Milena Tripkovic

• Research Associate at European University Institute

The article explores the relationship between democratic backsliding and governance of crime. By focusing on Serbia, which began to democratize in 2000 but started to backslide already in 2012, the article argues that governance of crime has been largely insulated from the damaging impact of the overall process of democratic decline and has been ch...

Collateral legal consequences attached to criminal convictions (CLCs) are often criticised because they expose criminal offenders to various forms of harmful and/or wrongful treatment. In this article, we argue that CLCs are problematic because they undermine the power to punish, a distinct normative power that allows the relevant powerholders to d...

The article identifies a distinctive model of suspended sentences that exists in contemporary Serbia and Slovenia. By employing Antony Duff 's notion of 'communicative punishment', the article suggests that suspended sentences are a robust and comprehensive penal instrument which promotes an inclusive, dialogic, and non-stigmatizing approach to cri...

This article explores both the reasons for, and the potential impact of, the current level of disenfranchisement in Scotland. First, we scrutinise Scottish legal provisions for their compatibility with the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)’s jurisprudence, which require disenfranchisement's aims to be clarified and delimited. Second, we examin...

The article examines instances of de jure and de facto denationalization that arise from (suspected) terrorism by analyzing penal outcomes for affected citizens. The article first exposes cases of de jure denationalization that confine citizens to global spaces and draws parallels with instances of de facto denationalization that deny repatriation...

This article examines the underlying aims of denationalization of criminal offenders by framing the discussion within citizenship theory. It argues that such citizenship revocation policies exclude individuals who are perceived as non-ideal citizens under a complex vision of citizenship that combines communitarian and liberal undertones, which has...

Citizenship deprivation is becoming an increasingly standard response of modern states to criminal and other harmful acts. Current academic attempts to determine the sanction’s legitimacy are, however, frustrated by the inadequate understanding of its nature. Departing from a dominant perspective that considers denationalization as punishment, this...

Richard Dagger: Playing Fair: Political Obligation and the Problems of Punishment. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. xii, 300.) - Volume 82 Issue 1 - Milena Tripkovic

This chapter examines European disenfranchisement policies, aiming to uncover their characteristics and use them as models for the normative discussion. It considers the legislation in 43 European countries along four dimensions: the prevalence of restrictions; dominant notions of “disenfranchise-able” offender; extent of restrictions; and timing,...

The book develops a normative theory of criminal disenfranchisement and determines which offenders may justifiably lose electoral rights after criminal conviction. Having examined the historical development of the practice and contemporary electoral restrictions—which reveal that disenfranchisement is still widespread in European democracies—the bo...

The last chapter summarizes the main conclusions of the book. The empirical findings have demonstrated that although many countries increasingly adopt pro-enfranchisement policies, most still impose electoral restrictions. The book has also reached three theoretical conclusions. First, disenfranchisement is conceptually different from criminal puni...

This chapter examines the profile of the criminal offender who may be legitimately disenfranchised in line with the previously expounded theoretical framework. While the preceding chapter concluded that the only possible candidates for disenfranchisement are persons who have seriously and irreversibly severed citizenship ties with their polity owin...

This chapter aims to translate the three models into tangible citizenship conditions, allowing us to establish whether criminal offenders ought to retain their citizenship rights post-conviction. It is argued that—under the first model—most criminals remain citizens since episodic violations do not signal a lack of capacity for a “sense of justice....

This chapter explores the most significant historical precedent of contemporary electoral restrictions—the sanction of atimia— and aims to elucidate the purpose and social role that the practice played in ancient Athens. To understand the nature of atimia , the chapter contrasts it to ostracism, another exclusionary sanction of that time. The chapt...

This chapter sets up the frame for the subsequent normative analysis by seeking to establish the nature of criminal disenfranchisement. Departing from the common notion that criminal disenfranchisement is a form of punishment, the chapter first contrasts the traits of these two sanctions. A significant discrepancy between them is uncovered, which i...

Starting from the premise that criminal disenfranchisement sanctions the unsatisfactory performance of citizenship duties, this chapter develops three different models that account for different kinds of duties that citizens of contemporary democracies may have toward their polities. The “sense of justice” model, related to the liberal tradition of...

This book addresses the challenges that the current migration and refugee crisis poses to the traditional integration mechanisms and processes employed by European countries. These challenges arise from the unprecedented number of migrants and refugees that have recently entered Europe; the mostly unregulated and uncontrolled nature of this new imm...

Questions of the relationship between women and crime are complex and entail different considerations. While acknowledging this, this chapter will look at universal or global trends and seek for commonalities and differences among different cultural, geographic, economic and other systems with regard to crimes committed by women and the punishment...

The conference paper presented has been created in a collaborative effort by the Global Citizenship Observatory and GlobalStat Database at the EUI’s Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies in close cooperation with NCCR – on the move, a Swiss National Center of Competence in Research based in Neuchatel, in occasion of the State of Union Conferen...

This article sets out to examine the degree to which democratic transition in Serbia after 2000 has brought about a democratic mode of crime governance in the country. It is shown that while penal norms and policies have undergone a significant degree of democratization in that their outlook has tended not to be punitive, the judiciary (and, to som...

Despite much interest, we still know little about criminal disenfranchisement in Europe. This article conducts an original study of the practice of disenfranchisement in 43 European democracies, accounting for the size and traits of the targeted population, the components of restricted rights, and the timing and length of limitations. Based on thes...

The main purpose of the article is to advance the notion of ‘mass hate crimes’, a phenomenon that is to be located at the junction of hate crime and mass murder. The construction of such a notion can help us understand the phenomenon more clearly, as it elucidates some of the features of hate crimes that have not been noticed so far or have been ov...

The influence of added Li on the ICP characteristics is investigated by computer simulation. The transport and the thermodynamic parameters of Li in the temperature interval between 300 and 13,000 K are taken from the literature, while in the case of absence of those, the data were estimated. The HiFI computer program was used for calculation of sp...

A systematic parametric study of an LTE (local thermodynamic equilibrium) mathematical model of pure inductively coupled argon plasma (ICAP) used for spectrochemical purposes was performed by means of computer simulations. The spatial distributions of temperature, gas velocity, magnetic field and energy losses were investigated under typical plasma...

The calculation of the equilibrium plasma composition of a U-shaped argon-stabilized dc arc burning at 1 bar is given. The calculation procedure, based on the minimization of Gibbs free energy, was applied in the temperature range 1000–9000 K, assuming a state of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The results obtained were compared with experimentall...

A computer simulation is used to calculate the spatial distributions of electron number density in inductively coupled argon plasma. The calculated and experimental results obtained for standard conditions in analytical atomic spectroscopy are compared with other authors' experimental results.

A method for the separation and determination of Pt, Au and Pd in various geologcial materials by coprecipitation with tellurium and applying two spectrometric methods was considered in detail. Particular attention was paid to the influence of matrix elements on the determination of these metals. In one instance the metals were determined in soluti...

The radial distribution of parameters has been measured by using the optical emission spectroscopy of an U‐shaped argon stabilized low current arc at atmospheric pressure. All the measurements reported here were performed from a side‐on observation direction by applying the Abel inversion routine. Radial distributions of apparent temperatures (Texc...

The spectroscopic analysis of emitted radiation from the U-shaped argon stabilized d.c. arc is performed when the arc was burning without and in the presence of water aerosol. The special attention is paid to the emission of molecular components. The radial distribution of rotational temperature is obtained from the OH band spectra. The arc plasma...

The influence of easily and non-easily ionizable concomitants on the spectral line profiles of the atomic and ionic components of analytes with different physical properties was investigated depending on the concentration of the concomitant and observation height above the load coil. The results obtained were considered from the point of view of ne...

The matrix effect of easily and non-easily ionizable elements in an inductively coupled argon plasma is discussed in relation to the equilibrium plasma composition. The calculation procedure, based on the minimization of free energy, was applied in the temperature range 1000–9000 K, assuming the state of chemical equilibrium. The calculations were...

The influence of easily and noneasily ionized components on equilibrium particle density ratios in thermal plasmas has been investigated. Particular emphasis is given to the modeling of metal halide discharges with iodine as a halide. The calculations were done for “standard” air with lithium or iodine, “standard” argon with aluminum, and with a mi...

A typical metal halide discharge with iodine as the halide was investigated by monitoring the emission radiation densities of atoms, ions, radicals and molecules. The influence of iodine on the spatial distribution of the excitation temperature and electron density was evaluated. Experimental data were used in conjunction with calculated equilibriu...

The equilibrium plasma composition for a system containing H, O, N, Na, and Cu is determined for the temperature range between 5000–20,000 K. This corresponds to the pulsed discharge plasma in electrolyte with energy dissipation which is near threshold. For computing the plasma composition of the system based on the minimization of free energy, the...

Two experimental methods are applied to determine electron temperature: the method of calculating temperature from the slope of the continuum's relative intensity, and the Boltzmann plot of the relative line intensity of oxygen OII, in a pulsed discharge in an electrolyte (PDE). Electron density is determined using the electron impact widths of mag...

Higher concentrations of non-easily ionized elements (NEIE) increase the spectral line intensity of trace elements in the arc plasma. It was found that these additives do not greatly affect the evaporation processes of the trace elements. Changes in temperature, electron density and transport velocities together can optimize the excitation for part...

A method is developed for determining trace elements (In, Ga, B, V, Mo, Mn, Pt, P, Be) in graphite with the aid of a low current d.c. arc. The method makes use of the enhancement of the radiation intensities of trace elements by non-easily ionized elements (NEIE). As a NEIE, this method uses Cd which is added up to a concentration of 150 mg/g sampl...

The presence of organic matter influences the accuracy and detecting power of spectroscopic methods used for the determination of trace elements in petroleum. An understanding of these matrix effects is therefore an essential requirement in petroleum analysis.

The behaviour of the organic matrix, especially vanadyl porphyrins, during preparation of the petroleum sample for direct spectral analysis of traces, has been investigated. For this purpose the UV, VIS and IR spectra were used and the vanadium content was determined. It was found that decomposition of vanadyl porphyrins occurs while vanadium remai...

The addition of iodine increases the spectral-line intensity of elements present in traces in the arc plasma. This increase is particularly significant for elements having high ionization potentials. Besides the effect of iodine on the evaporation from the electrode, iodine exerts a certain effect on processes taking place in the arc plasma. The me...

Bei dem Verfahren wird die Probe im Verhältnis 1:4 mit Graphit vermischt, auf 220° C erhitzt, mit 6% NaCl versetzt und in Graphitelektroden gegeben. Erdöl verschiedenen Ursprungs wurde mit dem Verfahren analysiert (Standardabweichung 7–11%; Nachweisgrenze 0,003–0,1 ppm). Folgende Spurenelemente wurden erfaßt: V, Mo, Ni, Co, Mn, Ag, Be, Sn, Ga, In,...

The influence of the addition of ammonia into the arc plasma on the spectral line intensities (with background correction) of trace elements was studied. The intensity changes caused by addition of ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate generally do not exceed the standard deviations. But the addition of ammonium chloride and ammonium fluoride caus...