fermented with Fusarium verticillioides (batch 1 contained 33 microg/g, and batch 2 contained 48 microg/g fumonisin B1), which were extruded by a single-screw extruder with and without glucose (10%, dry weight basis) supplementation were fed to rats. Control groups were fed un...

"Recently, utilization of renewable resources to replace petroleum as a primary feedstock for liquid fuels, chemicals and materials has become a topic of interest around the world. It is intriguing due to rising oil prices, the negative effects of petroleum on the environment and the advantages of renewable resources, such as their abundance and su...

Cornstarch, at 20% moisture content (dry basis, d.b.), was mixed with glycerol at 3:1 ratio to form the base material for extruded starch films. Stearic acid, sucrose and urea, at varying concentrations, were tested as secondary plasticizers for the starch-glycerol mixture. The ingredients were extruded at 110 and 120°C barrel temperatures to deter...

Tapioca starch (TS), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and four different organoclays (Cloisite 10A, Cloisite 25A, Cloisite 93A and Cloisite 15A) were used to produce nanocomposite foams by melt-intercalation. Structural, thermal, physical and mechanical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differe...

Gasification technology has been investigated to effectively and economically convert low-value and highly distributed solid biomass to a uniform gaseous mixture mainly including hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). This gaseous mixture can be further used as an industrial feedstock for heat and power generat...

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was encapsulated with poly (lactide) (PLA) using a two-phase coaxial jet electrospray technique in which two immiscible liquids were injected separately through two concentrically located and electrified capillary needles under a sufficiently strong electric field. BSA acted as the driving liquid due to its high electrica...

Starch and polystyrene (PS) were mixed at 70:30, 80:20, and 85:15 ratios with 0.5 and 1% talc and extruded into loose-fill packaging foams. Azodicarbonamide (ADC), at 0, 0.2, and 0.4 wt %, and citric acid, at 0, 0.25, and 0.5%, were added as blowing agents to enhance the radial expansion and functional properties of foams. As the concentration of A...

Interest in generating energy from biomass has grown tremendously in recent years. Corn stover is an agricultural by-product, which is abundant in quantity. Gasification and pyrolysis are efficient methods of harnessing energy efficiently from corn stover. The performances of mathematical models to predict the product gas quality rely on characteri...

This study was designed to determine the efficacy of extrusion in reducing fumonisin B1 in corn flaking grits in the presence and absence of glucose. In addition, degradation products of fumonisin B1 during extrusion were identified and quantitated with a mass balance approach. Uncontaminated clean corn grits, grits spiked with 30 microg/g fumonisi...

Starch-based loose-fill packaging foams were made in a single-screw laboratory-scale extruder. Corn starch was blended with polystyrene in the ratio of 70  :  30 and extruded into foams using talc and polycarbonate as additives. Extrusions were carried out at moisture contents of 16, 18 and 20% (dry basis), and at barrel temperatures of 140 and 160...

Tapioca starch, poly(lactic acid) and Cloisite 30B nanocomposites foams, with clay contents of 1, 3, 5 and 7% (w/w), were prepared by a melt-intercalation method. Multiple inputs single output models were developed to predict radial expansion ratio, unit density, bulk compressibility and spring index of the nanocomposite foams. An individual ANFIS...

Corn distillers dried grains (DDGS) were compacted into cylindrical pellets (3.5 cm in length, 1.5 cm in diameter) utilizing a closed-end die under axial stress from a vertical piston applied by an Instron universal testing machine. The effects of independent variables, including the raw material moisture content (25-35% db), processing temperature...

Knowledge about and control of residence time distribution (RTD) is critical for determining optimal conditions in an extrusion process. In this paper, previously proposed models for RTD have been summarized and compared with the experimental data. The best-fit model was found to be a plug flow in series with a finite number of constantly stirred t...

A model was developed to describe the performance of a bench scale fluidized bed gasifier and predict product composition, flowrate and temperature from a given biomass composition, steam to biomass ratio, equivalence ratio and furnace temperature profile using Aspen Plus. The gasifier was divided into zones which had different reaction temperature...

Because of the tremendous increase in corn ethanol production, the need to utilize the distillers' grains byproduct is increasing. Biomass gasification is a thermochemical process for converting solid fuel to gaseous fuel. In this study, gasification of distillers grains was performed on a bench-scale fluidized-bed gasifier with steam and air as fl...

Deicers from renewable resources are needed to overcome the disadvantages of using traditional deicers. Salts made from levulinic acid produced using grain sorghum as raw material were tested as road deicing agents. Freezing points of these salts viz., sodium levulinate, magnesium levulinate and calcium levulinate along with rock salt (sodium chlor...

Composting of extruded foams made of starch acetate and poly lactic acid (PLA) with pre-conditioned yard waste was studied using a laboratory composting system. Extruded foams of high amylose starch were used as the control. Degradation was measured by analyzing the exhaust gases for carbon dioxide. There were significant differences in the amounts...

Tapioca starch (TS), poly (lactic acid) (PLA), and clay nanocomposite foams, with three clays (Cloisite 30B, Na+, and 20A), were prepared by melt-intercalation method. The structural, thermal, physical and mechanical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)...

Expansion during extrusion of starches is a unique phenomenon used extensively in the food industry. Sectional expansion index is usually determined as the ratio of the square of the diameter of the final extrudate to the square of diameter of the die through which the product is expelled. Longitudinal expansion index is calculated indirectly by do...

The effects of moisture content, stink bug and weathering damages, and combine ground speed, age, and threshing cylinder rotational speed on invisible mechanical damage, vigor, and germination rate of soybeans were evaluated using seed quality data from five consecutive years. Harvesting soybeans at moisture contents above 14% resulted in significa...

Dry-grind technology has become the dominant method for ethanol production. During dry-grind ethanol production, roughly one-third of the dry grain mass resides in the dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as by-products (i.e., ~0.8 kg/L ethanol). The energy content residing in the 0.8 kg DDGS is about 20 MJ, compared to the consumption of 1...

The demand for vegetable oils as alternatives to petroleum is growing. Vegetable oils offer performance advantages and are environmentally friendly. Soybean oil is one of the promising resources and has been studied extensively. However, soybean oil lacks thermal and oxidative stability and has undesirable cold flow properties. These disadvantages...

Restructured pork chops were prepared from raw pork meat by grinding, mixing (15, 30, 45, or 60 min), cold (2C) processing in a twin-screw extruder (200, 300, or 400 rpm screw speed), pressing the extrudates into meat logs of 8–10 cm diameter, and cleaving. Hunter L, a, and b surface color values of extrudates and cooking yield of pork chops were d...

Corn starch and eggshell powder (with particle sizes of 4–5µm and 8–10µm) composite foams were prepared by extrusion. Effects of eggshell on the structure, morphology, physical properties (unit density and expansion ratio), mechanical properties (spring index and compressibility) and thermal behaviour (thermal transition and stability) of the foams...

Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-loaded tripolyphosphate (TPP) cross-linked chitosan capsules were prepared using an electrospraying technique, in which a sufficiently strong electric field was applied to overcome the surface tension of a droplet. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on the effects of concentrations of initial chitosan and TPP sol...

Natural actomyosin (NAM) and “crude” actomyosin formed gels yielding maximum strengths (from back extrusion force) at pH 5.0 and 5.5, respectively. At pH 6.0, NAM gels had a least protein concentration endpoint (LCE) value of 6 mg/ml. Gel strength increased exponentially with an increase of NAM concentration from 3.75–10 mg/ml. With constant time (...

Starch was extruded in a single-screw extruder with sodium hydroxide and three levels of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) as 5, 10, and 15% after moisture content was adjusted to 40%. The amount of phosphorus that was incorporated into starch during extrusion, paste viscosity, water solubility index, and sectional expansion index (SEI) of extrudates...

An efficient and economical oil expression system that can operate on solar power in rural areas of underdeveloped and developing countries is needed. Recent improvements in both oil extraction and solar energy technologies have indicated the possibilities for fabricating oil extraction equipment. Thus, the objective of our study was to develop a s...

Although viscosity is the most commonly used parameter to assess the effectiveness of a lubricant, it alone does not predict functionality sufficiently, especially in field conditions. Inherent differences of the chemical composition of biobased oils greatly affect how they perform. Lubricity is another important parameter to consider in the determ...

The effects of concentration of steam, heating time, pretreatment, and cooling conditions on the shrinkage and re-expansion of extruded starch acetate foam were investigated. The re-expansion ratio was determined from the degree by which the foam cells were moistened under the condition tested. The higher the concentration of steam used, the faster...

Cereal Chem. 83(6):577–583 High-amylose starch acetate (DS 2) was processed in a Brabender twin-screw extruder with ethanol and isopropanol as blowing agents at concentrations of 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 25%. A constant temperature of 150°C, a constant screw speed of 140 rpm, and a die nozzle with diameter of 4.0 mm and length of 16.2 mm were used to s...

Oil expression tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of a novel oil expeller designed and fabricated to operate on a 200 W solar photovoltaic (PV) power system as a sole power source. The oil press was designed to press oilseeds meal with intermediate moisture content of 12±1% (w.b.) and 0.5–2 mm particle sizes. Freshly grated coconuts a...

Starch acetates with degrees of substitution (DS) of 1.68 and 2.3 were extruded with 10%, 20% and 30% (w/w) cellulose and 20% (w/w) ethanol in a twin screw extruder at 150, 160 and 170 degrees C barrel temperatures and 170, 200 and 230 rpm screw speeds. X-ray diffractogram (XRD), differential scanning calormetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared...

Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-loaded poly(lactide) (PLA) particles were prepared using an electrospraying technique, in which a sufficiently strong electric field was applied to overcome the surface tension of a droplet. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on the effects of independent variables organic/aqueous phase volume ratio and BSA/PLA w...

Normal corn starch with 15 to 21% (db) moisture content was extrusion-cooked in a twin-screw extruder. Cinnamaldehyde, nonanoic acid, 3-octanone and eugenol, at concentrations of 1 to 5% (w/w), were either premixed with the feed or injected into the barrel. Response surface methodology was used to predict percent initial amount retained. Radial exp...